Man is immortal thanks to knowledge.
Hegel
Knowledge is needed for action to become a treasure.
Shihab ad-din
Knowledge is one of the few values that are inherent in subjects of different eras and types of social societies, despite significant differences in the assessment of other phenomena of life. This does not mean that knowledge itself is understood by all mankind in a single universally significant sense. However, all these meanings stem from a single striving to bring the inner images and ideas into line or harmony with the outer reality. For some social groups, knowledge can act as an instrumental value that provides the necessary sources for solving the problem of freedom, salvation, power, etc., for others, it acts as an intrinsic value or value-goal as its own embodiment of Truth.
a) dualism of knowledge and values
It is necessary to dwell on the consideration of one methodological feature of this issue. Traditionally, knowledge is defined as the most important component of the worldview, which constitutes a kind of "alternative" to values. A feature of this study is the consideration of knowledge as a value. Is it legal? If we argue from the standpoint of ethical and aesthetic axiology, then - no. However, within the framework of the ontological and existential approach to understanding axiological problems, such an analysis is not only possible, but also necessary. Knowledge is one of the key values of individual existence, allowing the ontological external and ontological internal life to be connected.
tiyu, through the search and discernment of the meaning. Knowledge is, on the one hand, the presence of the world in the subject, and on the other, the meaning assumed by the subject in the world. Value, in contrast to knowledge, is traditionally understood as subjectivity in the negative aspect, distortion of reality through individual interest, tendentiousness, emotionality. This distinction is strict if value is understood as purely experiential significance. A.A. Ivin, for example, distinguishes between disputes about values and disputes about truth, showing that the purpose of the former is to win their own opinion, assessment, and the purpose of the latter is to discover the truth, to match the description of reality. The author explains this by saying that "disputes about evaluations guiding action do not belong to disputes about truth, since evaluations are neither true nor false." It should be agreed that disputes about truth differ significantly from worldview disputes about values, since the latter inevitably rely on the subjectivity of arguments. And if Truth itself acts as a value and it, in turn, is the goal of the dispute?
Our approach is distinguished by the substantiation of the triune essence of value, the structure of which, in addition to the named components, also includes meaning (for more details, see the section "The structure of value"), therefore knowledge here acts as a search for the meaning of external reality and can be considered from the standpoint of reference to value. It should be noted that knowledge of the essence of the processes and phenomena of the world is not considered by us as identical to their meaning, but the former serves as the basis for substantiating the latter. That is, knowledge of the nature of light or the structure of the atom as a value is not comparable to the values of happiness or love, since they are devoid of subjective experience. But this knowledge about the world, nevertheless, is values for the inner being of the individual, as it leads him to understand the meaning of the world integrity. Strictly speaking, the subject's knowledge of the world is an ontological value that allows one to perceive the existence and determine the meaning, and, on the other hand, knowledge influences ethical, aesthetic and social values, which closes this peculiar conceptual circle. Knowledge and truth are not ethical or aesthetic, but existential and epistemological values of the individual being of a person, which make it possible to connect the inner subjective experience with the facts of external reality. Revealing the correspondence between them or the discovery of the truth becomes a moment of the highest significance, even for a subject who thinks ordinarily.
The closest to this approach are the axiological studies of G. Rickert. The study of this problem led him to the need to clarify the dualism of scientific knowledge, which consists in "the opposite of form and content and subject and object." Any scientific statement in which the value of truth is revealed, in his opinion, necessarily takes the form of a judgment that asserts the belonging of form and content. The situation is similar with the impossibility of removing the dualism of subject and object (“the subject must always oppose an object independent of him, since he objectively cognizes in general”). Thus, concludes G. Rickert, theoretical contemplation never reaches full completion, but remains in a kind of distance from the material that it seeks to comprehend. Consequently, the subject “experiences” his unity with the object, in which value is concentrated. G. Rickert calls the values of knowledge and truth logical, which differ from moral, aesthetic and social values in that in their "contemplation" the subject seeks to "master the integrity." G. Rickert's position is characteristic of neo-Kantianism as a whole and at the same time is original in its own way. He manages to see not only the value basis of scientific philosophy, but also science itself, which scientists themselves consistently reject. Science appears in his definitions as an area "between infinite integrity and perfect partial."
