Mother and father of Mandelstam photography. Osip mandelstam short biography. Last years and death

Osip Mandelstam's short biography and creativity are described in this article.

O. E. Mandelstam short biography

Osip Emilievich Mandelstam- poet, prose writer, essayist, translator and literary critic, one of the greatest Russian poets of the XX century.

Was born January 3 (15), 1891 in Warsaw, in a Jewish family of a merchant. In 1897, the Mandelstams moved to St. Petersburg, where Osip received his education. First, he graduated from the Tenishevsky School, then was sent to study at the Sorbonne.

By 1911, Osip's family was ruined and could no longer pay for his studies abroad.

Returning to St. Petersburg, he received a quota for admission to the university, but he studied poorly, and did not graduate from the Faculty of History and Philology. The poet's first publication took place in 1910 in the Apollo magazine. In 1912 he met A. A. Blok and joined the circle of acmeists. Mandelstam's debut book of poems entitled "Stone" was published three times. The first edition dates back to 1913. The poet's early poems are filled with anxiety for the fate of man. A more complex relationship to the poetic word is reflected in the collection "Tristia" (1922).

Moving in step with the times, Mandelstam did not stay away from the revolutionary events. In his poetry, the theme of the state appeared, as well as the difficult relationship between personality and power. The post-revolutionary work of the poet touched upon the theme of the disorder of life, the constant search for earnings, the lack of a readership, and was permeated with a feeling of loss and fear. His tragic forebodings were reflected in the collection Poems (1928), which became his last edition during his lifetime.

In 1930, at the request of NI Bukharin, Mandelstam was sent on a business trip to the Caucasus, returning from which he again began writing poetry, but he was not published anywhere. And in connection with the publication of his work "Journey to Armenia" (1933), devastating articles appeared in some newspapers. Then he wrote an anti-Stalinist epigram, after which in May 1934 the poet was arrested and exiled to Cherdyn.

After a suicide attempt, his wife turned to all Soviet authorities for help. After that, the Mandelstams were transported to Voronezh of their own free will. There he writes a cycle of poems, which became the pinnacle of his work. In 1937, with the end of the term of exile, the couple returned to Moscow. A year later, Osip Emilievich was arrested again for "obscene and slanderous" epigrams. This time he was sent on a stage to the Far East.

Died writer December 27, 1938 in a transit camp. Rehabilitated posthumously.

Russian poet, prose writer and translator, essayist, critic, literary critic; one of the greatest Russian poets of the XX century

Joseph Mandelstam

short biography

early years

Osip Mandelstam was born on January 15, 1891 in Warsaw into a Jewish family. Father, Emil Veniaminovich (Emil, Haskl, Khatskel Beniaminovich) Mandelstam (1856-1938), was a glove master, was a merchant of the first guild, which gave him the right to live outside the Pale of Settlement, despite his Jewish origin. Mother, Flora Ovseevna Verblovskaya (1866-1916), was a musician. In 1896 the family was assigned to Kovno.

In 1897, the Mandelstam family moved to St. Petersburg. Osip was educated at the Tenishevsky School (graduated in 1907), the Russian forge of "cultural personnel" at the beginning of the 20th century.

In 1908-1910, Mandelstam studied at the Sorbonne and at the University of Heidelberg. At the Sorbonne he attends lectures by A. Bergson and J. Bedier at the Collège de France. Meets Nikolai Gumilev, is fond of French poetry: the Old French epic, François Villon, Baudelaire and Verlaine.

In between trips abroad, he visits St. Petersburg, where he attends lectures on versification on the "tower" of Vyacheslav Ivanov.

By 1911, the family began to go broke and education in Europe became impossible. In order to bypass the quota for Jews for admission to St. Petersburg University, Mandelstam is baptized by a Methodist pastor in Vyborg.

Studies

On September 10, 1911, he was enrolled in the Romano-Germanic department of the history and philology faculty of St. Petersburg University, where he studied intermittently until 1917. He studies carelessly, does not finish the course.

Poems from the time of the First World War and the Revolution (1916-1920) made up the second book "Tristia" ("Sorrowful Elegies", the title goes back to Ovid), published in 1922 in Berlin.

In 1923, "The Second Book" was published and with a general dedication to "N. NS." - wife. In 1922, in Kharkov, an article "On the Nature of the Word" was published as a separate brochure.

From May 1925 to October 1930 there was a pause in poetry. At this time, prose was being written, and the novel The Egyptian Mark (1927), which varied from Gogol's motives, was added to The Noise of Time, created in 1923 (the title plays out Blok's metaphor “music of the time”). He earns his living by translating poems.

In 1928, the last lifetime poetry collection "Poems" was published, as well as a book of his selected articles "On Poetry".

Business trips to the Caucasus

In 1930 he finished work on "The Fourth Prose". N. Bukharin is busy about Mandelstam's business trip to Armenia. In Erivan, the poet meets the scientist, theoretical biologist Boris Kuzin, and a close friendship is struck between them. The meeting is described by Mandelstam in his "Journey to Armenia". N. Ya. Mandelstam believed that this meeting turned out to be “fate for all three. Without her - Osya often said - maybe there would be no poetry. " Later, Mandelstam wrote about Kuzin: “His personality is imbued with both my new prose and the entire last period of my work. To him, and only to him, I owe the fact that I introduced the period of the so-called "Mature Mandelstam" ". After traveling to the Caucasus (Armenia, Sukhum, Tiflis) Osip Mandelstam returns to writing poetry.

Mandelstam's poetic gift is flourishing, but he is almost never published. The intercession of B. Pasternak and N. Bukharin gives the poet little respite from life.

He studies Italian on his own, reads The Divine Comedy in the original. The programmatic poetological essay "A Conversation about Dante" was written in 1933. Mandelstam discusses it with A. Bely.

In "Literaturnaya Gazeta", "Pravda", "Zvezda", devastating articles are published in connection with the publication of Mandelstam's "Travel to Armenia" ("Zvezda", 1933, No. 5).

Arrests, exile and death

In November 1933, Osip Mandelstam wrote the anti-Stalinist epigram "We live without feeling the country", which is read by fifteen people.

Boris Pasternak called this act a suicide:

Once, walking along the streets, they wandered into some deserted outskirts of the city in the Tverskiye-Yamskys area, the sound background remembered Pasternak's squeak of draft cabs. Here Mandelstam read to him about the Kremlin highlander. After listening, Pasternak said: “What you read to me has nothing to do with literature, poetry. This is not a literary fact, but an act of suicide that I do not approve of and in which I do not want to take part. You have not read anything to me, I have not heard anything, and I ask you not to read them to anyone else. "

Some of the listeners reported on Mandelstam. The investigation was conducted by Nikolai Shivarov.

On the night of May 13-14, 1934, Mandelstam was arrested and sent into exile in Cherdyn (Perm Territory). Osip Mandelstam is accompanied by his wife, Nadezhda Yakovlevna. In Cherdyn, Osip Mandelstam makes a suicide attempt (thrown out of the window). Nadezhda Yakovlevna Mandelstam writes to all Soviet authorities and to all her acquaintances. With the assistance of Nikolai Bukharin, as a result of interference in the case of Stalin himself, Mandelstam is allowed to independently choose a place for settlement. Mandelstams choose Voronezh. They live in poverty, and from time to time they are helped by money from a few not backing down friends. From time to time, O. E. Mandelstam works part-time in a local newspaper, in a theater. They are visited by close people, mother of Nadezhda Yakovlevna, artist V. N. Yakhontov, Anna Akhmatova. Here he writes the famous cycle of poems (the so-called "Voronezh notebooks").

In May 1937, the term of exile ends, and the poet unexpectedly receives permission to leave Voronezh. He and his wife return to Moscow for a short time. In a 1938 statement by the Secretary of the Union of Writers of the USSR Vladimir Stavsky addressed to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs NI Yezhov, it was proposed "to resolve the issue of Mandelstam", his poems were called "obscene and slanderous." Iosif Prut and Valentin Kataev were named in the letter as “speaking out sharply” in defense of Osip Mandelstam.

In early March 1938, the Mandelstam spouses moved to the Samatiha trade union health resort (Yegoryevsky district of the Moscow region, now referred to the Shatura district). In the same place, on the night of May 1–2, 1938, Osip Emilievich was arrested a second time and taken to the Cherusti railway station, which was 25 kilometers from Samatikha. From there he was taken to the Internal Prison of the NKVD. Soon he was transferred to the Butyrka prison.

The investigation established that O.E. Mandelstam, despite the fact that he was forbidden to live in Moscow after serving his sentence, often came to Moscow, stayed with his acquaintances, tried to influence public opinion in his favor by deliberately demonstrating his “disastrous »Position and painful condition. Anti-Soviet elements from among the writers used Mandelstam for the purposes of hostile agitation, making him a "sufferer", and organized money collections for him among writers. At the time of his arrest, Mandelstam maintained close contact with the enemy of the people Stenich, Kibalchich until the latter was expelled from the USSR, etc. By medical examination, OE Mandelstam was recognized as a psychopathic personality with a tendency to obsessive thoughts and fantasies. He is accused of conducting anti-Soviet agitation, that is, of crimes provided for in Art. 58-10 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. The case against Mandelstam O.E. is subject to consideration by a Special Meeting of the NKVD of the USSR.

On August 2, a special meeting at the NKVD of the USSR sentenced Mandelstam to five years in a forced labor camp.

