Fresh air in a country house or cottage is necessary all year round: its access to the premises is ensured using the correct ventilation device:
- Exhaust elements remove unpleasant odors generated during the cooking process, as well as dust, excess humidity and other waste products from the premises.
- Supply elements ensure the supply of fresh air to the premises and create favorable conditions in the off-season (maintain the desired temperature and humidity).
Ventilation also prevents the formation of humidity in the house. This often happens if the house is located in a private sector and does not have a high foundation separating it from the ground, and, as a result, leads to the formation of “fungus”.
Rooms to be equipped with ventilation ducts
It is most important to organize ventilation ducts in those rooms where the air is susceptible to pollution. For a private home, this is primarily a kitchen, bathrooms, storage rooms, as well as an individual heating unit (IHP) and a garage. In the bathroom, the air is usually over-humidified and you need to constantly ventilate the room to avoid the appearance of condensation and fungi. In the kitchen, when cooking food, particles of fat, moisture and soot get into the air, which also need to be eliminated.
In residential areas - bedrooms, children's rooms, living rooms - ventilation is also necessary. However, here it can be organized in a natural way. This is achieved through loose door frames (with gaps between the floor and the door) and special valves on the windows, which ensure the flow of air from the street without opening the windows.
Ventilation schemes: 1) using deflectors, 2) using valves
Additional premises
- ITP (individual heating point) - located, as a rule, in the basement. To ensure air exchange, you need to know the modernization of the boiler:
- Solid fuel (wood, coal).
- Liquid fuel (diesel fuel).
- Gas (natural gas, gas holder).
In any case, there are general requirements for the design of ITP:
- The exhaust gases must be discharged through a separate stainless steel duct system (sandwich).
- A window opening is required.
- Garage – located, as a rule, in an extension or basement.
A prerequisite is the presence of local exhaust suction and forced supply and exhaust ventilation.
Natural ventilation of a private house
Ventilation of the cottage works naturally due to the difference in temperature and air pressure outside and inside the house. It is based on simple physical laws. The temperature in enclosed spaces is warmer than outside the home, so the air there has less mass. Thanks to this, it rises, where it enters the ventilation shaft and is discharged outside the building. A vacuum arises in the room, which draws fresh air from the street through the openings in the building envelope. The incoming masses have a heavy structure, so they sink to the floor of the room. Under their influence, light warm air is forced upward. Thus, natural air circulation occurs.
Wind also affects the speed at which fresh air flows into the room, but in modern buildings this factor is hardly worth taking into account. New plastic double-glazed windows work to retain heat inside the building and prevent gusts of wind from entering the room. In this case, it is recommended to install windows with special valves that help ventilate the rooms.
Natural ventilation of a private house can be organized according to the same principle as in a regular apartment - fresh air comes from the street through windows and doors, passes through all rooms and is discharged into channels located in the bathroom and kitchen. In this case, there is no need to make separate ventilation holes in living areas.
Advantages and disadvantages of natural ventilation
The advantages of a natural ventilation system can be noted in several points:
- Inexpensive materials. To ensure the inflow and outflow of air, no special equipment is required, in addition to pipes and grilles to create holes.
- Ease of installation and repair. The design is quite simple; it does not require construction skills and subsequent maintenance.
- Low noise level. Due to the absence of fans and low air speed, no sound is created in the pipe.
Natural ventilation options: 1 - with deflector; 2 - with a rotary turbine; 3 - shaft with an umbrella (weathervane).
The disadvantages of a natural ventilation system at home include:
- Poor efficiency at low temperature differences between outside and inside the building in the summer.
- Lack of system operation adjustment.
It is rational to use natural ventilation in wooden buildings.
Forced ventilation of a private house
If the natural ventilation of the cottage does not cope with the ventilation of the premises, it is worth resorting to organizing an artificial or forced ventilation system. Air exchange in it occurs during the operation of various pumping devices - fans, pumps and compressors. They can be built into the natural ventilation system of the building, or installed in separate channels.
When designing and installing forced systems, the following rules must be observed:
- The systems of bathrooms, kitchens and living quarters must be separated.
- Supply air ducts must be insulated.
- The supply flow must be provided with filters and a heater (electric, water, steam).
Forced ventilation in a private house can be arranged in several ways:
- supply air - provides forced air supply;
- exhaust - removes the processed flow from the premises mechanically;
- supply and exhaust - inflow and supply in the house are organized mechanically;
- supply and exhaust system with a recuperator - exhaust air is cleaned and partially returned to the premises;
- air conditioning system – ensures the creation of a microclimate in the premises.
In this section we will discuss all the options for creating an artificial ventilation system.
Supply unit
This system functions in such a way that stale air is replaced by fresh air using a system of fans and blowers. It consists of the following parts:
- ventilation channel through which air enters;
- filtration systems for air purification;
- devices for cooling and heating air masses;
- fans that promote inflow;
- silencer;
- Instrumentation and automation (control and measuring instruments and automation).
Through an opening in the walls of the building, fresh air enters the system, undergoes mechanical cleaning in filters and, under the influence of a fan, is distributed throughout the house. As with natural ventilation, fresh air under pressure displaces stale air. If temperature regulators are present, such a system can operate effectively at any time of the year.
The supply ventilation of a private house can be arranged in such a way that air can move both through pipes and through openings in the walls equipped with the necessary devices. Modern fans make both of these design methods equally effective.
Speaking about the advantages of flow air exchange, it is worth noting the following factors:
- Compact system size.
- Adjustable air supply and temperature.
Disadvantages of the flow-through ventilation method:
- High noise levels.