Starting from the tradition of Platonism and polemicizing with Kant, M. Scheler, in turn, continues to deepen the problem of the dualism of value and knowledge. The purpose of his reasoning is to prove the apriorism of emotional life and, consequently, the value sphere, which he associates exclusively with sensuality and experience. If Kant substantiated the a priori nature of rationalism, then Scheler seeks to prove that the field of morality is not empirical in nature, but it also cannot be reduced to logic: “Namely, our entire spiritual life, and not only objective knowledge and thinking in the sense of knowing being - possesses "pure" - in their essence and content independent of the fact of human organization - acts and laws of acts. And the emotional component of the spirit, that is, feelings, preferences, love, hatred and will have an initial a priori content that they do not need to borrow from 'thinking' and which ethics must reveal completely independently of logic. " Although Scheler mentions "the values of knowledge", he pays main attention to ethical values, at the base of which he sees a transcendent a priori source. Thus, despite the external distinction between logical and value judgments, Scheler shows that the latter is devoid of its subjective nature, which was the reason for the dualism of knowledge and value. Not sharing in general Scheler's desire to find a transcendental source of the highest moral values and truth, let us allow ourselves in the future to rely on the proposal
arguments and conclusions concerning the specifics of spiritual activity.
If knowledge, from the standpoint of traditional opinion, acts as an alternative to value, then truth is considered the highest value of humanity, already starting with Confucius and Socrates. This contradiction has its solution in the context of our approach. Truth has the status of a value absolute, since it gives the subject power over the object, indicates the availability of reality to knowledge. Knowledge can be true, erroneous and false, therefore, not all of them have a value status. On the other hand, truth as a symbol and goal, as well as knowledge as a phenomenon and concreteness, are the expression of the universal and the separate, the whole and the part, where the former seeks to understand the meaning of existence in integrity and interconnection, and the latter, to the correspondence of the reality of private ideas and conclusions. The whole is a truth, more than the sum of its parts, is characterized by a significance that could be deprived of separate parts - knowledge of individual phenomena and processes. So, if knowledge of the process of respiration or nutrition of an organism may be deprived of exceptional subjective significance for a researcher, then knowledge about life in general and the possibility of using it acquire not only individual, but also social significance, becoming a value. Knowledge of individual aspects of reality that are not significant, do not cause internal experiences by the subject can be considered outside of their attribution to value until they are combined into a holistic picture of being, which makes it possible to discover the meaning of all private processes. The generalization of knowledge, being one of the sources of attaining truth, acquires its own value both for the individual and for society. In this sense, it is legitimate to conclude that philosophizing as a search for higher meanings is the embodiment of a value attitude to knowledge. Revealing the meaning explains the meaning of this or that process in its relationship with the world whole, which will inevitably be associated with an intellectual, moral and emotional attitude towards it on the part of the subject.
The value of knowledge and truth, as G. Simmel says, acts not only as a logical value, but also takes on ethical aspects “due to its conformity with the idea, the content of the requirement of obligation, which, therefore, so that its vitality does not disintegrate into something that is devoid of value, also must repeat the inner form and continuity of life ”172. G. Simmel explains the possibilities of solving the problem of the presence of the due in theoretical knowledge and truth. If we accept must as an ideal series of life, he argues, then an ideal rises above every being and event, an image of what it should be. Then everything that exists “should be exactly the same, no matter how
neither was its reality, and only through the inevitable extraction of individual elements can, in practice and in reflection, compare the elements with each other and say that the first should be the same as the second. "Only from such internally unified, although not formulated in a single concept or in general in the concept of establishing the norms of the totality of life, can generally be formed obligations, which in their integrity and nuance can only be experienced." that holistic knowledge and law acquire the character of value experiences for the individual. It is interesting that, speaking about universality, he does not mean "the universality of all people, but a given, definite individual", understood as an integrity, not reducible to a set of separate functions and abilities. Despite this nuance, the general course of his reasoning is consonant with the approach we propose and confirms that the dualism of duty and reality can be resolved through coverage of the problem from the standpoint of the dialectic of universality, particularity and singularity.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN
State autonomous educational institution
secondary vocational education
Neftekamsk Oil College
ESSAY
"The role of knowledge in modern society"
Completed by: teacher
Salikaeva E.D.
2015
CONTENT
Introduction ................................................. .................................................. .... 3
1. The essence of the concept of "knowledge" ........................................... .......................4
2. The role of knowledge in the modern world …………………………………… ..8
3. Opportunities that knowledge opens up ………………………… .11
Conclusion…................................................ ............................................12
Bibliography…............................................... ................................14
Introduction
Since ancient times, knowledge has been considered one of the most valuable treasures of mankind. People passed on experience and accumulated wisdom from generation to generation, this is how knowledge about the universe, about the world around, about a person who was not called Homo sapiens for nothing( Homo sapiens ).
Each historical stage in the development of society is directly or indirectly associated with some kind of discovery and acquisition of new knowledge. Thus, an industrial society is characterized by extensive production activities associated with the invention of weaving, printing and other various machines.