From the transit camp Vladperpunkt (Vladivostok), he sent the last letter in his life to his brother and wife:

Dear Shura!

I am located - Vladivostok, SVITL, 11 barracks. Received 5 years for Ph.D. by decision of the CCA. From Moscow, from Butyrok, the stage left on September 9, arrived on October 12. Health is very weak. Exhausted to the extreme. Emaciated, almost unrecognizable. But I don't know if it makes sense to send things, food and money. Try it all the same. I’m very cold without my clothes, dear Nadinka, I don’t know if you’re alive, my dear. You, Shura, write about Nadia to me now. Here is a transit point. They didn’t take me to Kolyma. Wintering is possible.

My dear ones, I kiss you.

Shurochka, I am writing more. The last days I went to work, and it lifted my spirits.

From our camp, as a transit camp, they are sent to the permanent ones. Obviously, I got into a "dropout", and I need to prepare for wintering.

And I ask: send me a radio message and money by telegraph.

On December 27, 1938, not having lived quite a bit before his 48th birthday, Osip Mandelstam died in a transit camp. (Varlam Shalamov points out that Mandelstam could have died on December 25-26. In Shalamov's story "Sherry Brandy" we are talking about the last days of an unnamed poet. After the poet's death, for about two more days, prisoners in the barracks received rations for him as if he were alive. time in the camps practice. By indirect signs and the title of the story, we can conclude that the story was written about the last days of Osip Mandelstam). Until spring, Mandelstam's body lay unburied along with the other deceased. Then the entire "winter pile" was buried in a mass grave.

Researchers of the poet's work noted "a concrete foresight of the future, so characteristic of Mandelstam," and the fact that "the presentiment of a tragic death permeates Mandelstam's poems." The foresight of his own destiny was the poem of the Georgian poet N. Mitsishvili, translated by Mandelstam back in 1921:

When I fall to die under a fence in some hole
And the soul will have nowhere to go from the cast-iron coldness -
I'll go quietly, politely. I will imperceptibly blend with the shadows.
And the dogs will take pity on me, kissing under the dilapidated fence.
There will be no procession. Violets won't decorate me
And the maidens will not scatter flowers over the black grave ...

I ask you: 1. To assist in the review of the case of OE Mandelstam and to find out whether the grounds for arrest and exile were sufficient.

2. Check the mental health of OE Mandelstam and find out whether the link was logical in this sense.

3. Finally, check to see if there was any personal interest in this link. And yet - to find out not a legal, but rather a moral question: did the NKVD have enough grounds to destroy the poet and master during the period of his active and friendly poetic activity.

The death certificate of O. E. Mandelstam was presented to his brother Alexander in June 1940 by the registry office of the Bauman district of Moscow.

Rehabilitated posthumously: in the case of 1938 - in 1956, in the case of 1934 - in 1987.

The location of the poet's grave is still unknown. The probable burial place is an old moat along the Saperka river (hidden in a pipe), now an alley on the street. Vostretsov in the urban region of Vladivostok - Morgorodok.

Poetics of Mandelstam

Periodization of creativity

L. Ginzburg (in the book "On the Lyrics") proposed to distinguish between three periods of the poet's work. This point of view is shared by the majority of Mandelstam scholars (in particular, M.L. Gasparov):

1. The period of the "Stone" - a combination of "Tyutchev's severity" with "Verlaine's childishness."

"Tyutchev's severity" is the seriousness and depth of poetic themes; "Verlaine's childishness" is the lightness and spontaneity of their presentation. The word is a stone. The poet is an architect, builder.

2. The "Tristi" period, until the end of the 1920s - the poetics of associations. The word is flesh, soul, it freely chooses its objective meaning. Another face of this poetics is fragmentation and paradoxicality.

Mandelstam wrote later: "Any word is a bundle, the meaning sticks out of it in different directions, and does not rush to one official point." Sometimes, in the course of writing a poem, the poet radically changed the original concept, sometimes he simply discarded the initial stanzas that served as the key to the content, so that the final text turned out to be a complex construction for perception. This way of writing, issuing explanations and preambles, was associated with the very process of creating a poem, the content and final form of which were not "predetermined" by the author. (See, for example, an attempt to reconstruct the writing of the Slate Ode by M. L. Gasparov.)

3. The period of the thirties of the XX century - the cult of a creative impulse and the cult of a metaphorical cipher.

“I am the only one who writes from the voice,” Mandelstam said about himself. First, the meter “came” to him (“lip movement”, mumbled), and already from the common metric root, poems grew up in “twos”, “triplets”. This is how the mature Mandelstam created many poems. A wonderful example of this manner of writing: his amphibrachia in November 1933 ("The apartment is quiet as paper", "At our holy youth", "Tatars, Uzbeks and Nenets", "I love the appearance of fabric", "Oh butterfly, oh Muslim woman", " When, destroying the sketch "," And a toothed maple paw "," Tell me, draftsman of the desert "," In needle-like plague glasses "," And I leave space ").

N. Struve proposes to distinguish not three, but six periods:

Belated Symbolist: 1908-1911
Militant Acmeist: 1912-1915
Deep Acmeist: 1916-1921
At the Crossroads: 1922-1925
Returning breath: 1930-1934
Voronezh notebooks: 1935-1937

Evolution of the Mandelstam metric

M.L. Gasparov described the evolution of the poet's metrics as follows:

1908-1911 - years of study, poetry in the tradition of Verlaine's "songs without words." The metric is dominated by iambics (60% of all lines, iambic tetrameter prevails). Khoreyev - about 20%.
1912-1915 - Petersburg, acmeism, "material" poetry, work on the "Stone". Maximum iambicity (70% of all lines, however, the 4-foot iambic shares the dominant position with the 5- and 6-foot iambic).
1916-1920 - revolution and civil war, development of individual style. Yambas are slightly inferior (up to 60%), chorea increase up to 20%.
1921-1925 - a transitional period. Iamba retreats one more step (50%, difference in foot and free iambics become noticeable), making room for experimental dimensions: logaedu, accent verse, free verse (20%).
1926-1929 - a pause in poetry.
1930-1934 - interest in experimental metering persists (dolnik, tactist, five-syllable, free verse - 25%), but a violent enthusiasm for three-syllables flares up (40%). Yamba -30%.
1935-1937 - some restoration of metric equilibrium. Yambas rise again to 50%, experimental sizes fall to nothing, but the level of trisyllables remains elevated: 20%

Mandelstam and music

As a child, at the insistence of his mother, Mandelstam studied music. Through the eyes of a poet of high book culture who was born in him, he even saw poetic visual images in the lines of musical notation and wrote about this in the Egyptian stamp: “ Music notation caresses the eye no less than music itself. Blackies of the piano scale, like lamplighters, climb up and down ... Mirage cities of musical signs stand, like birdhouses, in boiling resin ..."In his perception came to life" concert descent of Chopin's mazurkas" and " parks with curtains Mozart "," music vineyard Schubert "and" undersized bush of Beethoven sonatas», « turtles"Handel and" warlike pages Bach ", and the musicians of the violin orchestra, like mythical dryads, messed up " branches, roots and bows».

Mandelstam's musicality and his deep contact with musical culture were noted by his contemporaries. " Osip was at home in music"- wrote Anna Akhmatova in" Leaves from the Diary ". Even when he slept, it seemed, “ that every vein in him listened and heard some kind of divine music».

Composer Arthur Lurie, who knew the poet closely, wrote that “ live music was a necessity for him. The element of music fed his poetic consciousness". I. Odoevtseva quoted Mandelstam's words: “ I fell in love with Tchaikovsky from childhood, fell in love with him for the rest of my life, to the point of a morbid frenzy ... Since then I felt myself forever connected with music, without any right to this connection ...", And he himself wrote in" The Noise of Time ":" I don’t remember how this reverence for the symphony orchestra was brought up in me, but I think that I understood Tchaikovsky correctly, guessing in him a special concert feeling».

Mandelstam perceived the art of poetry as related to music and was sure that in his creative self-expression, true composers and poets are always on the way, “ which we suffer, how music and words ».

He heard the music of real poems and reproduced when reading with his own intonation, regardless of who wrote them. M. Voloshin felt in the poet this “ musical charm»: « Mandelstam does not want talk verse, - this is a born singer ... Mandelstam's voice is unusually sonorous and rich in shades ...»

E. G. Gershtein told about Mandelstam's reading of the last stanza of the poem “Summer” by B. Pasternak: “ What a pity that it is impossible to make a musical notation in order to convey the sound of the third line, this rolling wave of the first two words ("and the harp rustles"), pouring in like the growing sound of an organ into the words "Arabian hurricane" ... He generally had his own motive. Once on Pinch, as if some kind of wind lifted him from his place and brought him to the piano, he played a sonatina familiar to me from childhood by Mozart or Clementi with exactly the same nervous, flying upward intonation ... How he achieved this in music, I do not understand , because the rhythm was not broken in any measure ...»

« Music - contains the atoms of our being", Wrote Mandelstam and is" the fundamental principle of life". In his article "The Morning of Acmeism" Mandelstam wrote: " For Acmeists, the conscious meaning of the word, Logos, is as beautiful a form as music is for the Symbolists.". A quick break with symbolism and the transition to Acmeists was heard in the appeal - “ ... and return the word to music"(" Silentium ", 1910).