- The need to allocate space for pipes when installing a duct system.
- Fans require regular cleaning.
- Electricity consumption.
- Difficult to install (professional installation).
An example of supply ventilation with natural exhaust air outflow
Exhaust
The exhaust ventilation system in a private house is aimed at removing stagnant air, and the influx of fresh air is provided through windows and doors. The main element of this design is an exhaust fan, which removes air outside the building through pipes.
Output devices are usually installed in the kitchen and bathroom, due to the increased risk of air pollution. In the kitchen, these functions are performed by an exhaust hood, and in the bathroom there are built-in fans that operate for exhaust. And it is also necessary, during construction, to take care of creating a common air duct leading to the roof, through which the outlet will pass.
Advantages of the exhaust design:
- Removing polluted air from “problem areas” of the house - kitchen and bathroom.
- Possibility of adjusting the operation of devices, installing sensors and timers.
- Functionality and ease of use.
Disadvantages of the air exhaust system:
- Difficulties in ensuring flow through other rooms.
- Possibility of a vacuum.
- The need for regular maintenance.
Supply and exhaust
The ideal option for ventilation is the supply and exhaust ventilation system of the cottage. It provides for the organization of two parallel flows:
- for exhaust air removal;
- for serving fresh.
The supply and exhaust structure consists of an air duct divided into two parts. They contain fans with multidirectional action - on the outflow and inflow of air. Since such ventilation in a country house is of a complex type, it is equipped with a number of additional functions:
- Filtration system.
- Air cooling and heating.
- Sensors and timers.
- Noise regulators.
Supply and exhaust systems include:
- Systems with electric heater.
- Systems with water heater.
In addition, the systems can be equipped with a freon evaporator (cooler), which will ensure the creation of a microclimate.
The disadvantage of the supply and exhaust method is the high cost of such a design, as well as the complexity of installation and maintenance. The elements of the system should be thought through at the stage of building construction.
Rules for organizing ventilation in a cottage
To correctly calculate and, it is worth taking into account the standard norms for private houses. The main rule is that at least 50–60 m³ of fresh air enter each room within an hour. Air humidity should not exceed 50%, and its flow speed should not exceed 1.0 m/s.
If you choose a complex ventilation system (forced), it is advisable to contact a specialist for the correct selection of air exchange and placement of air ducts. There may be a need to develop design estimates.
Development of a home ventilation project includes:
- selection of equipment;
- drawing up a communications wiring diagram taking into account architectural, construction, sanitary, and economic criteria.
The ventilation device in a private house must take into account the volume of air masses in all rooms and pay special attention to the ventilation of the kitchen and bathroom. In addition, the ventilation system must be designed in such a way that all its elements are freely accessible to humans. This will make it easier to repair and maintain the system.
It is especially important to select devices that operate on air supply and exhaust. Their power and performance must correspond to the amount of air mass in the house. They must also be durable, easy to install and use.
Ventilation in a brick house should be thought out already at the stage of construction of the building. Only in this case will it be possible to carry out the calculation and installation of all structural elements as accurately and efficiently as possible. Otherwise, you will have to resort to simple natural or forced ventilation systems, which will not be able to provide sufficient efficiency.
Calculation of ventilation in a private house
Mandatory requirement: installations of residential premises, kitchens, bathrooms, garages and ITPs should not be combined into one system - each type of premises has its own installation.
where V is the volume of the room, m³;
k - air exchange rate (calculated individually for each room).
After receiving the data, air exchange must be rounded up to the nearest whole value. So, if the air exchange is 317 m³/hour, we take it as 320 m³/hour.
| Air exchange rate, m³/hour, not less | ||
|---|---|---|
| Room | Constantly | In maintenance mode |
| Bedroom, common room, children's room | 40 | 40 |
| Library, office | 20 | 20 |
| Pantry, linen, dressing room | 10 | 10 |
| Gym, billiard room | 20 | 80 |
| Laundry, ironing, drying room | 10 | 80 |
| Kitchen with electric stove | 20 | 60 |
| Kitchen with gas stove | 20 | 60 |
| Heat generator | 20 | 80 for 1 burner |
| Bathroom, shower, toilet | 5 | by calculation, but not less than 60 |
| Sauna | 5 | 40 |
| Garage | 20 | 5 for 1 person |
| Garbage collection chamber | 20 | 80 |
Selection of parts and devices for the ventilation system
Diagram for choosing an air duct cross-section depending on flow speed and air consumption
Proper ventilation in a private home includes the selection of the necessary equipment and the location of air ducts and grilles according to the following criteria:
- Air duct cross-sections are taken based on pressure, flow velocity and air consumption. An important factor to consider is the thickness of the material. With reduced thickness, vibration cannot be ruled out. Do not forget about the cross-section of rectangular air ducts (the height of the cross-section should not exceed three lengths). It is acceptable to make do with round sections, but this is not always possible.
- Noise levels inside the air ducts should not exceed 59 dB, otherwise additional noise suppressors are required.
Example of air flow distribution diagram
The struggle for energy efficiency in homes leads to complete airtightness. When insulating rooms, people forget that the body requires fresh air for normal functioning. Stagnant air loses the oxygen content necessary for breathing. The lack of movement of air masses results in increased humidity and accumulation of harmful substances, so high-quality ventilation of the room is a vital necessity, especially since you can arrange it in a private home with your own hands.