Often, ordinary people are behind such huge and significant inventions, whose inquisitive minds were eager for new knowledge and the creation of devices that have no analogues in the world. What made them sit at books, study statistics, travel to the ends of the world to find answers to their questions and satisfy their thirst for knowledge?
Of course, the work of these people paid off not only on the scale of the individual, but also of all mankind. After all, everything on which the technologies of our time are based originates in the ideas of specific people.
Popular wisdom says: "Who owns information, he owns the World." This statement is more relevant than ever, because in the context of globalization, a person must have a large amount of information in order to do his job well, to be a caring parent, a good friend and also easily cope with many social roles. It turns out that knowledge is the key to a successful life in modern society, having obtained which you can cope with any problem and emerge victorious from any situation. This "magic wand" will become not only a tool, but also a resource for the personal development of a person's personality.
1.Essence concept "knowledge"
There are several meanings of the concept of "knowledge":
Knowledge is a form of existence and systematization of the results of human cognitive activity. Knowledge helps people to rationally organize their activities and solve various problems that arise in its process.
Knowledge in a broad sense is a subjective image of reality in the form of concepts and representations.
Knowledge in the narrow sense is the possession of verified information (answers to questions) that allows one to solve a given problem.
Knowledge (of the subject) - a confident understanding of the subject, the ability to handle it, understand it, and also use it to achieve the intended goals.
And each form of social consciousness: science, philosophy, mythology, politics, religion - there are specific forms of knowledge. There are also forms of knowledge that have a symbolic or artistic and exemplary basis.
Historically, the first forms of human knowledge include game cognition (it is built on the basis of conventionally accepted rules and goals, it allows you to rise above everyday life, not to worry about benefits, to behave in accordance with freely accepted game norms). Deception of a partner and concealment of the truth is possible. It is educational and developmental in nature, reveals the qualities and capabilities of a person, allows you to push the psychological boundaries of communication.
There are different types of knowledge: scientific, non-scientific, everyday-practical (common sense), intuitive, religious.
Ordinary practical - knowledge that existed at the early stages of human history and provided elementary information about nature and the surrounding reality (so-called common sense, omens, edifications, recipes, personal experience, traditions, etc.), is non-systemic, unsubstantiated, unwritten character. Ordinary knowledge serves as the basis for a person's orientation in the world around him, the basis for his daily behavior and foresight, but usually contains errors and contradictions.
Scientific - knowledge based on rationality is characterized by objectivity and universality, and claims to be the scale of universal significance. Scientific knowledge is the process of obtaining objective, true knowledge. Its task is to describe
explain and predict the process and phenomenon of reality. Scientific revolutions occurring in the course of the development of scientific knowledge and leading to a change in theories and principles are replaced by periods of normal development of science (deepening and detailing of knowledge).
Scientific knowledge is characterized by logical validity, evidence, reproducibility of results, verifiability, the desire to eliminate errors and overcome contradictions.
The form of scientific knowledge is younger than many forms of non-scientific knowledge.
Non-scientific knowledge is not someone's invention, it is produced by a certain intellectual community according to different from rationalistic norms, standards, and has its own sources and means of cognition.
Thus, "knowledge" is a concept that includes many words such as: wisdom, experience, information, mind and strength. And also this is a conclusion from any life situation, the result of an implemented idea, experiment.
2. The role of knowledge in the modern world.
The development of human society requires material, instrumental, energy and other resources, including information. The present time is characterized by an unprecedented growth in the volume of information flows. This applies to almost any area of human activity. The largest growth in the volume of information is observed in industry, trade, financial, banking and educational spheres. For example, in industry, the growth in the volume of information is due to an increase in the volume of production, the complication of products, materials used, technological equipment, the expansion of external and internal ties of economic objects as a result of concentration and specialization of production.
Information is one of the main decisive factors that determines the development of technology and resources in general. In this regard, it is very important to understand not only the relationship between the development of the information industry, computerization, information technology with the informatization process, but also to determine the level and degree of influence of the informatization process on the sphere of management and human intellectual activity.
Much attention is paid to the problems of information in general and management as an information process, due to the following objective processes:
humanity is experiencing an information explosion. The growth of information circulating and stored in society came into conflict with the individual capabilities of a person to assimilate it;
development of mass communication processes;
the need to develop a general theory of information;
development of cybernetics as a science of management;
penetration of information technologies into the spheres of social life;
research in the field of natural sciences confirms the role of information in the processes of self-organization of animate and inanimate nature;
actualization of the problem of sustainable development, the formation of an information economy, the main driving force of which is information potential, information resources;
the problem of the prospects for the development of mankind as an integrity makes it necessary to raise the question of the criteria for progress in modern conditions.