According to G. S. Pomerants “ Mandelstam's space ... is like the space of pure music. Therefore, it is useless to read Mandelstam without understanding this quasi-musical space.»:

You can't breathe and the firmament is teeming with worms
And no star speaks
But God knows, there is music above us ...
... And it seems to me: all in music and foam,
The iron world trembles so miserably ...
... Where are you going? On the throne of a sweet shadow
For the last time, music sounds to us!

"Concert at the train station" (1921)

In literature and literary criticism of the XX century

An exceptional role in preserving Mandelstam's poetic heritage of the 1930s was played by the life feat of his wife, Nadezhda Mandelstam, and people who helped her, such as Sergei Rudakov and Mandelstam's Voronezh friend Natalya Shtempel. The manuscripts were kept in Nadezhda Yakovlevna's boats and in pans. In her will, Nadezhda Mandelstam actually denied Soviet Russia any right to publish Mandelstam's works.

In the circle of Anna Akhmatova in the 1970s, the future Nobel Prize laureate in literature, Joseph Brodsky, was called "the younger Axis". According to Vitaly Vilenkin, of all contemporary poets, "Anna Andreevna treated only one Mandelstam as some kind of miracle of poetic primordiality, a miracle worthy of admiration."

According to Nikolai Bukharin's assessment, expressed in a letter to Stalin in 1934, Mandelstam is "a first-class poet, but absolutely out of date."

Before the beginning of perestroika, Mandelstam's Voronezh poems of the 1930s were not published in the USSR, but were circulated in lists and reprints, as in the 19th century, or in samizdat.

World fame comes to Mandelstam's poetry before and independently of the publication of his poems in Soviet Russia.

Since the 1930s, his poems have been quoted, allusions to his poems have multiplied in the poetry of completely different authors and in many languages.

Mandelstam is translated into German by one of the leading European poets of the 20th century, Paul Celan.

The French philosopher Alain Badiou in his article "The Age of Poets" ranked Mandelstam among six poets who took on the function of philosophers in the 20th century (the other five are Mallarmé, Rimbaud, Trakl, Pessoa and Celan).

In the United States, Kirill Taranovsky was involved in the study of the poet's creativity, who held a seminar on Mandelstam's poetry at Harvard.

Vladimir Nabokov called Mandelstam "the only poet of Stalin's Russia."

According to the modern Russian poet Maxim Amelin: “During his lifetime, Mandelstam was considered a tertiary poet. Yes, he was appreciated in his own circle, but his circle was very small. "

Addresses

In St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad

1894 - Nevsky Prospect, 100;
1896-1897 - Maximilianovsky lane, 14;
1898-1900 - tenement house - Officer's street, 17;
1901-1902 - apartment building - Zhukovskogo street, 6;
1902-1904 - tenement house - Liteiny prospect, 49;
1904-1905 - Liteiny prospect, 15;
1907 - A.O. Meyer's tenement house - Nikolaevskaya street, 66;
1908 - tenement house - Sergievskaya street, 60;
1910-1912 - apartment building - Zagorodny prospect, 70;
1913 - apartment building - Zagorodny prospect, 14; Cadet line, 1 (from November).
1914 - tenement house - Ivanovskaya street, 16;
1915 - Malaya Monetnaya Street;
1916-1917 - parents' apartment - Kamennoostrovsky prospect, 24A, apt. 35;
1917-1918 - M. Lozinsky's apartment - Kamennoostrovsky prospect, 75;
1918 - Dvortsovaya embankment, 26, dormitory of the House of Scientists;
autumn 1920 - 02.1921 - DISK - 25 October Avenue, 15;
summer 1924 - the apartment of the Maradudins in the courtyard wing of the mansion of E.P. Vonlyarlyarsky - Herzen Street, 49, apt. 4;
end of 1930 - 01.1931 - apartment building - 8th line, 31;
1933 - hotel "Evropeyskaya" - Rakov street, 7;
Autumn 1937 - Writers' Housing Cooperative (former House of the Court Stables Department) - Griboyedov Canal Embankment, 9.

In Moscow

Teatralnaya Square, Hotel Metropol (in 1918 - “2nd House of Soviets”). In room 253 no later than June 1918, upon moving to Moscow, OM settled as an employee of the People's Commissariat for Education.
Ostozhenka, 53. Former "Katkovsky Lyceum". In 1918-1919. the People's Commissariat for Education was located here, where O.E.
Tverskoy Boulevard, 25. Herzen's House. O. E. and N. Ya. Lived here in the left wing from 1922 to August 1923, and then in the right wing from January 1932 to October-November 1933.
Savelyevsky per., 9 (formerly Savelovsky. Since 1990 - Pozharsky per.). Apartment of E. Ya. Khazin, brother of Nadezhda Yakovlevna. O. E. and N. Ya. Lived here in October 1923.
B. Yakimanka 45, apt. 8. The house has not survived. Here the Mandelstams rented a room at the end of 1923 - in the first half of 1924.
Trade union, 123A. Sanatorium TSEKUBU (Central Commission for the Improvement of the Life of Scientists). The sanatorium still exists today. The Mandelstams lived here twice - in 1928 and in 1932.
Kropotkinskaya nab., 5. Hostel TSEKUBU. The house has not survived. In the spring of 1929, OE lived here (the building is mentioned in the Fourth Prose).
M. Bronnaya, 18/13. From the fall of 1929 to the beginning of 1930 (?) O. E. and N. Ya. Lived in the apartment of the "ITR worker" (E. G. Gershtein)
Tverskaya, 5 (according to the old numbering - 15). Now in this building - the theater. M.N. Ermolova. The editorial offices of the newspapers Moskovsky Komsomolets, Pyatidnevka, Vechernyaya Moskva where O. E.
Pinch, 6-8. O. E. and N. Ya. Lived in the service apartment of E. G. Gershtein's father. There is no data on the safety of the house.
Starosadsky per. 10, apt. 3. AE Mandelstam's room in a communal apartment. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the Mandelstams often lived and visited here.
Bolshaya Polyanka, 10, apt. 20 - from the end of May until October 1931 with the architect Ts. G. Ryss in an apartment overlooking the Kremlin and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.
Pokrovka, 29, apt. 23 - from November to the end of 1931 in a rented room, for which Mandelstam was never able to pay.
Lavrushinsky per. 17, apt. 47. The apartment of VB and VG Shklovsky in the "writers' house". In 1937-1938. O. E. and N. Ya. Have always found shelter and help here. At this address N. Ya. Was again registered in Moscow in 1965.
Rusanovskiy per. 4, apt. 1. The house has not survived. The apartment of the writer Ivich-Bernstein, who gave shelter to O. Mandelstam after his Voronezh exile.
Nashchokinskiy per. 3-5, apt. 26 (former Furmanov street). The house was demolished in 1974. On the end wall of the neighboring house there was a trace of its roof. O. Mandelstam's first and last private apartment in Moscow. The Mandelstams drove into it, probably in the fall of 1933. Apparently, the poem "We live without feeling the country ..." was written here. Here in May 1934 O. E. was arrested. For a short time, the Mandelstams stayed here again, returning from exile in 1937: their apartment was already occupied by other residents. In 2015, a sign "Last address" was installed on the neighboring building (Gagarinsky lane, 6) in memory of Mandelstam.
Novoslobodskaya 45. Butyrskaya prison. Nowadays - Investigative isolation ward (SIZO) No. 2. Here O. E. was held here for a month in 1938.
Lubyanskaya pl. The building of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD. Now the building of the FSB of the Russian Federation. During his arrests in 1934 and 1938. OE was kept here.
Cheryomushkinskaya st. 14, building 1, apt. 4. Moscow apartment of N. Ya., Where, starting from 1965, she lived the last years of her life.
Ryabinovaya st. Kuntsevo Cemetery. The old part. Section 3, burial 31-43. The grave of N. Ya. And the cenotaph (memorial stone) of O. E. The earth extracted from the mass grave of the prisoners of the Second River camp was brought here and buried.

In Voronezh

Prospekt Revolyutsii, 46 - the Mandelstams stayed here at the Tsentralnaya hotel after arriving in Voronezh in June 1934.
St. Uritsky - O. E. managed to remove a summer terrace in a private house in a village near the station, where he and his wife lived from July to October, before the onset of cold weather.
St. Shveinikov, 4b (former 2nd Linear Street) - the so-called "Mandelstam's pit" (based on a poem written by him in 1935). Since October 1934, the Mandelstams rented a room from the agronomist E.P. Vdovin.
Corner of Revolution Avenue and st. 25 years of October - a room ("furniture" - according to the recollections of N. Ya. Mandelstam) they rented from an NKVD officer from April 1935 to March 1936. In this room in February 1936 she visited the poet A. A. Akhmatova. A high-rise building was built on the site of the old house.
St. Friedrich Engels, 13. Since March 1936, the Mandelstams rented a room in one of the apartments of this house. In 2008, a bronze monument to the poet was erected opposite the house.
St. Pyatnitsky (former street 27 February), 50, apt. 1 is the last address of Mandelstam in Voronezh. From here, Mandelstam in May 1937, after the expiration of the expulsion period, left for Moscow. The house is destroyed.

Heritage and memory

The fate of the archive

The living conditions and fate of O. E. Mandelstam were also reflected in the preservation of his archival materials.

"First recognition by readers"
"A very sharp composition"

About sip Mandelstam began to write poetry during his school years. He studied the history of literature, translated European classics, published research articles and prose. For one of the poems the poet was repressed twice. The last link - to the Far East - Osip Mandelstam did not survive.