How to start and important design points
To begin creating a normal circulation of air masses, it is necessary to begin with an assessment of the premises. The cubic capacity of the living space is calculated, taking into account the needs of a person who requires 10 m³ per hour for normal functioning. The system must supply each resident of the house with air in any area of the living space. Depending on the design of the building, the communications used, and equipment, the type of ventilation is selected that can provide residents with comfortable living conditions. There are three main types of movement of air masses in rooms according to the principle of operation:
- Natural works on the principle of air movement under the influence of different temperature indicators. As you know from a physics course, warm air currents are more rarefied and rise upward. Using this law, structural openings connected to the environment are provided in the upper part of the building. As a rule, the temperature outside is lower than inside, so warm air rises and is displaced by a cold stream from the building. It is generally accepted that the optimal operating indicator for such a system is an outside temperature ranging from 5 to 15 degrees. At lower temperatures, a draft is predictably created in the rooms due to the intensity of heat exchange. In cases of high temperatures, the efficiency of the system is reduced because it is cooler inside the house;
- Forced ventilation is carried out using mechanical devices that supply fresh air inside and remove stagnant, accumulated air masses outside. Inflow and outflow are carried out under the influence of exhaust and spray equipment. Typically, such a system consists of fans, air valves, air heaters, air conditioners, purification filters, and silencers. For optimal functioning, a special communication network is created to ensure the movement of air flows - these are air channels, air intake grilles, diffusers, and anemostats. The efficiency of the system is increased by the installation of control sensors, thermostats that connect or disconnect fans according to specified, calculated indicators;
- A mixed system involves supplementing natural air exchange with exhaust equipment. These could be hoods in the kitchen or fans in bathrooms, built-in or connected to natural ventilation communications. As a rule, such equipment is installed where the degree of air pollution is high and the supply flow does not have time to displace the pollution.
Ventilation problems are associated with the application of old construction technologies to modern conditions. Most houses are built to outdated standards. In this case, new materials, technologies, and equipment are used. According to outdated SNiPs, air flow is carried out through gaps in windows and doors, but the installation of metal-plastic windows and doors of new designs reliably seals the room. Thus, residents are protected from drafts, sound comfort is increased, and energy efficiency is improved. Only the air stagnates due to the lack of possibility of fresh air flow. The result is expressed by increased humidity and oxygen starvation.
Know that this creates a favorable environment for the development of harmful microorganisms in the room. A fungus appears on the walls, rapidly conquering new territories. Fighting it is pointless as long as greenhouse conditions are created for it in the form of a moist, warm atmosphere without drafts.
Another problem is the accumulation of harmful substances that enter the body through inhalation. They are distinguished by surrounding objects - furniture, walls, flooring, everyday cleaning substances, cleaning surfaces. When the ventilation in the house is done with your own hands, the air circulates and almost all harmful substances are removed outside, without having time to accumulate in dangerous quantities and enter the body.
Fresh supply air according to standards and rules
It is ideal to equip your house outside the city, located in a vast area rich in fresh, clean air, with natural ventilation.
Did you know that there are certain standards for air exchange in a house, taking into account the specifics of a particular room, which must be taken into account when creating ventilation in a private house with your own hands.
This means replacing the entire air mass, the values of which are given in the table, in 1 hour for rooms where people are constantly present. Particular attention is paid to special purpose rooms:
- For kitchens with electric stoves, an air exchange of at least 60 m³/hour is required, and in the case of a gas stove, 90 m³/hour;
- For a bathroom and toilet, the air exchange should exceed 25 m³/hour; if these rooms are combined, then the figure increases to 50 m³/hour.
A table has also been developed depending on the placement of a ventilation hole in a room on the height of the building and floor. It shows what performance is needed and the required number of channels. These indicators will help create air exchange that provides the standard or exceeds it.
WITH You should know that when designing ventilation, the individual characteristics of a particular house are taken into account. For example, if a wooden floor is based on joists, then the calculation takes into account ventilation under the floor.
Correct selection and calculation of supply channel parameters
To organize communications, pipes of round diameter or rectangular blocks are used. The optimal pipe size is considered to be a diameter of 150 mm (0.016 dm³), at least 10 cm on each side. Such indicators guarantee a flow of at least 30 m³/h when the channels are located at a height of at least 3 m. To increase the throughput, it is necessary to increase the cross-section, length or number of air ducts.
All possible options are determined depending on the floor of the premises being calculated using the regulatory documentation “Code of Rules for Residential Apartment Buildings”:
- Table 9.1 allows you to determine how much air is required to be pumped into the room;
- The paragraph “Performance standards and natural ventilation channels” shows how much air is required to be removed from the room.
The obtained values are compared, the larger one is selected and the required air exchange is calculated.
For example, for a 4-room one-story house with three-meter ceilings and a roof, a total area of 75 m², a kitchen equipped with a gas stove. The total cubic capacity required for the influx into the room is 225 m³ per hour. The available data for the rooms allows us to determine the amount of air needed to be removed outside: kitchen - 90 m³/h, bath and toilet - 50 m³/h, total - 140 m³/h. Therefore, the indicator 225 m³/h is taken as a basis and calculations are made based on it:
- The height of ventilation ducts for a house is 4 m;
- The air renewal power for t=20 °C according to the table is 45.96 m³/h;
- The number of channels is determined by dividing 225/45.96=4.9.
That is, the required house requires 5 ventilation ducts without taking into account all the individual features of the house. To obtain specific values, it is necessary to involve specialists in the design of ventilation for a private house.
Additional equipment that improves living conditions
Natural ventilation is economical, simple to operate, and easy to design and construct. But it is unable to cope with all the challenges presented by modern housing challenges. Called to help:
- Fans built into air ducts effectively combat unpleasant odors and excessive humidity in the toilet and bath. Inexpensive design, simple to install and easy to use, helps to quickly increase air flow as needed;
- The hood located above the stove protects the kitchen from humidity, removes excess odors outside the room and helps maintain normal temperature conditions by quickly removing hot air from the room.