An important place in understanding such a concept as "information" and the mechanism of information processes in society and its institutions is occupied by the concept of the information environment, which, on the one hand, is a conductor, transformer and disseminator of information, and on the other hand, a source of incentives for human activity. In the course of his activity, a person actively interacts with the information environment, receiving new personal knowledge from it, generating new knowledge and presenting it in the form of information, which he places in the information environment. Any business entity is characterized by a certain information environment in which it is immersed. This information environment reflects the level of development of an economic entity and determines certain principles of information behavior of people in communication with each other.
It should also be noted that the exclusive role of information in modern scientific and technological progress has led to the understanding of information as a resource, just as necessary and important as energy, raw materials, financial and other resources. Information has become a subject of purchase and sale, i.e. information product, which, along with information constituting the public domain, forms the information resource of society.
As a commodity, information cannot be alienated like material products. Its purchase and sale has a conditional meaning. Passing to the buyer, it remains with the seller. It does not disappear in the course of consumption.
The formation and development of the information sector, the movement of many types of information as a commodity influenced the formation of a special market - the information market.
At present, the dissemination of information in the information sector of the economy cannot be imagined without the use of new information technologies. The moment in time has already passed when new information technologies were developed mainly for the internal needs of an organization. Now information technology has become an independent and rather profitable type of business, which is aimed at meeting the diverse information needs of a wide range of users.
The use of modern information technologies provides almost instant connection to any electronic information arrays (such as databases, electronic reference books and encyclopedias, various operational reports, analytical reviews,
legislative and regulatory acts, etc.) coming from international, regional and national information systems and their use in the interests of successful business.
As a result of combining various information networks, it became possible to create a global information system Internet, which allows information services to be conducted according to the principle "always and everywhere, anywhere in the world."
Thanks to the rapid development of the latest information technologies, at present not only has an open access to the world flow of political, financial, scientific and technical information, but also the possibility of building a global business on the Internet has become a real possibility.
3.Opportunities that knowledge opens up
So what does the saying mean: "Who owns the information, he owns the World"? Does this mean that with some knowledge you can become the ruler of the spirit and the entire World as a whole?
This is partly true. Often, the right information helps us cope with difficulties at work, in the family, and make the right decisions. Having acquired some knowledge at the right time, we are able to change our psychological state, look at our life from a different angle. From some knowledge, a person can literally see the light, look at the world around him with a fresh look. Sometimes we do not notice our delusions, and when the truth appears to us, we cannot forgive ourselves that we did not notice it before.
Indeed, information is the key to power, wealth, wisdom, fame, respect, and more. It gives a person an advantage in any fight.
Every employer will give preference to a manager whose knowledge and qualifications are higher than those of others. Every person trusts more a specialist with a higher education. And we ask advice from people older than us, since their wisdom and life experience is much greater than ours.
Information is what life is based on at the present stage, it is not only the basis of all sciences, but also what makes up the success of our day. We cannot even imagine how much we depend on information, we cannot list all the sources of information and all its carriers. Most likely, we will never see information flows and networks "flying" over our heads. But we also cannot imagine our life without them.
The majority of the population is so dependent on information carriers that they will skip the train if their phone is discharged, as a result of which they will be late for work and, if the company has a strict charter, all this will be followed by dismissal. There are many such examples. We underestimate the importance of knowledge in the modern world. By purchasing them, we win, but if we do not receive them on time, we risk losing a lot. Therefore, a person is forced to store a lot of knowledge in his head in order to stay in the rhythm of the information society.
Conclusion
Until a person learns something new, he grows. Knowledge is power, this is what is in us, this is what the cells of our brain contain, what is hidden in the DNA chain.
Half of the information contained in us is unknown to us. After all, knowledge is not only the material that we have accumulated, but also that which is contained in our blood - information that previous generations collected before us.
Human consciousness is still a mystery. Sometimes we ourselves cannot understand where we learned this or that information. It can come to us through the means of the senses, both during wakefulness and in a dream, knowledge can be acquired both in pure form and in the form of information.
There are many sources from which a person can draw knowledge, these are: books, magazines, newspaper articles, communication with other people, exhibitions, performances, galleries and much more.
But there are also ways, as of today, unexplored sciences. Such as the "sixth sense". Sometimes we cannot explain where this or that information comes from. Each of us has come across this at least once in our life, for example, we realized what time it was, despite the clock, felt who was calling our phone without picking up the receiver, knew when the phone would ring and many more such inexplicable situations. Until now, science does not know what this kind of activity of the brain is connected with. But it cannot be denied that this kind of information source is present in our life.
All these sources taken together make a person less vulnerable and open up new horizons of knowledge, new opportunities and prospects for him.