"First recognition by readers"

Osip Mandelstam was born in Warsaw in 1891. His father, Emily Mandelstam, was a merchant of the first guild, was engaged in the production of gloves. He independently studied German, was fond of German literature and philosophy, and lived in Berlin in his youth. Mother - Flora Verblovskaya - studied music.

In 1897 the family moved to St. Petersburg. Parents wanted to give their children a good education and introduce them to the cultural life of the Northern capital, so the Mandelstams lived between Petersburg and Pavlovsk. The governess studied with the eldest son Osip; he taught foreign languages from early childhood.

“In my opinion, all these Frenchwomen and Swiss girls from songs, scripts, anthologies and conjugations themselves fell into childhood. In the center of the worldview, dislocated by the anthologies, was the figure of the great emperor Napoleon and the war of the twelfth year, then Joan of Arc followed (one Swiss, however, caught a Calvinist), and no matter how much I tried, being inquisitive, to find out from them about France, nothing succeeded, besides the fact that she is beautiful. "

In 1900-1907 Osip Mandelstam studied at the Tenishevsky Commercial School - one of the best schools in the capital. Here they used the latest teaching methods, students published a magazine, gave concerts, put on performances. At the school, Osip Mandelstam became interested in theater, music and wrote his first poems. Parents did not approve of their son's poetic experiments, but he was supported by the director and teacher of literature, symbolist poet Vladimir Gippius.

After graduating from college, Mandelstam went abroad. He attended lectures at the Sorbonne. In Paris, the future poet met Nikolai Gumilyov - later they became close friends. Mandelstam was fond of French poetry, studied Romance philology at the Heidelberg University in Germany, traveled to Italy and Switzerland.

Sometimes Mandelstam came to St. Petersburg, where he got acquainted with Russian poets, attended literary lectures in the "Tower" with Vyacheslav Ivanov, and in 1910 he first published his poems in the magazine "Apollo".

Osip Mandelstam, Korney Chukovsky, Benedikt Livshits and Yuri Annenkov - seeing off to the front. Photo of Karl Bulla, 1914

Osip Mandelstam. Photo: 1abzac.ru

Osip Mandelstam. Photo: Culture.pl

In 1911, the young poet entered the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University. In the same year he joined Nikolai Gumilyov's "Workshop of Poets". The literary group included Sergei Gorodetsky, Anna Akhmatova, Mikhail Kuzmin. Osip Mandelstam published poetry, literary articles in St. Petersburg editions, performed on stage with his works. Especially often - in the cabaret "Stray Dog".

In 1913, the first collection of poems by the young poet, the book "Stone", was published. His brother, Evgeny Mandelstam, later recalled: "The publication of" Stone "was" family "- the money for the publication of the book was given by the father. The circulation is only 600 copies. After long deliberation, we handed over the entire circulation to a commission in the large bookstore of Popov-Yasny. From time to time my brother sent me to find out how many copies were sold, and when I said that 42 books had already been sold out, at home it was perceived as a holiday. In terms of the scale of that time, in the conditions of the book market, this sounded like the first recognition of the poet by readers ".

Before the revolution, Osip Mandelstam visited Maximilian Voloshin in Crimea several times. There he met Anastasia and Marina Tsvetaev. A short but stormy romance broke out between Marina Tsvetaeva and Mandelstam, at the end of which the poet disappointed in love was even going to leave for a monastery.

Prose writer, translator, literary critic

After the October coup, Mandelstam served for some time in St. Petersburg, and then moved to Moscow. However, hunger forced him to leave this city too. The poet constantly moved - Crimea, Tiflis. In Kiev, he met his future wife - Nadezhda Khazina. In 1920, they returned to St. Petersburg together, and two years later they got married.

“He never had not only any property, but also a permanent settlement - he led a wandering lifestyle. This was a man who did not create any way of life around him and lived outside of any way of life. "
Korney Chukovsky

In 1922, the second book of poems by Osip Mandelstam "Tristia" was published with a dedication to Nadezhda Khazina. The collection includes works that the poet wrote during the First World War and during the revolutionary coup. And a year later, "The Second Book" was published.

Nadezhda Mandelstam (née Khazina)

In 1925, Mandelstam was denied printing poetry. In the next five years, he almost retired from poetry. During these years, Osip Mandelstam published many literary articles, the autobiographical novel "The Noise of Time", the book of prose "The Egyptian Brand", works for children - "Primus", "Balls", "Two Trams". He translated a lot - Francesco Petrarch and Auguste Barbier, Rene Schiquele and Joseph Grishashvili, Max Bartel and Jean Racine. This gave the young family at least some income. Osip Mandelstam studied Italian on his own. He read the original text of The Divine Comedy and wrote the essay A Conversation about Dante.

In 1933, Mandelstam's Journey to Armenia was published in the Leningrad magazine Zvezda. He also allowed himself to be frank, sometimes harsh descriptions of the young Soviet republic and barbs addressed to well-known "social activists". Soon devastating critical articles were published in Literaturnaya Gazeta and Pravda.

"A very sharp composition"

In the autumn of the same year, one of the most famous poems of Mandelstam appeared today - "We live without feeling the country ...". He read it to about fifteen acquaintances. Boris Pasternak is the author of the words: “What you read to me has nothing to do with literature, poetry. This is not a literary fact, but a fact of suicide, which I do not approve of and in which I do not want to take part. "

The poet destroyed the paper records of this poem, and his wife and family friend Emma Gerstein memorized it. Gerstein later recalled: “In the morning, Nadya [Mandelstam] unexpectedly came to me, one might say flew in. She spoke abruptly. “Osya wrote a very harsh composition. It cannot be written down. Nobody knows him except me. It needs someone else to remember it. It will be you. We will die, and you will pass it on to people later. ".

We live without feeling the country under us,
Our speeches are not heard ten steps away,
And where is enough for half a conversation,
There they will remember the Kremlin highlander.
His fingers are fat like worms,
And the words, like pood weights, are true,
Cockroaches laugh mustache,
And his bootlegs shine.
And around him a rabble of thin-necked leaders,
He plays with the services of demihumans.
Who whistles, who meows, who whimpers,
He only babachits and pokes,
Like a horseshoe, he forges a decree following the decree:
Some in the groin, some in the forehead, some in the eyebrow, some in the eye.
Whatever execution he has, it's raspberries
And the wide chest of an Ossetian.

Mandelstam was reported. First they sent him to Cherdyn-on-Kame. Later, thanks to the intercession of Nikolai Bukharin and some poets, Mandelstam and his wife were able to move to Voronezh. Here he worked in magazines, newspapers, theaters, wrote poetry. Later they were published in the collections "Voronezh notebooks". The money earned was sorely lacking, but friends and relatives supported the family.

When the term of exile ended and the Mandelstams moved to Kalinin, the poet was arrested again. He was sentenced to five years in the camps for counter-revolutionary activities and sent by convoy to the Far East. In 1938, Osip Mandelstam died, according to one version, in a hospital camp barrack near Vladivostok. The cause of his death and the place of burial are not known for certain.

The works of Osip Mandelstam were banned in the USSR for another 20 years. After Stalin's death, the poet was rehabilitated in one of the cases, and in 1987 - in the second. His poems, prose, memoirs were preserved by Nadezhda Mandelstam. Something she carried with her in a "handwritten suitcase", something she kept only in memory. In the 1970s and 1980s, Nadezhda Mandelstam published several books of memoirs about the poet.

One of the most tragic destinies was prepared by the Soviet power for such a great poet as O. Mandelstam. His biography developed this way largely due to the irreconcilable nature of Osip Emilievich. He could not tolerate untruth and did not want to bow before the mighty of this world. Therefore, his fate could not have developed otherwise in those years, which Mandelstam himself was aware of. His biography, like the work of the great poet, teaches us a lot ...

The future poet was born in Warsaw on January 3, 1891. Osip Mandelstam spent his childhood and youth in St. Petersburg. Unfortunately, his autobiography was not written by him. However, his memories formed the basis of the book "The Noise of Time". It can be considered largely autobiographical. Note that Mandelstam's memories of childhood and adolescence are strict and restrained - he avoided revealing himself, did not like to comment on both his poems and his life. Osip Emilievich was an early matured poet, or rather, one who saw his sight. Austerity and seriousness distinguish his artistic manner.

We believe that we should consider in detail the life and work of a poet like Mandelstam. A short biography in relation to this person is hardly appropriate. The personality of Osip Emilievich is very interesting, and his work deserves the most careful study. As time has shown, Mandelstam was one of the greatest Russian poets of the 20th century. The short biography presented in school textbooks is clearly insufficient for a deep understanding of his life and work.

The origin of the future poet

Rather, the little that can be found in Mandelstam's memories of his childhood and the atmosphere around him is painted in gloomy tones. According to the poet, his family was "difficult and confused." In word, in speech, this was manifested with special force. So, at least, Mandelstam himself believed. The family was peculiar. Note that the Jewish family of Mandelstams was old. Since the 8th century, since the time of the Jewish enlightenment, he presented the world with famous doctors, physicists, rabbis, literary historians and Bible translators.

Mandelstam Emily Veniaminovich, Osip's father, was a businessman and self-taught. He was completely devoid of the sense of language. Mandelstam in his book "The Noise of Time" noted that he had absolutely no language, there was only "tonguelessness" and "tongue-tied". The speech of Flora Osipovna, the mother of the future poet and music teacher, was different. Mandelstam noted that her vocabulary was "compressed" and "poor", the turns were monotonous, but it was a sonorous and clear, "great Russian speech." It was from his mother that Osip inherited, along with musicality and a predisposition to heart diseases, the accuracy of speech, a heightened sense of his native language.