You should know the permissible dimensions for the location of the hood above the stove - 0.75 m when using a gas hob; 0.65 m above electric.
Increased attention is paid when using a fireplace or stove. In this case, do-it-yourself ventilation in a private house is designed taking into account the need to create conditions for complete combustion of the fuel used to operate the equipment, and all combustion products must be removed. Careful design work guarantees the elimination of risks - fire, suffocation. There are often projects that use a supply ventilation supply from the bottom of a stove or fireplace. This solution provides the fire source with a constant supply of oxygen and normal draft.
High-quality ventilation in a private house is necessary; it can be designed with your own hands. It is important to take into account the structural features, characteristics of the equipment used and materials in the premises.
Video about ventilation of a private house
No matter how expensive and good a country house may be, comfortable life in it is absolutely impossible without a well-thought-out ventilation system. Thanks to modern technologies, installing really good ventilation in your home is not a problem. True, it is necessary to take into account several important nuances, because ventilation can have a different design.
Ventilation system selection
Natural
The operation of natural ventilation is extremely simple This method of ventilating rooms is well suited for houses made of red brick, foam blocks, and gas silicate blocks. In addition, its arrangement will not require any large financial expenses from the homeowner. Such ventilation can work due to the temperature difference between inside and outside the house, as well as due to wind load.
In general, natural ventilation has the following advantages:
- the movement of air flows inside the home is not forced, but naturally, without the use of any auxiliary equipment (this also saves them money on the construction of ventilation ducts inside the building itself);
- the system is extremely simple to operate, so the absence of force majeure and various accidents is virtually guaranteed;
- goes well with other types (with the same air conditioning, for example).
Scheme of a natural ventilation system in a private house
However, natural ventilation also has its disadvantages:
- rather weak air exchange (later this will lead to the formation of mold inside the house, the appearance of fungus, excessive amounts of dust and other unpleasant things);
- harm to human health (the body constantly needs a flow of fresh air, which natural ventilation a priori cannot provide).
In general, this is a cheap, but far from the most optimal option.
Do not be tempted by the cheapness of natural ventilation: it can cause significant harm to human health!
Forced
Forced ventilation is often installed in prefabricated houses A forced ventilation system is often called “supply and exhaust”. It is usually installed in houses built using SIP panels (so-called prefabricated houses are being actively built with their help today) or expanded polystyrene concrete.
It is also used in houses built using Canadian technology (their builders usually call them “isohouses” or “thermohouses”). Among the advantages of forced ventilation are the following:
- carries out rapid air exchange;
- efficiency (it can be installed in both a small country house and a huge shopping center).
Strictly speaking, such a ventilation system has exactly two disadvantages: it is expensive and difficult to install (and in terms of operation, such a system will require constant maintenance, which, as they say, can also cost a pretty penny).
Example of a forced ventilation device diagram Mixed
A mixed ventilation system is perfect for a brick house It is usually used in cases where the use of natural ventilation alone is not possible. A mechanical ventilation system is installed in cases where it is necessary to ensure high-quality air exchange in rooms where the air is very polluted.
This usually applies to the bathroom, toilets, boiler rooms (boiler rooms in private homes mean those places where the boiler is installed, to make it clearer). If you have a very large house (more than 300 m² in area) made of brick, wood or foam blocks, mixed ventilation will also be appropriate there.
True, its maintenance is indeed a very troublesome and expensive matter. Sometimes it is advisable to install an autonomous air conditioning system rather than install a mixed sewer system.
Example of a mixed ventilation system diagram Ventilation with recovery
Another type of supply and exhaust system. Its main feature is the use of special equipment - recuperators, which partially mix incoming and outgoing air flows.
In fact, a recuperator is nothing more than a standard heat exchanger that takes heat from gases flowing through it (oxygen is also a gas, don’t forget about that). The advantages of such a ventilation system for residential buildings are as follows:
There is only one minus, but it is significant - recuperators cost a lot of money, and they will require regular maintenance. In this case, we can give only one piece of advice: it is important to calculate everything correctly in advance. For example, installing a recovery ventilation system on a house with an area of less than 80 m² is the height of stupidity and simply short-sightedness.
Scheme of operation of a supply ventilation installation with a recuperator - a device powered by an electrical network. You can spend a huge amount of money on electricity alone. But in large houses such systems would be quite appropriate. In general, there is clearly no way to do this without consultations with engineering and design bureaus.
Ventilation calculation
Regardless of what kind of ventilation system will be installed in the house, the planning and calculation comes down to the following points:
- Calculation of the required volume of air exchange;
The more structural features a house has, the more difficult it is to calculate ventilation - Determination of air duct sections;
- Selecting the type of ventilation system itself;
- Drawing up a master plan for the location of ventilation ducts and shafts;
- Determining the location where the ventilation equipment will be installed;
- Determination of air intake and outlet locations;
- Arrangement of the entire system.
As for air exchange, it will be necessary to determine the exact amount of supply air, its volume, which would effectively saturate living spaces with clean air, while using the minimum power of the entire system. In general, the volume of air exchange must fully comply with all sanitary standards accepted in Russia.
The cross-section of air ducts is, in fact, the most important criterion, although few people pay attention to it. The correct choice of the very shape of the ventilation ducts determines the air quality in the house itself, and in some cases, even the temperature in the room (if it is heated from a traditional Russian stove or fireplace, for example, without the use of radiator heating). 