At the present stage of development, versatile people are valued. Because a trained person quickly copes with the difficulties that have arisen, while using all his information potential. It is easier for such people to live and find a common language with the people who surround him. Therefore, individuals should not give up knowledge, of course, knowing absolutely everything is not possible, but you can replenish your intellectual baggage year after year, thereby improving yourself.
From all this, in conclusion, we can safely say that the role of knowledge and information in this World is enormous. After all, knowledge acts as a catalyst for progress. It contributed to the formation of man from primate to Man
Reasonable and will certainly lead humanity to a new stage in the development of scientific and social progress.
6.
The question of the place of knowledge in human life,
about their importance, significance is very
relevant in a modern setting. WITH
on the one hand, specialists who know
their business, in demand by our
society; on the other hand, the question is posed
about the truth of a person's knowledge, about his
professionalism.
Do you need knowledge? By this question
thinkers of different eras and
generations. Let us recall the comedy of A.S.
Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", the very name
which already speaks for itself.
Enlightened young man
finds himself in a hostile environment,
which does not accept knowledge. And true
understanding the course of things does not help the hero
in resolving conflicts. Disappointed,
he runs away from this world, exclaiming:
"A carriage for me! A carriage!"
But I believe that knowledge is necessary
a person on a difficult life path.
They represent that
building material from which
the experience of a person is formed. This and
necessary condition for existence
personality in a certain public
environment. Without a different kind of knowledge and
skills, a person simply cannot live and
be realized in modern
setting.
Knowledge is not just memorized by
as required by the teacher for a lesson at school. They
aimed at developing mental
human abilities, his logic, skills
talk, reflect, draw conclusions,
to reveal his hidden abilities.
A person with a certain
understanding, idea of some
either phenomenon, will never stop at
achieved. She will not enclose herself in
a framework that limits knowledge.
A man with an inquiring mind will try
learn more, understand it and apply it to
own life. We always develop with
receiving new information. And in this
important role is played by such
abilities like the ability to analyze and
draw conclusions. That is, you can say
that knowledge and its quality
form the culture of personality, the degree of its
development.
But it is also important to note that knowledge is
colossal work. How much effort
it is necessary to spend a person to
understand something new! And this work
not capable of any of us. Frightens many
repulses the process of obtaining
knowledge, many find it difficult to force themselves
sit at a book or listen to a teacher.
The search for truth is a creative process
demanding emotional and
intellectual tension. Many
they just don't see the point in classes
of this kind, do not understand their importance
for each of us.
In modern conditions, one can say
not only about the role of knowledge in life
person, but also about their truth. Often
school certificate or higher diploma
education is not talked about
professionalism of a person, about his
real knowledge and understanding of some
either a question.
Undoubtedly, knowledge is necessary for a person
for life, moral development and
cultural education. But it's tricky
a path that not everyone takes,
realizing the need to know something
Basic concepts and key terms: HUMAN BIOLOGY. Health. Disease.
Remember! What does biology study?
Meet!
René Descartes (1596-1650) - French mathematician, philosopher, physicist and physiologist. This scientist owns the following statements: "Cogito, ergo sum (Kogito, ergo sum) - I think, therefore, I exist", "Watch your body if you want your mind to work correctly." Think about the meaning of the statements and offer an answer to the question of how important knowledge about the human body is in our life.
How and for what purpose is the human body studied?
HUMAN BIOLOGY is a science that studies the structure, life and behavior of a person in order to apply knowledge in various areas of his activity. Knowledge of many sciences is used to study the human body. These are, first of all, natural (chemistry, physics, geography), biological (embryology, genetics), social (philosophy, history), medical (cardiology, neurology), technical (cybernetics, informatics) sciences. The most ancient sciences about our body - anatomy and physiology - serve as the foundation for human biology. Anatomy studies the structure of the human body, and physiology studies its vital functions. The knowledge of the human body is applied in various fields of human activity.
Table 1. APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IN PRACTICAL HUMAN ACTIVITIES
|
Examples of the application of biological knowledge |
|
|
Rural economy |
For plant growing, animal breeding, pest control, prevention of pesticide poisoning |
|
indolence |
For obtaining food products, natural fabrics, antibiotics |
|
The medicine |
For the treatment and prevention of diseases, preserving and strengthening human health, increasing life expectancy |
|
Psychology |
To understand the characteristics of human behavior |
|
To create devices, apparatus for surgery, prosthetics, cybernetics |
|
|
Art |
To create art paintings, sculptures |
|
For the development of the physical capabilities of the human body |
The human body is studied through observation and experiment. Conclusions about the state of the body are made on the basis of anthro
metric (for example, height, weight), physiological (for example, blood pressure) and biochemical (for example, hemoglobin content in the blood) studies. Many processes in the body are bioelectric, which led to the emergence of such methods as electroencephalography (study of the electrical activity of the brain), electrocardiography (study of the activity of the heart), etc. Microscopy, ultrasound, and X-ray are used to study the structure of the human body. Modern methods for studying the human body are the method of nuclear magnetic resonance, positron emission tomography, scanning electron microscopy, etc.