Education at the Tenishevsky commercial school

Mandelstam studied at the Tenishevsky Commercial School from 1900 to 1907. It was considered one of the best among the private educational institutions in our country. In due time V. Zhirmunsky, V. Nabokov studied there. The atmosphere that reigned here was intellectual and ascetic. This educational institution cultivated the ideals of civic duty and political freedom. In the years 1905-1907, the first Russian revolution could not help but fall into political radicalism and Mandelstam. His biography is generally closely connected with the events of the era. The catastrophe of the war with Japan and the revolutionary time inspired him to create the first verse experiments, which can be considered discipleship. Mandelstam perceived what was happening as a vigorous universal metamorphosis, renewing the elements.

Travel abroad

He received a college diploma on May 15, 1907. After that, the poet tried to join the militant organization of the Social Revolutionaries in Finland, but was not accepted there as a young man. Parents, worried about the future of their son, hastened to send him away from sin to study abroad, where Mandelstam went three times. The first time he lived in Paris from October 1907 to the summer of 1908. Then the future poet went to Germany, where he studied Romance philology at the University of Heidelberg (from the fall of 1909 to the spring of 1910). From July 21, 1910 to mid-October, he lived in Zehlendorf, a suburb of Berlin. Up to the very latest works, Mandelstam's poems echo his acquaintance with Western Europe.

Meeting with A. Akhmatova and N. Gumilev, creation of acmeism

The meeting with Anna Akhmatova and Nikolai Gumilyov determined the formation of Osip Emilievich as a poet. Gumilev in 1911 returned from the Abyssinian expedition to St. Petersburg. Soon the three of them began to see each other frequently at literary evenings. Many years after the tragic event - the shooting of Gumilyov in 1921 - Osip Emilievich wrote to Akhmatova that only Nikolai Gumilyov managed to understand his poems, and that he still talks with him, conducts dialogues. How Mandelstam treated Akhmatova is evidenced by his phrase: "I am a contemporary of Akhmatova." Only Osip Mandelstam (his photo with Anna Andreevna is presented above) could publicly declare this during the Stalinist regime, when Akhmatova was a disgraced poet.

All three (Mandelstam, Akhmatova and Gumilev) became the creators of Acmeism and the most prominent representatives of this new trend in literature. Biographers note that friction arose between them at first, since Mandelstam was quick-tempered, Gumilev was despotic, and Akhmatova was wayward.

The first collection of poems

In 1913 he created his first collection of poems by Mandelstam. By this time, his biography and work had already been marked by many important events, and even then there was more than enough life experience. The poet published this collection at his own expense. At first he wanted to name his book "Sink", but then he chose another name - "Stone", which was quite in the spirit of Acmeism. Its representatives wanted to open up the world anew, to give everything a courageous and clear name, devoid of a vague and elegiac flair, as, for example, among the Symbolists. Stone is a solid and durable natural material, eternal in the hands of a master. For Osip Emilievich, it is the primary building material of spiritual culture, and not only material one.

Osip Mandelstam adopted Christianity in 1911, having made a "transition to European culture." And although he was baptized in (in Vyborg on May 14), the verses of his first collection captured a passion for the Catholic theme. Mandelstam was captivated in Roman Catholicism by the pathos of the world organizing idea. Under the rule of Rome, the unity of the Christian world of the West is born from a chorus of nations that are dissimilar to each other. Also, the "stronghold" of the cathedral is made up of stones, their "unkind weight" and "spontaneous labyrinth".

Attitude to the revolution

In the period from 1911 to 1917 at St. Petersburg University, at the Romano-Germanic department, Mandelstam studied. His biography at this time was marked by the appearance of the first collection. His attitude to the revolution that began in 1917 was difficult. Any attempts by Osip Emilievich to find a place for himself in the new Russia ended in scandal and failure.

Compilation Tristia

Mandelstam's poems of the period of revolution and war make up a new collection of Tristia. This "book of sorrows" was published for the first time in 1922 without the participation of the author, and then, in 1923, under the title "Second Book" was republished in Moscow. It is cemented by the theme of time, the flow of history, which is directed towards its death. Until the last days, this theme will be cross-cutting in the poet's work. This collection is marked by a new quality of the lyrical hero Mandelstam. For him, there is no longer a personal, not involved in the general flow of time. The voice of the lyric hero can only be heard as an echo of the hum of the era. What happens in big history is perceived by him as the collapse and construction of a "temple" of his own personality.

The collection Tristia also reflected a significant change in the poet's style. The figurative texture is moving more and more towards encrypted, "dark" meanings, semantic shift, irrational language moves.

Wanderings in Russia

Osip Mandelstam in the early 1920s. wandered mainly in the southern part of Russia. He visited Kiev, where he met his future wife N. Ya. Khazina (pictured above), spent some time with Voloshin in Koktebel, then went to Feodosia, where Wrangel's counterintelligence arrested him on suspicion of espionage. Then, after his release, he went to Batumi, he was marked by a new arrest - now by the coast guard of the Mensheviks. Osip Emilievich was rescued from prison by T. Tabidze and N. Mitsishvili, Georgian poets. In the end, exhausted to the extreme, Osip Mandelstam returned to Petrograd. His biography continues with the fact that he lived for some time in the House of Arts, then went south again, after which he settled in Moscow.

However, by the mid-1920s, not a trace of the former balance of hopes and anxieties in understanding what was happening was left. The consequence of this is the changed poetics of Mandelstam. "Darkness" now increasingly outweighs clarity in it. In 1925, there was a short creative surge, which was associated with the passion for Olga Vaksel. After that, the poet becomes silent for a long 5 years.

For Mandelstam, the second half of the 1920s was a period of crisis. At this time, the poet was silent, did not publish new poems. Not a single work of Mandelstam has appeared in 5 years.

Turning to prose

In 1929, Mandelstam decided to turn to prose. He wrote the book "The Fourth Prose". In terms of volume, it is small, but it fully expressed Mandelstam's contempt for opportunistic writers who were members of MASSOLIT. For a long time, this pain was accumulating in the poet's soul. In "The Fourth Prose" Mandelstam's character was expressed - quarrelsome, explosive, impulsive. Very easily Osip Emilievich made enemies for himself, he did not hide his judgments and assessments. Thanks to this, Mandelstam always, almost all post-revolutionary years, was forced to exist in extreme conditions. In anticipation of imminent death, he was in the 1930s. There were not very many admirers of Mandelstam's talent, his friends, but they still were.

Everyday life

The attitude to everyday life largely reveals the image of a person like Osip Mandelstam. Biography, interesting facts about him, the poet's work are associated with his special attitude towards him. Osip Emilievich was not adapted to a settled life, to everyday life. For him, the concept of a house-fortress, which was very important, for example, for M. Bulgakov, did not matter. The whole world was home to him, and at the same time Mandelstam was homeless in this world.

Remembering Osip Emilievich in the early 1920s, when he received a room in the House of Arts in Petrograd (like many other writers and poets), KI Chukovsky noted that there was nothing in it that belonged to Mandelstam, except cigarettes. When the poet finally got an apartment (in 1933), B. Pasternak, who was visiting him, said leaving that now you can write poetry - there is an apartment. Osip Emilievich was furious at this. OE Mandelstam, whose biography is marked by many episodes of intransigence, cursed his apartment and even offered to return it to those to whom it was apparently intended: depicts, honest traitors. It was horror at the realization of the payment that was required for her.

Work in "Moskovsky Komsomolets"

Are you wondering how the life of a poet like Mandelstam continued? The biography by dates smoothly approached the 1930s in his life and work. N. Bukharin, the patron of Osip Emilievich in power circles, arranged for him at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s to work as a proofreader for the newspaper Moskovsky Komsomolets. This gave the poet and his wife at least a minimal means of subsistence. But Mandelstam refused to accept the "rules of the game" of Soviet writers who served the regime. His extreme impetuosity and emotionality greatly complicated Mandelstam's relationship with colleagues in the shop. He found himself at the center of a scandal - the poet was accused of translation plagiarism. In order to save Osip Emilievich from the consequences of this scandal, in 1930 Bukharin organized a trip to Armenia for the poet, which made a great impression on him and was also reflected in his work. In the new verses, hopeless fear and the last courageous despair are already heard more clearly. If Mandelstam in prose tried to get away from the thunderstorm hanging over him, now he finally accepted his share.

Awareness of the tragedy of their fate

Awareness of the tragedy of his own fate, of the choice he made, probably strengthened Mandelstam, gave a majestic, tragic pathos to his new works. It consists in the opposition of the personality of the free poet to the "century-beast". Mandelstam does not feel like a pitiful victim, an insignificant person before him. He feels himself equal to him. In the poem of 1931 "For the explosive valor of the coming centuries", which was called "The Wolf" in the home circle, Mandelstam predicted the impending exile to Siberia, and his own death, and poetic immortality. This poet understood a lot earlier than others.

The ill-fated poem about Stalin

Yakovlevna, the widow of Osip Emilievich, left two books of memoirs about her husband, which tell about the sacrificial feat of this poet. Mandelstam's sincerity often verged on suicide. For example, in November 1933 he wrote a sharply satirical poem about Stalin, which he read to many of his acquaintances, including B. Pasternak. Boris Leonidovich was alarmed by the fate of the poet and declared that his poem was not a literary fact, and nothing more than an "act of suicide", which he could not approve in any way. Pasternak advised him not to read this work anymore. However, Mandelstam could not remain silent. The biography, interesting facts from which we have just cited, from this moment becomes truly tragic.