Example of a ventilation design diagram
All main types and varieties of ventilation systems were discussed above. You shouldn’t make your own choice unless the owner of a private house is an engineer. In general, drawing up an engineering plan for ventilation is a very difficult task (for this reason, in design bureaus, by the way, they don’t really like to do such work).
If the house is small, you can use simple natural ventilation; for medium-sized houses, mixed, the simplest supply and exhaust ventilation is suitable, but for buildings with an area of more than 300 m², the most optimal solution to the problem is a recuperative ventilation system.
Drawing up a plan for the location of ventilation shafts is a task that should also fall on the shoulders of engineers. If the ventilation scheme is initially drawn up incorrectly, then serious problems may begin in a residential building: constant excess humidity or, on the contrary, dryness, the appearance of mold, fungi, excessive amounts of dust, the smell of hydrogen sulfide - all this could well happen if the designers make a mistake.
Recuperators are usually used in large houses: their use in buildings with an area of less than 250-300 m² is not always advisable.
Selecting locations for installation, determining locations for air masses to be taken in and out, and complete arrangement of the entire system are the most important stages. And here, oddly enough, it is important to know the specific features of a particular area. For example, in the spring a house is being built and a ventilation system is being installed.
Table with air exchange standards And as it later turns out, the air intake occurs precisely from that side of the territory where in the summer nearby agricultural enterprises send cattle for walking.
It is clear that wonderful “aromas” and “subtle smells of lavender and musk” in this case will be provided throughout the summer period. Therefore, it is extremely important to pay attention even to such seemingly insignificant and even somewhat funny facts. In general, it’s better not to do it yourself – that’s what specialists exist for.
The main factors for calculating the power of a ventilation system
Actually, there are exactly four most important criteria that directly affect the final power of the entire system:
All residential and non-residential premises must be connected to the ventilation system - The number of people regularly living in a residential building;
- The area of the building itself;
- The materials of the walls and roof from which the dwelling is made;
- The volume of air in absolutely all rooms.
As for the number of people, everything is very clear here: only those who regularly live in the house are taken into account. And the more people there are, the more powerful the ventilation system should ultimately be. This is the golden rule, one might say. But the key word here will be “regularly”.
If, for example, we are talking about a dacha where people live seasonally, then the number of people in the house can be ignored, because there is no question of regularity. We can immediately say this: at the dacha it is best to use the simplest, most inexpensive and extremely easy to maintain natural ventilation. Even if the house itself, used as a summer house, is quite impressive in size.
In general, for technical calculations it is customary to use various standards: from SNiP to GOST, but this is not always possible. It is for this reason that it is easiest to calculate the required power of the ventilation system based on the area of the house.
Schematic diagram for selecting the cross-section of air ducts for ventilation In this case, there is even a “golden rule”; per 1 square meter of building area, 3 cubic meters of air (supply) must be supplied. And then living in such a house will be comfortable. That is, for example: there is a house with an area of 85 m². If you use a supply ventilation system, then the norm is immediately known in the calculations: 3 m³ per meter of area.
It turns out that the capacity of the entire system should be 255 m³ in 1 hour. The calculation is quite simple, but it’s much more difficult to build a ventilation system correctly so that it meets all the requirements.
Calculation using approved sanitary standards is always differentiated and it is impossible to say anything specific in relation to any example. Why? For example, according to sanitary standards, the air exchange for a toilet or bathroom should be much greater than for the same kitchen or living room. The easiest way is to take a list of sanitary standards (it can be found in the Housing Office) and make a calculation in relation to each specific situation.
Sanitary standards were drawn up for a reason! Compliance with them is a guarantee that the ventilation system will not cause harm to humans.
But making calculations based on air exchange levels is an extremely difficult task. This should be done exclusively by specialists and professionals in their field.
Diagram of a ventilation system with a recuperator Typically, such calculations are not used during the construction of residential buildings (they are done during the construction and reconstruction of industrial enterprises, factories, and so on). Although, as you know, every rule has its own various exceptions.
Requirements for air ventilation systems
Checking the correct operation of ventilation is extremely simple. It works well if the following conditions are met:
In general, it is possible to build a high-quality and efficient ventilation system in a house. The main thing is to have a clear and competently drawn up engineering plan that would take into account everything: from the materials from which the house is made to the regularity or irregularity of people living in the building.
You can build ventilation in the kitchen yourself The plan is drawn up only and exclusively in responsible design and engineering bureaus - and nowhere else! It is absolutely impossible to save on the latter, because in the end it can even come down to human lives. Cases of death due to improperly functioning ventilation are common.
Video
You can watch a video that describes in detail the types of ventilation for a private home, as well as the installation, adjustment and commissioning of the ventilation system. >
In a private home, it can significantly improve the indoor microclimate. In assembly, such structures are not too complicated and, if desired, can be installed with your own hands. We will talk about the features of the technology for performing such work, as well as how to make a hood in a private house, later in the article.
Types of ventilation systems
At the moment, only two main types of such structures are used in country houses:
- In this case, only the outlet riser is installed. The flow of air is carried out through vents, cracks in the windows, or specially made holes behind the heating radiators. The disadvantage of such systems is considered primarily to be very low efficiency. In addition, in summer this design practically does not work at all due to the lack of temperature difference between the outside and inside the house.
- In this case, the contaminated air is removed using special fans. A supply air duct is also installed, supplying air from the street.
Kitchen hoods are usually attached to an existing forced ventilation system. In its absence, the output is made either to a natural exhaust shaft, or directly to the street.