The foundations of modern human biology were laid by such outstanding scientists as Hippocrates, Avicenna, Paracelsus, A. Vesalius,
V. Garvey, I. Pavlov, K. Bernard and many others.
A significant contribution to the development of human biology was made by Ukrainian scientists A. Shumlyansky,
I. Mechnikov, N. Pirogov A. Bogomolets, V. Filatov, V. Chagovets, N. Amosov, P. Kostyuk and others.
So, biological knowledge about a person is applied in a wide variety of areas of human activity.
What is the direction of modern biological research of the human body?
Modern human biology directs its research towards solving many problems of the 21st century, among which the most important are: overpopulation of the Earth as a whole and population decline in certain regions, the spread of infectious diseases (for example, AIDS, prion infections), treatment of diseases, determination of the possibilities of using genetically modified organisms (GMO), etc.
The main directions of modern biological research of the human body are: 1) research on
processes of life with the aim of creating biotechnologies (for example, for the treatment of infertility, obtaining tissues and organs for transplantation); 2) the study of heredity and variability in order to develop diagnostic methods, treatment of hereditary human diseases; 3) study of the laws of aging to increase life expectancy; 4) study of the mechanisms of brain activity (for example, to create biocybernetic systems for the perception and storage of information); 5) study of the effect of space on the human body (for example, to create new materials that protect against the effects of space factors); 6) the study of the body in order to design new technical systems (for example, to create android robots, nanotransistors that monitor human health, artificial intelligence systems).
So, biological studies of the human body are extremely diverse, but the determining factor is the focus on the study of the structure, physiological functions and behavior in order to maintain health and increase life expectancy.
What is the significance of knowledge about a person for maintaining his health?
As you know, human health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being, which determines high performance and social activity of a person.
Human health is the subject of study of the science of valeology (from the Greek. Valeo - health, logos - teaching) and the field of medicine - hygiene (from the Greek. Hygiene - healing).
Valeological studies relate to health, and sanitary hygiene - to the environment and conditions of human life.
|
Get to know your body |
|
Live in harmony with nature |
|
Be kind and merciful |
|
Build the confidence that you are healthy |
|
Wish health to everyone around you |
|
Temper |
|
Eat right |
|
Give your body a load |
|
Limit the use of "artificial" drugs |
|
Find faith in yourself |
In case of non-observance of recommendations for maintaining health, diseases may develop. A disease is a violation of the normal functioning of the body, as a result of which its adaptive capabilities are reduced. Diseases are classified according to various criteria: for reasons of occurrence - infectious (viral, bacterial) and non-infectious, for physiological functions - diseases of respiration, circulation, digestion, etc., according to gender and age - female, childhood diseases, diseases of old age, etc. the causes of human diseases are physical inactivity,
stress, bad habits, unhealthy diet, violation of the work and rest regime, the state of the environment, the influence of pathogens, etc.
The occurrence of diseases is caused by a wide variety of factors, but it is estimated that in 50% of cases the occurrence of the disease is associated with the lifestyle of the person himself. Therefore, each of you should know your body and take care of your health, which is the primary human need.
So, biological knowledge about the human body will help each of you understand your capabilities, lead a healthy lifestyle and reach the top in a certain area.
ACTIVITY
Learning to cognize
Compare the sciences that study the human body and their definitions. If you answer correctly, you will get the name of an outstanding scientist - one of the founders of space biology.
|
1 Cytology |
The Science of Human Embryonic Development |
|
2 Histology |
E Science about the processes of vital activity of the human body |
|
3 Anatomy |
Et Science about the structure and function of tissues |
|
4 Physiology |
And 2 Science about the relationship of organisms with each other and with the environment |
|
5 Embryology |
Th Science that studies the human brain |
|
6 Genetics |
Ж Science about the structure of the body, its organs and systems |
|
7 Valeology |
K Science of Human Health |
|
8 Ecology |
С Science of the laws of heredity and variability |
|
9 Neurobiology |
H Science about the structure and function of cells |
Biology + Physics
When he finished his work, he turned off the lamp and suddenly froze in surprise. In total darkness, a slight greenish glow was visible. On the table was a jar of fluorescent substance that gave off this beautiful glow. But the radiance must arise under the influence of light! Looking around, the scientist saw that he had forgotten to turn off one device - an electronic vacuum tube. He turned off the current - the glow disappeared, turned it on - it appeared. So, the scientist decided, some unknown radiation is emanating from the device. " Prepare a report on a method for studying the human body using these rays.