The verdict for Mandelstam, surprisingly enough, was rather mild. At that time, people died for much less significant "offenses". The Stalinist resolution read only: "Isolate, but preserve." Mandelstam was sent into exile in the northern village of Cherdyn. Here Osip Emilievich, suffering from mental disorder, even wanted to commit suicide. Friends helped again. N. Bukharin, who had already lost influence, wrote to Comrade Stalin for the last time that poets are always right, that history is on their side. After that, Osip Emilievich was transferred to Voronezh, in less harsh conditions.

Of course, his fate was sealed. However, in 1933, severely punishing him meant advertising a poem about Stalin and thus, as if settling personal scores with the poet. And that would, of course, be unworthy of Stalin, the "father of nations." Joseph Vissarionovich knew how to wait. He understood that everything has its time. In this case, he expected the great terror of 1937, in which Mandelstam was destined to disappear, along with hundreds of thousands of other people.

Years of life in Voronezh

Voronezh sheltered Osip Emilievich, but hostilely sheltered him. However, Osip Emilievich Mandelstam did not stop fighting with despair that steadily approached him. His biography of these years is marked by many difficulties. He had no means of subsistence, they avoided meeting with him, his further fate was unclear. Mandelstam felt with all his being that the "century-beast" was overtaking him. And Akhmatova, who visited him in exile, testified that in his room "fear and muse were on duty". Poems went unstoppably, they demanded an exit. Memoirists testify that Mandelstam once rushed to a pay phone and began to read his new works to the investigator, to whom he was attached at that time. He said that there was no one else to read. The poet's nerves were bared, in poetry he spilled out his pain.

Voronezh from 1935 to 1937 three "Voronezh notebooks" were created. For a long time, the works of this cycle have not been published. They could not be called political, but even "neutral" poems were perceived as a challenge, since they represented Poetry, unstoppable and uncontrollable. And for the authorities it is no less dangerous, since, according to I. Brodsky, it “shakes the entire way of life,” and not just the political system.

Return to the capital

Many poems of this period, as well as the works of Mandelstam of the 1930s in general, are imbued with the feeling of imminent death. The term of the Voronezh exile expired in May 1937. Osip Emilievich spent another year in the vicinity of Moscow. He wanted to get permission to stay in the capital. However, the editors of the magazines categorically refused not only to publish his poems, but also to talk to him. The poet was begging. At that time, friends and acquaintances helped him: B. Pasternak, V. Shklovsky, V. Kataev, although they themselves had a hard time. Anna Akhmatova later wrote about 1938 that it was an "apocalyptic" time.

Arrest, exile and death

It remains for us to tell quite a bit about such a poet as Osip Mandelstam. His brief biography is marked by a new arrest on May 2, 1938. He was sentenced to five years of hard labor. The poet was sent to the Far East. He never returned from there. On December 27, 1938, near Vladivostok, in the Vtoraya Rechka camp, the poet was overtaken by death.

We hope you would like to continue your acquaintance with such a great poet as Mandelstam. Biography, photo, creative path - all this gives some idea about him. However, only by turning to the works of Mandelstam, one can understand this person, feel the strength of his personality.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Osip Emilievich Mandelstam (birth name - Joseph; January 3, 1891, Warsaw - December 27, 1938, Vladivostok transit point of Dalstroy in Vladivostok) - Russian poet, prose writer, essayist, translator and literary critic, one of the greatest Russian poets of the XX century.

early years

Osip Mandelstam was born on January 3 (January 15, new style) 1891 in Warsaw into a Jewish family. Father, Emil Veniaminovich (Emil, Haskl, Khatskel Beniaminovich) Mandelstam (1856-1938), was a glove master, was a merchant of the first guild, which gave him the right to live outside the Pale of Settlement, despite his Jewish origin. Mother, Flora Ovseevna Verblovskaya (1866-1916), was a musician.

In 1897, the Mandelstam family moved to St. Petersburg. Osip was educated at the Tenishevsky School (from 1900 to 1907), the Russian forge of "cultural personnel" at the beginning of the 20th century.

In August 1907 he applied for admission as a volunteer to the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University, but, having taken the documents from the office, in October he left for Paris. In 1908-1910, Mandelstam studied at the Sorbonne and at the University of Heidelberg. At the Sorbonne he attends lectures by A. Bergson and J. Bedier at the College de France. He meets Nikolai Gumilyov, is fascinated by French poetry: the Old French epic, Francois Villon, Baudelaire and Verlaine.

In between trips abroad, he visits St. Petersburg, where he attends lectures on versification on the "tower" of Vyacheslav Ivanov.

By 1911, the family began to go broke, and education in Europe became impossible. In order to bypass the quota for Jews for admission to St. Petersburg University, Mandelstam is baptized by a Methodist pastor.

In 1911 he met Anna Akhmatova, visited the Gumilev couple.

The first publication was the magazine "Apollo", 1910, No. 9. He was also published in the magazines "Hyperborey", "New Satyricon" and others.

Since November 1911 he regularly participates in the meetings of the Guild of Poets [~ 1]. In 1912 he met A. Blok. At the end of the same year, he is included in the group of acmeists.

He considered friendship with acmeists (Anna Akhmatova and Nikolai Gumilyov) one of the main successes of his life.

Poetic searches of this period were reflected in the debut book of poems "Stone" (three editions: 1913, 1916 and 1923, the content changed). He is in the center of poetic life, regularly reads poetry in public, visits The Stray Dog, gets acquainted with futurism, becomes close to Benedict Livshits.

In 1915 he met Anastasia and Marina Tsvetaeva. In 1916, Marina Tsvetaeva entered the life of O. E. Mandelstam [~ 2].

In Soviet Russia

After the October Revolution, he works in newspapers, in the People's Commissariat for Education, travels around the country, publishes in newspapers, writes poetry, and gains success. In 1919, in Kiev, he met his future wife, Nadezhda Yakovlevna Khazina. During the Civil War, he wanders with his wife across Russia, Ukraine, Georgia; was arrested. He had the opportunity to escape with the Whites to Turkey from the Crimea, but, like Voloshin, chose to stay in Soviet Russia. Moves to Petrograd, settles in the House of Arts. N. Chukovsky, who knew him closely, left the following memories of him during this period: “Mandelstam was a short man, lean, well-built, with a thin face and kind eyes. He was already noticeably bald, and this, apparently, worried him ... "

In 1922 he registers a marriage with Nadezhda Yakovlevna Khazina. Meets Boris Pasternak.

Poems from the time of the First World War and the Revolution (1916-1920) made up the second book "Tristia" ("Sorrowful Elegies", the title goes back to Ovid), published in 1922 in Berlin. In 1923, "The Second Book" was published and with a general dedication to "N. NS." - wife. In 1922, in Kharkov, an article "On the Nature of the Word" was published as a separate brochure.

In 1928, the last lifetime poetry collection "Poems" was published, as well as a book of his selected articles "On Poetry".

Business trips to the Caucasus

Mandelstam's poetic gift is flourishing, but he is almost never published. The intercession of B. Pasternak and N. Bukharin gives the poet little respite from life.

He studies Italian on his own, reads The Divine Comedy in the original. The programmatic poetological essay "A Conversation about Dante" was written in 1933. Mandelstam discusses it with A. Bely.

In "Literaturnaya Gazeta", "Pravda", "Zvezda", devastating articles are published in connection with the publication of Mandelstam's "Travel to Armenia" ("Zvezda", 1933, No. 5).

In November 1933, Osip Mandelstam wrote the anti-Stalinist epigram "We live without feeling the country ..." ("The Kremlin Highlander"), which is read by fifteen people.

We live under us without feeling the country,

Our speeches are not heard ten steps away,

And where is enough for half a conversation, -

The Kremlin Highlander will be remembered there.

His fingers are fat like worms,

And the words, like pood weights, are true,

Cockroaches laugh mustache,

And his bootlegs shine.

And around him a rabble of thin-necked leaders,

He plays with the services of demihumans.

Who whistles, who meows, who whimpers,

He only babachits and pokes,

Like a horseshoe, he forges a decree behind the decree:

Some in the groin, some in the forehead, some in the eyebrow, some in the eye.

Whatever execution he has, it's raspberries

And the wide chest of an Ossetian.

November 1933

History of creation

In the 1930s, the Stalin personality cult was strongly developed in the country. Many Soviet writers praised the ruler of the USSR. At such a time, a bold poem was created. The poem was written after Osip Emilievich witnessed the terrible Crimean famine. Osip Mandelstam did not hide his authorship, and after his arrest he was preparing to be shot. The author was sent into exile in Cherdyn, and then allowed to settle in Voronezh. On the night of May 1-2, 1938, he was arrested again and sent to the Dallag camp, died on the way in December in the Vladperpunkt transit camp, and the Soviet government left Mandelstam's body unburied until spring.

Highlander - Stalin.
Malina - a word in criminal jargon in memory of the fact that Stalin in his youth was part of the underworld, when he bore the pseudonym "Koba"
Ossetian - Stalin. Stalin was from the city of Gori near South Ossetia.

The poem was written in a tricycle anapest with pyrrhic.