Installation of natural ventilation
The assembly of such a system comes down mainly to installing an exhaust riser. Its upper part should protrude beyond the roof. Usually, as in city apartments, branches from it are made to the kitchen and toilet. In order to ensure the flow of fresh air into the apartment, in this case, holes with a diameter of 8-10 cm are drilled under the heating radiators. Special supply valves are inserted into them.
Ventilation in a private house, and how to properly make a ventilation system
In a suburban building, either a conventional design with air ducts and fans, or a more modern, expensive and convenient one with a recuperator can be installed. As for the complexity of installation, it is approximately the same for both systems. Only in the first case, the air is discharged directly to the street and taken from there. In the second, both flows pass through the recuperator. The latter is a device designed to take heat from the exhaust air and transfer it to the supply air. Thus, with a recuperator you can save on heating.
Types of kitchen hoods based on operating principle
Before we start figuring out how to make a hood in a private home, let's see what types of such devices are currently available. Structures designed to remove air from the stove can be divided into three main groups:
- Exhaust. This is a classic type designed to remove contaminated air from the stove into a ventilation shaft or to the street.
- Recirculation. Making a hood in a private house of this type means getting a fairly effective and at the same time reliable device. Such designs are essentially large air purifiers equipped with a filter system. Their main advantages are simplicity and low cost of installation. The disadvantage is the need to periodically (usually every six months) replace filters.
- Combined. These hoods can both exhaust air outside and purify it.
How to choose ventilation pipes
Below we will figure out how to make a hood in the house. The hood in a private house is usually connected to the main ventilation system. Therefore, first we will find out how such structures are mounted. Pipes for such systems can have a round or square cross-section. In addition, their diameter may also differ. Both metal and plastic types of air ducts are available. The former are characterized by maximum durability, the latter by light weight and ease of installation. Of particular note are the recently introduced flexible corrugated air ducts.
Which recuperator is better?
Many owners of country houses are interested in the question of whether it is possible to do the ventilation of a private house with their own hands. Of course, it is possible, including with a recuperator. The main thing is to choose the right device, in fact. At the moment, the most popular type is plate structures. The exhaust and supply air do not directly intersect with each other. Contact occurs through plates made of plastic or aluminum foil. The advantages of such devices include, first of all, simplicity of design, reliability and maintainability. The disadvantages are the possibility of icing of the plates in winter.
Drafting
So, let's start figuring out how to properly make a forced-type ventilation system for a private house with your own hands. Of course, before starting its installation, you should draw a wiring diagram. It is best to entrust the development of the project to specialists. This is a very responsible and quite complicated matter. When performing it, you need to take into account a lot of nuances. If the design is drawn up incorrectly, ventilation will not work effectively. In addition, such a nuisance as the appearance of a smell from the toilet or kitchen in the living rooms is possible.
Recuperator installation
A device for exchanging heat between air streams is usually installed in the attic or basement. The main rule that must be observed is the evenness and absolute horizontality of the stand.
The recuperator should be installed in an easily accessible place. The fact is that the owners of the house will in any case have to clean its plates from dirt at least twice a year.
Installation of main air ducts
Holes for air exhaust and intake are pre-drilled in the walls. Next, special pipes equipped with valves are inserted into them. Then they begin to install the main (supply and exhaust) air ducts. They can be attached to walls behind plasterboard or plywood, or behind suspended ceilings. Sometimes they are also carried out in interfloor ceilings. However, the inconvenience of this method lies in the inaccessibility of the elements in case of need for repairs.
Produced using special clamps. For plastic lungs, one per whole piece will be enough. The pitch between metal clamps is usually about 1.5 meters. One end of the main pipes is connected to the pipes in the walls, the other - to the corresponding pipes of the recuperator. In the instructions supplied with this device, the manufacturer indicates exactly how the air ducts should be connected.
Routing pipes throughout the premises
Proper distribution of pipes throughout the premises is also an important answer to the question of how to install a hood in a private home. The house is made by connecting its air duct to one of the branches heading to the kitchen. Sections leading to rooms requiring ventilation will need to be connected to the main highways. They are connected through special pipes and tees. Each room must have both an exhaust duct and a supply duct. It is better to install the first one near the ceiling, the second one - on the floor or at the bottom of the wall, closer to the heating radiator. Nozzles with adapters are inserted into the holes made in the house structures, onto which the air duct pipes are attached. They are covered with decorative grilles on top.
Kitchen hood in a private house: installation instructions
This device is mounted on a wall or furniture, depending on the design. According to regulations, the distance from it to the stove must be at least 65 cm for a gas stove and at least 45 cm for an electric stove. The air duct from the hood is attached to the place of the exhaust pipe grille or shaft. If there is no ventilation in the house, a hole is made in the wall for the air duct. In the latter case, it will be necessary to ensure a flow of fresh air into the kitchen. To do this, as when installing natural ventilation, holes should be drilled under windows or behind heating radiators and supply valves should be inserted into them, which can be purchased at a hardware store.
How to choose an exhaust duct
Thus, we briefly examined the question of how to make a hood in the house. A hood in a private home will only work effectively if the air ducts are selected correctly. At the moment, only two main types of corrugations for such kitchen devices are produced - plastic and metal. The former are already cut into pieces during the production process. If the exhaust hole is located in the wall opposite to the slab, one such segment may not be enough. Joints in the air ducts of kitchen hoods are extremely undesirable. Therefore, in this case it is better to purchase a metal corrugation. If the joints cannot be avoided for any reason, they must be sealed with sealant. The corrugation is hidden under a decorative box, which can be round, rectangular or square. The joints in it should also be sealed.