Biology + Culture
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - the great Italian artist and scientist, a prominent representative of the type of "universal man" (lat. Homo universale). “It is necessary to understand what a person, life, health is and how the balance, the coherence of the elements maintain health, and their discord destroys and destroys it,” he wrote. Compare the expression of L. da Vinci with the definition of health and offer your judgments about the importance of knowledge about a person for the preservation of his health.
RESULT
|
Questions for self-control |
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1. What does human biology study? 2. In what spheres of life is biological knowledge about the human body applied? 3. Name the sciences that study the human body. 4. What are the directions of modern biological research in humans. 5. What is the significance of knowledge about a person for maintaining his health? 6. What is disease? |
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7. How and for what purpose is the human body studied? 8. Tell us about the direction of modern biological research of the human body. 9. What are the main recommendations for maintaining and strengthening human health. |
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10. Prove the importance of biological knowledge about a person for maintaining health. |
The body, and with it every living cell, tissue and organs, constantly adapt to changing conditions of existence.
From a biology textbook
Generalization of the topic "INTRODUCTION"
HUMAN ORGANISM -
it is a holistic open biological system in which the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ and systemic levels of organization are distinguished and which is characterized by metabolism, energy and information, self-regulation, self-renewal and self-reproduction.
Table 2. HUMAN BODY AS A BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
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Vital functions |
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Skull, spine, rib cage, girdles of the limbs, free limbs. Skeletal and muscles of internal organs |
Connective (bone, cartilaginous, dense fibrous) and muscle (striated and smooth) |
Body support, protection, movement, blood formation |
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Four-chambered heart. Arteries, veins, capillaries |
Connective (dense and loose fibrous), muscle (striated and smooth), endothelium |
Transport of substances and heat |
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Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs |
Epithelial (flat and ciliated epithelium), connective (dense fibrous, cartilaginous), smooth muscle |
Gas exchange, CO2 evolution, thermoregulation, sound production |
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Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas and salivary glands |
Epithelial (glandular, integumentary), connective (loose and dense fibrous, cartilaginous), smooth muscle |
Digestion, absorption of digested food and removal of residues |
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Epidermis, skin itself, subcutaneous fatty tissue |
Epithelial (integumentary), smooth muscle, connective (loose and dense fibrous) |
Protective, barrier, thermoregulatory, excretory, sensory |
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Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra |
Epithelial (integumentary), connective (loose and dense fibrous), smooth muscle |
Excretory, protective, hormonal, hematopoietic |
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Internal and external genital organs |
Covering epithelium. Smooth muscle. Loose and dense fibrous |
Gamete and hormone production |
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Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, sex glands |
Glandular epithelium |
Humoral regulation of body functions |
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Brain and spinal cord, nerves, nerve nodes |
Nerve tissue |
Communication with the environment. Nervous regulation of functions |
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Organs of sight, smell, taste, hearing, touch |
Epithelium, nervous, connective tissue |
Perception of irritation |
Self-control of knowledge
Test Design 1. INTRODUCTION
I. Choose one correct answer from the proposed ones.
1. The human body constantly maintains a temperature of +36.6 ° C. Name the set of processes that ensure this sustainability:
P self-renewal C self-regulation T self-reproduction
2. What class does the organic compound CaCO 3, which is part of bones, belong to?
And salts K base Y acid
3. Name the physiological systems involved in the regulation of the stomach: L endocrine, immune, excretory
M immune, sexual, digestive N nervous, endocrine, immune
4. What is the name of the function of breaking down nutrients?
A digestion B nutrition C excretion
5. What cell organelles provide for the synthesis of proteins in the human body?
L mitochondria H ribosomes M lysosomes
6. What system carries out the transport of substances in the body of chimpanzees and humans?
C respiratory T circulatory Y excretory
7. Indicate the trait by which a person is similar to bacteria, plants, fungi and animals:
O active movement P heterotrophic nutrition P cell structure
8. Indicate the name of the substances involved in endocrine regulation:
M antibiotics H enzymes O hormones
9. Indicate the science that studies the embryonic development of a person:
О cytology P embryology R histology
II. Construct the correct answer.
10. Indicate the correct answers to tasks 1-9 and get the name of the fossil person depicted in the picture who lived in China:
11. Construct the correct sequence of letters that denote the levels of organization of the human body below and get the name of an outstanding doctor, founder of military field surgery: n - atomic; g - organ; o 1 - fabric; o 2 - systemic; c - organismic; and - molecular; p - cellular.
12. Compare the names of the parts of the cell with their functions and get the Latin name of the organ shown in the figure.