B.L. Pasternak called this act suicide:

He was a man with a keen rejection of injustice. And if life itself is unfair, what can a poet do? Just write. "Whatever execution he has, it's raspberries" - who else then dared to say this about Stalin? "

One of the listeners informs about Mandelstam.

On the night of May 13-14, 1934, Mandelstam was arrested and sent into exile in Cherdyn (Perm Territory). Osip Mandelstam is accompanied by his wife, Nadezhda Yakovlevna. In Cherdyn, O. E. Mandelstam attempted suicide (thrown out of the window). Nadezhda Yakovlevna Mandelstam writes to all Soviet authorities and to all her acquaintances. With the assistance of Nikolai Bukharin, Mandelstam is allowed to independently choose a place for settlement. Mandelstams choose Voronezh. They live in poverty, and from time to time they are helped by money from a few not backing down friends. From time to time, O. E. Mandelstam works part-time in a local newspaper, in a theater. They are visited by close people, mother of Nadezhda Yakovlevna, artist V. N. Yakhontov, Anna Akhmatova. Here he writes the famous cycle of poems (the so-called "Voronezh notebooks").

In May 1937, the term of exile ends, and the poet unexpectedly receives permission to leave Voronezh. He and his wife return to Moscow for a short time. In a 1938 statement by the Secretary of the Union of Writers of the USSR V. Stavsky addressed to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs NI Yezhov, it was proposed "to resolve the issue of Mandelstam", his poems were called "obscene and slanderous." Iosif Prut and Valentin Kataev were named in the letter as “speaking out sharply” in defense of Osip Mandelstam.

Osip Mandelstam died on December 27, 1938 from typhus in the Vladperpunkt transit camp (Vladivostok). Until spring, Mandelstam's body lay unburied along with the other deceased. Then the entire "winter pile" was buried in a mass grave.

Rehabilitated posthumously: in the case of 1938 - in 1956, in the case of 1934 - in 1987. The location of the poet's grave is still unknown.

Mandelstam and music

As a child, at the insistence of his mother, Mandelstam studied music. Through the eyes of a poet of high book culture born in him, he even saw poetic visual images in the lines of musical notation and wrote about this in the “Egyptian stamp”: “Notation caresses the eye no less than music itself does the ear. Blackies of the piano scale, like lamplighters, climb up and down ... Mirage cities of music signs stand like birdhouses in boiling resin ... "In his perception," concert slopes of Chopin's mazurkas "and" parks with Mozart curtains "," Schubert's vineyard "and “The undersized bush of Beethoven's sonatas”, “turtles” by Handel and “warlike pages of Bach”, and the musicians of the violin orchestra, like mythical dryads, got mixed up with “branches, roots and bows”.

Mandelstam's musicality and his deep contact with musical culture were noted by his contemporaries. “Osip was at home in music” was written by Anna Akhmatova in “Diary Leaves”. Even when he was asleep, it seemed "that every vein in him listened and heard some kind of divine music."

Composer Arthur Lurie, who knew the poet closely, wrote that “live music was a necessity for him. The element of music fed his poetic consciousness. "
I. Odoyevtseva quoted Mandelstam's words: “I fell in love with Tchaikovsky from childhood, fell in love for all my life, to a painful frenzy ... Since then I felt myself forever connected with music, without any right to this connection ...”, and he himself wrote in “Shuma time ":" I do not remember how this reverence for the symphony orchestra was brought up in me, but I think that I understood Tchaikovsky correctly, guessing in him a special concert feeling. "

Mandelstam perceived the art of poetry as related to music and was sure that in his creative self-expression, true composers and poets are always on the road, "which we suffer, like music and words."

He heard the music of real poems and reproduced when reading with his own intonation, regardless of who wrote them. M. Voloshin felt this "musical charm" in the poet: "Mandelstam does not want to speak in verse, he is a born singer ... Mandelstam's voice is unusually sonorous and rich in shades ..."

Mandelstam in literature and literary criticism of the XX century

An exceptional role in preserving Mandelstam's poetic heritage of the 1930s was played by the life feat of his wife, Nadezhda Yakovlevna Mandelstam, and people who helped her, such as S. B. Rudakov and Mandelstam's Voronezh friend, Natalya Shtempel. The manuscripts were kept in Nadezhda Yakovlevna's boats and in pans. In her will, Nadezhda Yakovlevna actually denies Soviet Russia any right to publish Mandelstam's poems.

In the circle of Anna Akhmatova in the 1970s, the future Nobel Prize laureate in literature IA Brodsky is called "the younger Axis". According to V. Ya. Vilenkin, of all the poets - contemporaries "Anna Andreevna treated only Mandelstam as some kind of miracle of poetic primordiality, a miracle worthy of admiration".

According to Nikolai Bukharin's assessment, expressed in a letter to Stalin in 1934, Mandelstam is "a first-class poet, but absolutely out of date."

Before the beginning of perestroika, Mandelstam's Voronezh poems of the 1930s were not published in the USSR, but were circulated in lists and reprints, as in the 19th century, or in samizdat.

World fame comes to Mandelstam's poetry before and independently of the publication of his poems in Soviet Russia.

Since the 1930s, his poems have been quoted, allusions to his poems have multiplied in the poetry of completely different authors and in many languages.

Mandelstam is translated into German by one of the leading European poets of the 20th century, Paul Celan.

In the USA, K. Taranovsky was engaged in the study of the poet's work, who conducted a seminar on Mandelstam's poetry at Harvard.

VV Nabokov calls Mandelstam the only poet of Stalin's Russia.

Osip Mandelstam: the road to death and immortality

75 years ago, on December 27, 1938, Osip Mandelstam died in a transit camp. "... Sent to hell, he never returned, while his widow wandered about one-sixth of the earth's land, clutching a pot with a roll of his songs, which she memorized at night in case the furies with a search warrant find them," - wrote Joseph Brodsky. On the day of memory of the great poet who collaborated with our newspaper at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s, MK talks with Pavel Nerler, head of the Mandelstam Society, one of the main speakers of the conference "Osip Mandelstam: Life and Immortality", held the day before at the Jewish Museum and the Center for Tolerance.

Pavel Markovich, let's go back to the past - to 1934. Osip Mandelstam reads the poem "The Kremlin Highlander" to a narrow circle of friends, including Pasternak, who calls this epigram against Stalin "an act of suicide" and begs not to show it to anyone else ... Still, someone denounces the poet and he is arrested. Is it known who reported Osip Mandelstam?

The informer is unknown, we will not speculate on this topic. Pasternak is one of 30 people to whom Mandelstam read poetry about Stalin. Trying to guess who has reported from this list is not interesting. But who reported in 1938, we know - it was Stavsky, who turned directly to Yezhov with a request "to resolve the issue of Mandelstam," Pavlenko's expert opinion was attached to the letter. It is these two people who are responsible for the death of Mandelstam, whose 75th anniversary we are now forced to celebrate in the difficult December time.

Did this poem play a decisive role in the fate of the poet, or is it not only in it?

Of course, this epigram appears in files and interrogation protocols. But Mandelstam was at the same time a defendant in another case, which was unfolding in Leningrad and in which Livshits was shot and Zabolotsky was arrested. But Mandelstam was only a figurant there, and in general he was dealt with by Moscow.

Stalin read this epigram, didn't he?

I have no doubt that he read it. I also assume - this is already a hypothesis - that he liked and flattered the poetry. The impression that Stalin made on the cities and regions under his control, the fear with which he was able to hobble his subjects - all this atmosphere was only flattering to him, in fact, he was trying to achieve this. He could only dream of such a confirmation as this epigram. From my point of view, this was by no means offensive to him, but precisely flattering, because in poetry he appeared as a ruler, a tyrant, and it was precisely for this effect that he was striving.

In 1934, Osip Mandelstam went to the first exile - first to Cherdyn, then to Voronezh. In 1937 he returned to Moscow. Was the liberation achieved through the efforts of his wife Nadezhda Yakovlevna and friends-writers?

This happened through the efforts of those who were busy. And these were quite complex chains. Akhmatova went to some offices, Pasternak to others. Akhmatova went to Lominadze, and Pasternak went to Bukharin - most likely, it was this combination that worked. Bukharin wrote to Stalin about Mandelstam. And after that the bell rang in Pasternak's apartment - Stalin called and talked to him about Mandelstam. So what could be called civil society, the indifference of the writers' environment, played here. And the fact that Stalin made such a decision, which we can consider as rather favorable to Mandelstam, is comparatively not harsh, is a consequence of both these efforts and the real effect that Stalin achieved with his call. Indeed, by doing so, he performed a kind of miracle, the rumor of which spread quickly. It was May, the first writers' congress was being prepared, and Stalin wanted to look good. And in this light, Mandelstam flattered him with an epigram, and it was not difficult. Stalin's autograph has been preserved on the corresponding letter from Bukharin, where it is written approximately the following: "how dare they arrest Mandelstam!" Yes, but who are these "they"!

Why did the "second wave" of repression against Mandelstam go?

Enough, play cat and mouse - and good, as much as possible! And so for three years he lived well for his "Stalin Prize", that's enough. Stavsky and Pavlenko approached Yezhov, but Yezhov did not give a clear reaction for about a month. I think he somehow ventilated all this, maybe not even with Stalin himself. But in any case, it was a special case, because Stalin's role in the fate of Mandelstam in the first case was known to those who made the next decision. And without Stalin's sanction, no decision was possible, but it was like that. The time was like that. The departure of the great terror. In a sense, Mandelstam was lucky that this wave did not cover him in the summer of 1937 - then he could easily get on the execution lists. And so he was given 5 years in labor camps - the minimum that was given at that time. Another thing is that for him it was tantamount to death, given his physical and mental state. He lived only 11 weeks in the transit camp where he ended up.