How to properly attach a recirculating hood
Making a hood in a private home also means correctly mounting the device body itself. It should be installed on the wall strictly according to the markings. To do this, first draw a horizontal line with a pencil. Next, two holes are drilled on it, coinciding with the brackets on the hood body. Then dowels are driven into the holes. Canopies are attached to them and screwed with screws. The device is hung on them.
Installation of dome devices
How to make a hood in a private house using a dome structure is also not a very difficult question. As in the first case, markings are first made for this variety. Devices of this type are mounted to the wall directly on the housing. Dowels and screws are used as fixing elements. Holes are drilled in the wall for them according to the markings.
What rules must be followed during installation?
So, we found out how to make a hood in a private house. When installing it, the following points should be taken into account:
- You need to plan the location of the device so that the air duct is as short as possible.
- The number of elbows should be kept to a minimum.
- If turns of the air duct cannot be avoided, you should try to make them not too steep.
- You should purchase an air duct with a smooth inner surface in order to reduce flow resistance to a minimum.
So, we have figured out how to make exhaust hood and ventilation in a private house. As you can see, this is not a particularly difficult matter. The most important thing is to develop the right project. This will make living in the house as comfortable as possible both in summer and winter.
In most cases, modern building and finishing materials provide for the creation of an airtight structure. This fact requires a special approach to the design of a high-quality ventilation system. This is especially true for rooms with high humidity. Our article will discuss how to ventilate a private house.
Of course, the best option would be to design ventilation at the construction stage of the building. But this fact is not the main requirement for the system.
Effective ventilation in a private house is indicated by the supply of fresh air in an amount of 2.5-3.5 m³/hour. The system itself should be:
- silent;
- economical;
- uninterrupted.
Regardless of the ventilation scheme of a private house, you need to take care of high-quality air flow. The flow has one goal - the movement of air flows should end in the most contaminated room (in the bathroom or kitchen).
Exhaust equipment is installed in this room, to which exhaust air enters through transfer grilles in the doors. Air flow can also be achieved by creating a gap (2.5 cm will be enough) between the bottom of the doors and the floor.
Particular attention is paid to the correct selection and installation of ventilation pipes in a private home. Their minimum cross-section is 15*15 cm. Pipes must:
- withstand wind loads with gusts up to 30 m/s (installation of a pipe that is too thin is unacceptable, as it will break);
- be light in weight;
- be resistant to corrosion;
- exceed the level of the ridge in such a way that a vacuum of air flow is created, rather than a reverse draft.
The best option for ventilation is the use of plastic pipes, which have a smooth surface and excellent antistatic characteristics. The ability to adjust PVC pipes facilitates the installation process. The only thing that should be considered when laying pipes is to create a minimum number of turns and branches. Each branch reduces the efficiency of the ventilation system of a private house by 8-10%.
Types of ventilation systems
There are two types of ventilation:
- natural;
- mechanical.
In turn, the mechanical ventilation system is divided into:
- supply;
- exhaust;
- supply and exhaust;
- with heat recovery.
The choice of a specific ventilation system depends on the air exchange characteristics of the room. After all, a comfortable stay in a room depends not only on the availability of fresh air (or its temperature), but also on the speed of flow movement (it should be minimal).
Naturally, the air exchange rate of natural ventilation (about 1 m³/hour) is significantly lower than the rate of mechanical ventilation (from 3 to 5 m³/hour). The presence of effective natural air exchange will create the most optimal conditions for people to stay indoors.
This does not apply to those cases where forced air exchange is indispensable:
- the maximum possible channel diameter is necessary at low speeds of air flow;
- if it is impossible to create a channel with a large cross-section.
The process of installing ventilation in a private house with your own hands consists of two main steps:
- determining the location of ventilation elements (equipment, air ducts, places for exhaust air exhaust and fresh air supply);
- purchase and installation of air ducts and equipment.
There are 3 types of air ducts:
- round;
- rectangular;
- flexible.
Round and rectangular products have a smooth surface. But unlike rectangular ones, round air ducts are characterized by minimal resistance to air flows.
Due to the uneven corrugated coating, flexible material has the greatest resistance. But you can’t do without flexible air ducts in places where the duct has several branches (for example, in the case of connecting a kitchen hood to the main duct).
Natural ventilation device in a private house
Normal ventilation of the room is achieved through a good flow of fresh air from the street with proper movement along the ventilation duct.
Natural ventilation in a private house is carried out by:
- opening vents, windows or doors;
- use of supply valves.
Vents, windows and doors
This option involves ventilating the room using:
- An open window for ventilation (plastic window). It is fraught with maximum heat losses and the occurrence of condensation on slopes and window units in winter. Air exchange occurs within 40-70 minutes.
- Fully open windows. Structures do not cool excessively. 6-10 minutes are enough to ventilate the room.
- Open windows and front door. You will have to leave ventilated rooms because there is a draft. Ventilation of the premises occurs within 3-4 minutes.
All these methods of ventilating a private house must be used if the walls are lined with airtight, heat-insulating material and metal-plastic windows are installed. If for some reason ventilation by opening vents, windows and doors is not an acceptable option (small child, sick family members), then you should use supply valves.
Supply valves
The main characteristic of metal-plastic windows is tightness. After sealing the cracks between the windows and the wall with polyurethane foam and the slopes with cement mortar, air will not penetrate naturally into the house. To solve the problem of room ventilation, they resort to installing supply valves.
If the windows will only be installed, then you can order blocks with supply window valves. They are a built-in hole with which the supply of fresh air is regulated.
When windows are installed, you will have to use supply wall valves, which are round pipes. The pipes are inserted into the wall and covered with grilles on both sides. The air flow is adjusted using the internal valve grille.