Elements of the cell structure: 1 - mitochondria; 2 - cell center; 3 - core; 4 - lysosomes; 5 - endoplasmic reticulum.
Functions of structural elements: p - preservation of hereditary information; a - splitting complex substances into simple ones; r - transport of substances in the cell; h -cellular respiration; e - participation in cell division.
This is tutorial material
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Vershkova V.A.
Horlivka State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages, Ukraine
KNOWLEDGE IN THE LIFE OF A MODERN MAN
What is the role of knowledge in human life? Everyone who thinks about this question finds an answer for himself. For someone knowledge is power, for someone - recognition in society, for someone gaining knowledge becomes the meaning of life. From our point of view, knowledge is a vital necessity. The one who owns the information owns the world. This is a well-known fact that applies to every person. Popular wisdom says: "If I knew where to fall, I spread a straw." In the 21st century, we understand the need and value of knowledge. We cannot survive without them. It is very difficult to cross the road, not knowing how to do it correctly, or to provide yourself with everything you need, not knowing anything and not being able to. The knowledge that a person possesses determines who he is. The more knowledge he has, the more opportunities open up in his life. For example, a person who knows several foreign languages with such capital has solid opportunities and prospects to improve his social status and financial situation. Today he is an ordinary translator, and tomorrow he can take a management course and become a manager of a large company. It is not only the material factor that stimulates. Let's remember MV Lomonosov, who walked half of the country in order to be able to study. It is necessary to mention two more components of knowledge. This is freedom and protection. An ignorant person can be easily deceived, deprived of property, and violated his rights. This has happened before, this is happening now. A knowledgeable person can protect his rights, his property, his life.
As history shows, people understand the value of knowledge at all times. Moreover, the greatest people strive not only to gain knowledge, but also to share it. The story of G. Bruno can be cited as an example. The scientist proudly ascended the fire, never betraying himself. He was confident in his knowledge, although it contradicted the prevailing outlook on life in society at that time. He paid for his knowledge with the most precious thing he had - with his life.
F. Bacon was one of the first thinkers who made empirical knowledge the core of their philosophy. He ends the era of the late Renaissance and proclaims, together with R. Descartes, the main principles of the philosophy of modern times. It is F. Bacon who expresses one of the fundamental commandments of the new thinking: “Knowledge is power”. This aphorism contains the slogan and pathos of his entire philosophical system. The relationship between man and nature is understood in a new way, which is transformed into the relationship between subject and object and enters the flesh and blood of the European mentality. Man is presented as a cognizing and acting principle (subject), while nature is represented as a principle (object) subject to cognition and use. Activist utilitarianism believes that with the appearance of man, nature disintegrates into a subject and an object, which are simultaneously separated and linked through instrumental activity. The natural science method explores nature as a calculable system of forces. In knowledge, in science, F. Bacon sees a powerful tool for progressive social changes. On this basis, he places the "House of Solomon" - the house of wisdom - at the center of social life. He calls on all people to practice wisdom, neither for the sake of scholarly controversy, nor for the sake of neglecting others, nor for the sake of self-interest, power and glory, but in order for life itself to be useful and successful. A philosopher, like any other person who possesses such a treasure as knowledge, calls on people and tries to make life better himself.
Much more can be said about the benefits of knowledge, but I would like to mention their dangers. At all times and in all social systems, learned people never come to power and never rule countries and peoples according to their own reasoning and according to their conscience. This led earlier and is leading now to the fact that scientists are reduced to the level of ordinary workers who, for their, even if specific and complex, work, receive wages or any other remuneration, and the fruits of their labors are passed on to the personal discretion of those who pay. The safety and life of a huge number of people, and the planet as a whole, sometimes depends on the works and achievements of scientists. The textbook examples of atomic, biological and chemical weapons in the 20th century, unfortunately, do not cure humanity from irresponsibility. Moreover, these people are quite deliberately taught that they are only an instrument of society and the state, which are better able to dispose of the fruits of their discoveries. The power of knowledge in the hands of an unscrupulous person can lead to disaster. Therefore, I really want to hope for human understanding of what it already possesses and what else it can master. Knowledge is also responsibility.
Let's emphasize again. Knowledge is a treasure. Without them, a person condemns himself to a base existence. There are examples in history of how people with comprehensive and deep knowledge reach great heights. The biblical king Solomon asked God for the only benefit - knowledge. For this he was rewarded with wisdom, love, wealth, longevity. Highly educated, erudite people were the artist and scientist L. daVinci, the commander A.V. Suvorov, the poet, writer A.S. Pushkin and many others. These people are just vivid examples of the great role of knowledge, what it can give a person and how to influence his life.