What is the actual cause of the poet's death? Typhus, heart, wasting - is the diagnosis known to researchers?

In fact, there is only one source, and it does not raise doubts - official documents: death certificate, fingerprinting records. An analysis of the evidence of Mandelstam's death that has survived does not speak in favor of the fact that it was not typhus. Yes, there was typhus in the camp, there was a quarantine, and Mandelstam was taken to the hospital, but no typhus was found. This was witnessed by two or three people - quite a lot for such a situation. There is no need to dispute so much the documents of the camp doctors. They did not and could not have such a distorting passion. The mortality rate was high, and there was neither sense nor opportunity to falsify death documents. Here, I am citing the death certificate, doctor Kresanov plus the medical assistant on duty. “Cause of death: heart paralysis, arterial sclerosis. The corpse was fingerprinted on 12/27/1938. " Then there was a streak of mass mortality, and during the famine, other causes of death could be attributed. But then, unlike the situation with the Holodomor, there was no practical need for this. Even documents confirming death were not issued automatically, but only at the request of relatives. Nadezhda Yakovlevna sent such a request, and almost a year and a half later the documents came to her hands. This is reliable information.

If we talk about Mandelstam today, about his influence on modern literature, then what is it?

He has many followers. In the Mandelstam Society, we collect poems dedicated to him - these are hundreds of poems written by both very famous authors and completely unknown ones. The influence of Mandelstam was felt by all Russian poetry of the twentieth century, in contact with his work. He himself wrote to Tynyanov that his poems merge with Russian poetry, having changed something in its structure and composition. And the power of the miraculousness of his poetry, of course, is palpable - especially in the best representatives of the poetic workshop of Russian literature. Some consider this a disadvantage and fight with it, some - on the contrary, see this as adherence to traditions and continuity. I have practically never met people, with rare exceptions, who absolutely do not accept Mandelstam, who deny his magical poetic gift, who dispute his significance. Almost everyone agrees that this is a great poet, and rather, one can see some fight over writing Mandelstam's name on his banner.

Maria Moskvicheva

If we talk about the reason for the death of the POET, then we should forget about all the diagnoses stated above.

According to Khazin, Mandelstam died during typhus.
Who is Khazin mentioned by Nadezhda (wife of O. Mandelstam)?
This is a doctor who knew Mandelstam well, since he treated him in the camp. He reported that in prison the poet's mind was completely clouded. He had to be admitted to a hospital for the mentally ill, but there, too, his illness progressed. He was afraid of everything, refused to eat, suspecting that there was poison in it, and lost a lot of weight. Refusing adequate nutrition, he collected leftovers in the trash, where he contracted typhus. At that time, there was no cure for the disease in the camp, and they could not save him.

Only in 1989 was it possible to read the personal file "on the arrested Butyrka prison" Osip Mandelstam and finally establish the exact date of the poet's death. In his personal file there is an act on the death of O. Mandelstam, which was drawn up by a doctor and a paramedic on duty at the camp. Based on these documents, the next, most complete version of the poet's death was proposed.

On December 25, 1938, the weather suddenly deteriorated sharply, the wind began and it began to snow. Weakened by hunger, Osip Mandelstam was unable to get out of bed and go out to clear the snow.

Refusal to go to work was tantamount to suicide, but the poet was really very sick and the next day, December 26, he was transferred to the camp hospital. A day later, as indicated in official documents, on December 27, at 12.30, he died.

An autopsy was not carried out, and the exact cause of the poet's death today probably cannot be determined. However, his severe exhaustion, as well as the fact that there was a severe frost on the street, and the poet probably did not have warm clothes, suggest that death came from natural causes. Could it have been saved? Nowadays, when medicine works wonders, of course. If desired, he could have been saved in those years, but not in the conditions of the camp. However, the poet's state of mind speaks in favor of the fact that even if he had remained alive, he would have spent the rest of his life in a clinic for the mentally ill. His illness progressed, further aggravated by the harsh living conditions. Most likely, they could not have cured this poet even today.

Osip Mandelstam was buried at the beginning of 1939 as a simple prisoner, in a common grave. The place of his burial was discovered almost half a century later, at the end of 1990, by art critic Valery Markov.

After the liquidation, the territory of the now former camp was given to the naval crew of the Pacific Fleet. The military unit guarded the camp, which was considered an object of special state importance. As a result, all camp burials were preserved, thanks to which it was possible to find the grave.

The death of Osip Mandelstam and the discovery of his burial place were written in the newspapers, and people who went through similar ordeals who managed to survive and who had been afraid to tell the truth all their lives now began to speak it.

Thus, we received reliable information about the death of the POET. And now we will be convinced of this.

The purpose of this article is to find out the reason for the death of one of the greatest Russian poets of the 20th century, OSIP MANDELSHTAM, by his FULL NAME code.

Watch preliminary "Logicology - about the fate of man".

Consider the tables of the FULL NAME code. \ If on your screen there is an offset of numbers and letters, adjust the scale of the image \.

13 14 28 33 39 51 80 105 124 125 138 148 163 181 191 212 242 255 265 277 306 312 315 325 349
M A N D E L W T A M I O S I V E M I L E V I H
349 336 335 321 316 310 298 269 244 225 224 211 201 186 168 158 137 107 94 84 72 43 37 34 24

10 25 43 53 74 104 117 127 139 168 174 177 187 211 224 225 239 244 250 262 291 316 335 336 349
I O S I F E M I L E V I H M A N D E L W T A M
349 339 324 306 296 275 245 232 222 210 181 175 172 162 138 125 124 110 105 99 87 58 33 14 13

MANDELSHTAM JOSIF EMILIEVICH = 349.

163 = (ph) RMA INFARKTA MIO * (card)
_____________________________________
201 = O * T MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Reference:

Myocardial infarction (heart attack) is one of the clinical FORMs of coronary heart disease, which occurs with the development of ischemic necrosis of the myocardial area ...
Myocardial infarction - Wikipedia
ru.wikipedia.org ›Myocardial infarction

5 8 9 14 37 38 57 86 104 110 115 144 157 172 178 183 189 200 201 203 220 252
D W A D C A T S E D M O E D E K A B R Z
252 247 244 243 238 215 214 195 166 148 142 137 108 95 80 74 69 63 52 51 49 32

(y) D (ear) + (stop) B (k) A (ser) DTSA + (death) Tb + CE (p) D (tse) (stop) b + (d) M + O (etching) E + (ser) D (c) E + (ventricle) K (s) A (i) (phi) BR (illatsi) I

252 =, D, +, B, A, DTSA +, Tb + CE, D, b +, M + O, E +, D, E +, K, A, BR, Ya.

Reference:

Ventricular Fibrillation - Physician-Verified Articles
Yandex.Health
Contents Control of the heart rate is carried out by the sinus node. With a malfunction of the sinus node or other diseases, cardiac fibrillation occurs, which poses a serious risk to health and life.

Ventricular rhythm disturbances in myocardial infarction
cyberleninka.ru ›Grnty› n / 17064460
Key words: ventricular premature beats, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, infarction ... Ventricular fibrillation is a cardiac arrest with the termination of all vital functions.

163 = (twenty) L SEVENTH DECEMBER (i)
____________________________________
201 = TWENTY-SEVENTH DECA (brya)

201 - 163 = 38 = SUMMERS (a good outcome).

163 = (summer) LARGE OUTCOME
_________________________
201 = LETHAL EXIT

The code for the number of full YEARS OF LIFE: 176-FIFTY + 66-SEVEN = 242.

16 48 67 96 101 107 125 157 176 194 200 213 242
FIFTY SEVEN
242 226 194 175 146 141 135 117 85 66 48 42 29

In-depth decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:

P (interruption) (breathing) R + (death) Tb + (for) D (oxa) E (t) SYa + (o) T (anovka) CE (rdtsa) + (s) M (ert) b

242 = P, I +, Tb +, D, E, SJ +, T, CE, +, M, b.

We look at the column in the upper table of the FULL NAME code:

242 = FIFTY SEVEN

242 = 91-DYING + 151-HEAVY INFARCT
____________________________________________
137 = 103- (infar) CT MYOCARDIAL + 34-ZAGU (beat)

242 - 137 = 105 = CHOKE.

O. E. Mandelstam short biography

short biography

early years

Studies

Business trips to the Caucasus

Arrests, exile and death

Poetics of Mandelstam

Periodization of creativity

Evolution of the Mandelstam metric

Mandelstam and music

In literature and literary criticism of the XX century

Addresses

In St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad

In Moscow

In Voronezh

Heritage and memory

The fate of the archive

"First recognition by readers"

Prose writer, translator, literary critic

"A very sharp composition"

The origin of the future poet

Education at the Tenishevsky commercial school

Travel abroad

Meeting with A. Akhmatova and N. Gumilev, creation of acmeism

The first collection of poems

Attitude to the revolution

Compilation Tristia

Wanderings in Russia

Turning to prose

Everyday life

Work in "Moskovsky Komsomolets"

Awareness of the tragedy of their fate

The ill-fated poem about Stalin

Years of life in Voronezh

Return to the capital

Arrest, exile and death

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