The bedroom, hall and dining room are the best places to install supply valves. This is due to the fact that the correct movement of air flows must be observed (from living rooms to the bathroom, toilet or kitchen).
The valves are located near the windows. Preferably behind heating radiators. In this case, fresh air will enter the room already heated.
Mechanical ventilation
Exhaust ventilation
The exhaust type of room air exchange involves the use of an exhaust fan, which is installed in a duct (usually attached to the wall). Fans are installed in the dirtiest rooms: the bathroom and kitchen.
The range of exhaust fans is varied:
- With humidity sensor (for bathroom). They function until normal humidity is established.
- Attached to an electrical switch. The hood turns on with a delay of several seconds after turning on/off the light.
- With noise-absorbing bushings made of rubber or metal.
To select a specific model for the exhaust ventilation device of a private house, the exhaust flow rate and pressure loss when the air moves through the duct are calculated. These indicators are determined based on the length and material of the air duct.
Fan power has a direct impact on the amount of exhaust air removed. Moreover, the effective operation of exhaust ventilation directly depends on the high-quality flow of cold air from the street. In fact, ventilation with a hood complements natural air exchange.
When laying air ducts, you can use the following diagram:
- the main elements are made as rigid as possible from galvanized sheet;
- Corrugated material is used to install branches;
- To prevent condensation from occurring, the air ducts from the ventilation equipment to the exhaust grille are insulated.
Forced ventilation
The principle of operation of the supply ventilation of a private house is similar to the operation of exhaust equipment. The only difference is that fresh air is pumped by a fan. Exhaust air is removed using channels designed for natural air exchange.
The fan that supplies the room with fresh air can be equipped with a heating element. The performance of the ventilation system depends on the diameter of the duct. The disadvantage of supply ventilation is large heat losses in winter.
Supply and exhaust ventilation
Based on the name, it is not difficult to guess that the operation of this type of air exchange is based on the use of various fans. The simplest ventilation system provides:
- supply of fresh air by forced-air fans;
- removal of exhaust air using exhaust equipment.
In winter, air currents coming from the street can be heated. Thanks to supply and exhaust ventilation, effective ventilation of rooms is achieved. The only “minus” of such air exchange is the large financial costs of its maintenance.
For this reason, today there is an increased demand for supply and exhaust systems with heat recovery, which allow saving on heating costs.
Ventilation with heat recovery
In winter, too much heat is spent heating fresh air coming from the street. To prevent this, recuperators are used to install the ventilation system. Thanks to their installation, heat savings amount to 50%.
Air recovery can occur at different times of the year:
- when severe frost sets in, the recuperator brings the temperature in the room to +20ºС using the built-in heating element;
- on hot days, on the contrary, the incoming air is cooled (cool exhaust air passes through the recuperator and cools the incoming flows).
The performance of the ventilation system depends on the recovery coefficient. This indicator indicates the amount of thermal energy expended to heat fresh air coming from the street. It is better to use rotary recuperators with a coefficient of 75-85%.
When purchasing equipment, you should take into account that some manufacturers indicate a recovery coefficient of 98-99%. This indicator was obtained based on the results of laboratory tests. In practice, the minimum recovery rate of high-quality equipment will be 85%.
As for the installation location of the recuperator, it is better to determine it in advance. Typically, a utility room or attic is chosen to place equipment. When installing the heat exchanger in the attic, the equipment should be covered with heat-insulating material. Otherwise, the coolant will freeze and the recuperator will fail.
Features of creating ventilation in a room with gas
Ventilation of the room where the gas boiler is installed is a must. Gas combustion products have a harmful effect on the human body and lead to the development of serious diseases. In addition, they are also explosive.
Gas ventilation in a private house can be any of the above (both natural and mechanical). It all comes down to compliance with the following standards:
- Absolute tightness of the ventilation system. The seams where the chimney elements are connected are sealed with heat-resistant sealant. The air ducts are covered with thermal insulating material.
- A maximum of 2 units of gas equipment can be connected to one duct. Even if the equipment is located at a decent distance from each other.
- The ventilation duct should only go outside.
- The choice of fans is made based on the power of the gas boiler. To support the combustion process, there is a sufficient supply of oxygen. Otherwise, the boiler will become covered with soot, and its performance will decrease significantly. A drop in oxygen levels can lead to reverse draft.
- Laying of air ducts for a geyser is carried out in a strictly vertical position. The length of the chimney must exceed 4 m, and its upper part must protrude above the roof at a level of 1 m. It is recommended to insulate the air ducts.
- The use of a gas stove in the kitchen is recommended when the ceiling height is more than 2.2 m. The ventilation duct should be located in the upper part of the room.
Creating a ventilation system from scratch involves the following actions:
- the location of the hole for the air duct is marked;
- a puncher makes holes in the middle and around the circumference;
- using a hammer and chisel, knock out the wall covering from the middle;
- an air duct is inserted;
- The gaps between the wall and the air duct are sealed with sealant;
- an exhaust fan is attached;
- a ventilation grille is installed.
The installation of a chimney for a gas water heater consists of the following steps:
- fastening the passage pipe to the wall;
- connecting the pipe to the rotating element at an angle of 90º (the column will be attached from the inside);
- installation of pipes from the bottom up (clamps are used to connect them);
- uniform distribution of fasteners throughout the pipe (a distance of 2 m is sufficient) followed by fixing them to the wall;
- checking the functionality of the system (effective ventilation is indicated by tilting the flame of a lit match towards the pipe).
Video about ventilation in a private house: