MEANS AND WAYS OF CONNECTING OFFERS IN THE TEXT
The semantic and grammatical coherence of parts of the text is achieved using various means of communication. delimitedlexical, morphological and syntactic means of communication of sentences in the text.
To lexical means of communication relate:
Words of one thematic group | Winter in these parts it is harsh and long. frosts reach 60 degrees. Snow lies until June. And in April they happen blizzards. |
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Lexical repetitions (repetitions of words and phrases), including repetitions of key words, the use of cognate words | We discussed the reading for a long time. book. This book was exactly what we were waiting for. And our expectations were not in vain. |
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Synonyms and synonymic substitutions (including contextual synonyms, synonymic and descriptive phrases and generic designations) | Of particular importance for the development of Russian literary language had creativityA. S. Pushkin. Great Russian poetsucceeded in organically combining highOld Slavonicisms, foreign borrowings and elements of live colloquial speech. |
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Antonyms (including contextual ones) | The enemy agrees. A friend is arguing. |
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Words and phrases with the meaning of logical connections of sentences and summarizing words likethat's why, therefore, it follows, to sum up, in conclusion etc. | Sea water contains a lot of salt. That's why it is not suitable for cooking. |
To morphological means of communication relate:
Conjunctions, allied words and particles at the beginning of sentences | Outside the window, the rain rumbles. But the house is warm and cozy. |
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The use of personal (in 3rd letter), demonstrative and some other pronouns instead of words from previous sentences | Language is not transmitted to a person by inheritance. He develops only in the process of communication. |
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The use of adverbs of time and place, which in meaning can refer to several independent sentences at once | Left mountains were visible. The river gleamed in a narrow strip. Small groves were green. Everywhere here it was quiet and calm. |
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The unity of tense forms of verbs-predicates | The night came unexpectedly. It became dark. The stars lit up in the sky. |
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Using degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs | The place was great. It is better and it was impossible to imagine. |
To syntactic means of communicationsuggestions include:
Syntactic parallelism, assuming the same word order and the same morphological design of the members of adjacent sentences | Youth is a time of hope. Maturity is the time for accomplishments. |
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Parcellation (division) of constructions, removal of any part from the sentence and its design (after the dot) in the form of an independent incomplete sentence | To love the Motherland means to live one life with it. Rejoice when she has a holiday. Suffer when the Motherland is hard. |
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Using incomplete sentences | - Do you know what we were arguing about? - Literature, music, painting. |
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The use of introductory words and sentences, appeals, rhetorical questions | First of all You need to decide what is most important right now. BUT Secondly need to start taking action. Is it possible to forget the land where you grew up? |
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Use of direct and reverse word order | I will come in the evening. I will come to finally see you. |
In addition to those noted, the text can also use semantic and associative links of parts: Evening came, the sun was already setting, and stuffiness did not decrease. Ephraim exhausted and hardly listened to Kuzma.(A.P. Chekhov)
Attention!
1. The indicated means of communication are not obligatory for all texts. Their use depends on the content of the topic of the text, the features of the author's style, the form of narration, etc.
2. The connection of sentences in the text can be not only contact, but also distant (that is, sentences that are distant from each other can also be connected).
3. The connection between individual sentences in the text should not be confused with the connection between parts of a complex sentence.
The semantic and grammatical means of connecting sentences in the text are the basis for distinguishing between two main types (methods) of connecting sentences in the text: chain and parallel.
Chain (serial) communicationreflects the consistent development of thought, action, event. In texts with such a connection, each new sentence corresponds to the words and phrases of the previous sentence; The proposals seem to be intertwined. The "new" in each preceding sentence becomes the "given" for the next sentence.
Finally we saw sea N. It D it was huge and very calm N. But it's calm D was deceptive.
The means of chain linking are usually repetition, synonymous substitutions, pronouns, conjunctions, semantic correspondences and associations.
At parallel communicationsentences are not connected with each other, but are compared or contrasted. Parallel communication is based on parallel, i.e., sentences that are identical or similar in structure, in which verbs-predicates of the same tense and form are usually used.
In many texts with a parallel connection, the first sentence becomes “given” for all subsequent ones, which concretize, develop the idea expressed in the first sentence (while the “given” in all sentences except the first one turns out to be the same).
Forests heal the earth. They d not only gigantic laboratories that provide oxygen. They d absorb dust and poisonous gases. Their D rightly called "the lungs of the earth."
The main means of parallel communication are: syntactic parallelism, introductory words (firstly, secondly, finally), adverbs of place and time (right, left, there, first etc.).
Ex. one. Read the text. What means of sentence communication (lexical, morphological and syntactic) are used in this text?
On the dunes
I live in small house on the dunes.
The entire Riga seaside is covered in snow. He constantly flies from tall pines in long strands and crumbles into dust. It flies from the wind and from the fact that squirrels jump over the pines. When it is very quiet, you can hear them peeling pine cones.
The house is right next to the sea. To see the sea, you need to go behind the gate and walk a little along the path trodden in the snow past the boarded-up cottage. Curtains have been left on the windows of this dacha since the summer. They move in the light wind. The wind must be penetrating through imperceptible cracks into an empty cottage, but from a distance it seems that someone is picking them up and carefully watching you.
The sea is not frozen. Snow lies to the very edge of the water. There are traces of hares on it. When a wave rises on the sea, it is not the sound of the surf that is heard, but the crunch of ice and the rustle of settling snow. The Baltic is deserted and gloomy in winter. (Yu. V. Bondarev)
Ex. 2. Arrange the sentences in the correct order. Write down the resulting texts. Emphasize those linguistic means that serve to connect sentences.
I. 1) You barely look at the monument standing on the square, beautiful in the midst of winter whiteness, and you can’t take your eyes off this lonely and proud figure. 2) In Odessa, on the boulevard, there is a monument to Pushkin. 3) It is installed so that the profile of the poet is visible against the background of a double glowing blue: the sea and the sky.
II. 1) Autumn, bright and quiet, came to us so peacefully and calmly that it seemed that there would be no end to clear days. 2) In this transparent blueness, one could discern the most remote mound in the steppe, on an open and spacious plain of yellow stubble. 3) She made the sky clear and meek, gave pale blue and deep.
III. 1) The sun rises higher - its color changes, more delicate pastel colors are used. 2) The fact that it is the purest, the most transparent, almost distilled, is well known. 3) Its shades are countless. 4) He blew harder - gray-haired combs lined this blue with foamy stripes. 5) I did not know: this water in its kilometer thickness is the most beautiful. 6) On a quiet summer morning in the shade of the shore, the water is blue-dense and juicy. 7) Baikal water! 8) A breeze blew - someone added blue to the lake.
Ex. 3. Write off. Instead of dots, insert appropriate means of connecting sentences in the text, choosing from the reference material. Justify your choice.
Cyril did not teach for long at the University of Constantinople. (...) this philosopher, who was an expert in Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, Latin and Slavic, was sent to Bulgaria on an educational mission. (...) it turned out that it was impossible to educate the Slavs without books in their native language. (...) Cyril began to compose the Slavic alphabet. (According to V.D. Yanchenko)
Reference material:soon, then, then; however, but, a; therefore, therefore, consequently.
Ex. 4. Determine the way the sentences are connected in the text (chain or parallel). Underline the means of communication of sentences with one line, inscribe their names, using reference material.
1) More than half a century ago, the first edition of the world-famous Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegov was published. Probably, there is no such person in our country who has never turned to this guide in his life. Moreover, the dictionary has become a desktop guide for those who care about and need the Russian language. This wonderful reference book, created by the great lexicographer of the 20th century, Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov, has outlived its creator and compiler by a long way. (According to V.D. Yanchenko)
Reference material:personal pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, word repetition, synonym, introductory word.
2) Ancient Phoenicia was the birthplace of the very first alphabetic letter. Then, in the era of Antiquity, the alphabetic-sound writing invented by the ancient Phoenicians was adopted by the Greeks. It is believed that the ancient Greeks borrowed writing from the Phoenicians, somewhat changing and supplementing their alphabet with new letters. Moreover, if there were 22 letters in the Phoenician alphabet, then in Greek there were 24. (According to V. D. Yanchenko)
Reference material:words of one thematic group, adverb of time, cognate words, demonstrative pronoun, word repetition.
Ex. 5. Determine the way the sentences are connected in the text (chain or parallel). Bring evidence.
1) Among the first minerals discovered by man was gold. It very quickly became a symbol of power: the more this metal was in the treasury of a leader or ruler, the higher their authority was. Gold not only surrounded the monarchs in this world, but also accompanied them to the other world. Suffice it to recall the tomb of Tutankhamen, in which many beautiful gold items were found. But the sarcophagus itself, made of a single block of gold weighing 110 kg, was most striking.
2) We rented a dacha near the city for many years in a row. A simple gray wooden house under a rusty iron roof. A ladder from the lower balcony descends directly into the lilac. swing pillars; the old bench under the huge willow is barely visible - so densely around. In a high fence - a gate to the road. If you stand facing the Oka, to the left - beds, behind them - raspberries, currants and gooseberries, behind the house - a croquet ground. (A. I. Tsvetaeva)
The sentences in the text are interconnected both in meaning and grammatically. Grammatical connection means that the forms of words depend on other words in the adjacent sentence, which are consistent with each other.
Lexical means of communication:
1) Lexical repetition - repetition of the same word
Around the city on the low hills are forests, mighty, untouched. In the forests there were large meadows and deaf lakes with huge old pines along the banks.
2) single-root words
Of course, such a master knew his own worth, felt the difference between himself and a not so talented person, but he also knew perfectly well another difference - the difference between himself and a more gifted person. Respect for the more capable and experienced is the first sign of talent. (V.Belov)
3) Synonyms. We saw an elk in the forest. Sukhaty walked along the edge of the forest and was not afraid of anyone.
4) Antonyms Nature has many friends. She has fewer enemies.
5) Descriptive phrases
They built a highway. A noisy, swift river of life connected the region with the capital. (F. Abramov)
Grammar means of communication:
1) personal pronouns
1. And now I am listening to the voice of an ancient stream. He coos like a wild dove.2. The call for the protection of forests should be addressed primarily to the youth. It is for her to live and manage on this earth, for her to decorate it. (L.Leonov).3. He unexpectedly returned to his native village. His arrival delighted and frightened his mother. (A. Chekhov)
2) demonstrative pronouns (such, that, this)
1. A dark sky with bright, spiky stars floated over the village. Such stars appear only in autumn. (V. Astafiev). 2. Corncrake screamed with a distant, sweet twitch. These corncrakes and sunsets are unforgettable; pure vision preserved them forever. (B.Zaitsev) - in the second text, means of communication - lexical repetition and demonstrative pronoun "these".
3) pronominal adverbs (there, so, then, etc.)
He [Nikolai Rostov] knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. So he did (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace").
4) unions (mainly composing)
It was May 1945. Thundered spring. The people and the earth rejoiced. Moscow saluted the heroes. And joy soared into the sky with lights. (A. Alekseev). With the same accent and laughter, the officers hurriedly began to gather; again put the samovar on the dirty water. But Rostov, without waiting for tea, went to the squadron ”(L.N. Tolstoy)
5) particles
6) introductory words and constructions (in a word, so, firstly, etc.)
Young people spoke about everything Russian with contempt or indifference and, jokingly, predicted the fate of the Confederation of the Rhine for Russia. In a word, the society was rather disgusting. (A. Pushkin).
7) the unity of the types of tense forms of verbs - the use of the same forms of grammatical time, which indicate the simultaneity or sequence of situations.
The imitation of the French tone of the time of Louis XV was in vogue. Love for the fatherland seemed pedantry. The wise men of the time praised Napoleon with fanatical obsequiousness and joked about our failures. (A. Pushkin) - all verbs are used in the past tense.
8) incomplete sentences and ellipsis referring to previous elements of the text:
Gorkin cuts the bread, distributes slices. Puts me too: huge, you cover your whole face (I. Shmelev)
9) syntactic parallelism - the same construction of several adjacent sentences. Knowing how to speak is an art. Listening is culture. (D. Likhachev)
The sentences in the text are interconnected both in meaning and grammatically. Grammatical connection means that the forms of words depend on other words in the adjacent sentence, which are consistent with each other.
Lexical means of communication:
1) Lexical repetition - repetition of the same word.
Around the city on the low hills spread forests, mighty, untouched. In forests I came across large meadows and deaf lakes with huge old pines along the banks. Lexically justified repetition. Behind the garden is pond. AT pond geese and ducks swim.
One-word words.
Of course, such a master knew his own worth, felt the difference between himself and not so talented, but he knew perfectly well another difference - the difference between himself and a more gifted person. Respect for the more capable and experienced is the first sign talents. (V.Belov)
3) Synonyms. In the forest we saw moose. Elk walked along the edge and was not afraid of anyone. Contextual synonyms. This was master forests. man was 40 years old.
4) Antonyms.Nature has a lot friends. Enemies she has much less.
5) Antithesis(use of lexical and contextual antonyms, adversative union. From heating iron expands, but from cooling it narrows. A hundred years ago people didn't know TV. Now not a single family can do without a TV, c) Cheryomukha has long faded. But but the lilac was fragrant.
Descriptive phrases.
built highway. Noisy, swift river of life connected the region with the capital. (F. Abramov)
7) sayings in the first sentence, a replacement by a word in the second. The sun hasn't set yet. This is helped Oleg finish the job.
8) The presence in the second sentence of an indication of part of the whole referred to in the first sentence. tree I stood naked. Apple trees and birches still kept the leaves.
Grammar means of communication:
1) Personal pronouns. 1.And now I'm listening to the voice of an ancient stream. He cooing like a wild dove. 2.The call for the protection of forests should be addressed primarily to the youth. Her to live and manage on this earth, her and decorate it. (L.Leonov).3. He unexpectedly returned to his native village. His the arrival delighted and frightened the mother. (A. Chekhov)
2) Demonstrative pronouns(such, that, this). one. Above the village floated a dark sky with bright, spiky stars. Such stars only come in autumn.(V. Astafiev). 2. They shouted with a distant, sweet twitch corostels . These corostels and the sunsets are unforgettable; pure vision preserved them forever.(B.Zaitsev) - in the second text, means of communication - lexical repetition and demonstrative pronoun "these".
3) Possessive pronouns(ours, mine, yours). These experts have long been studying the mysteries of the ocean. Them research attracts the attention of scientists around the world.
4) Pronominal adverbs(there, so, then, etc.).
He [Nikolai Rostov] knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. So he did(L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace").
5) Unions ( predominantly composing). It was May 1945. Thundered spring. The people and the earth rejoiced. Moscow saluted the heroes. And joy soared into the sky with lights.(A. Alekseev). With the same accent and laughter, the officers hurriedly began to gather; again put the samovar on the dirty water. But Rostov, without waiting for tea, went to the squadron.(L.N. Tolstoy)
6) Particles(most often exactly, only, only). The "breath" of the oceans can be detrimental to humanity. Exactly this problem requires research and solution.
7) Introductory words and constructions (in a word, so, firstly and etc.)
Young people spoke about everything Russian with contempt or indifference and, jokingly, predicted the fate of the Confederation of the Rhine for Russia. In a word, society was pretty nasty. (A. Pushkin).
8) Change of circumstance(noun, adverb) adverbs there, here, there, etc. In the woods was good. There the birds sang. I love to come back home. There I'm always drawn.
9) The unity of the species-temporal forms of verbs - the use of the same forms of grammatical tense, which indicate the simultaneity or sequence of situations.
Imitation of the French tone of the time of Louis XV It was in vogue. Love for the Fatherland seemed pedantry. The then nerds praised Napoleon with fanatical subservience and joked over our failures.(A. Pushkin) - all verbs are used in the past tense.
10) Incomplete sentences and ellipsis, referring to the preceding elements of the text:
Gorkin cuts the bread, distributes slices. Puts me too: huge, cover your whole face(I. Shmelev)
11) Syntactic parallelism - the same construction of several adjacent sentences. Knowing how to speak is an art. Know how to listen - culture. (D. Likhachev)
The connection between the sentences of the text can be chain (contact) or parallel (remote). What is each of them?
Chain connection - thought moves from one sentence to another and is usually carried out in the repetition of a word from the previous sentence, its deployment in the subsequent sentence.
Parallel communication - the use of sentences in which the same word order, the same grammatical forms of expression of the members of the sentence, species-temporal correlation.
PRACTICE
1. Which of the sentences is related to the previous one using syntactic parallelism?
(1) Good poems, poems that carry poetic information, are poems in which all elements are expected and unexpected at the same time. (2) Violation of the first principle will make the text meaningless, the second - trivial. (3) To one degree or another, only texts that are highly informative for it can fulfill the function of “good verses”. (4) And this implies a conflict with the reader's expectation, tension, struggle and, ultimately, the imposition on the reader of some more significant artistic system than the usual one. (5) But, defeating the reader, the writer undertakes to go further. (6) The winning innovation turns into a template and loses its information content. (7) Innovation is not always in the invention of something new. (8) Innovation is a significant attitude towards tradition, at the same time restoring the memory of it and not matching it.
2. Which of the sentences is connected with the previous one with the help of a union?
(1) Recently, while reading Marina Tsvetaeva’s notes “My Pushkin”, I remembered our readings of The Captain’s Daughter and was surprised at the dissimilarity of impressions. (2) Pugachev struck the rebellious soul of the future poet in this book, he seemed to her mysterious, alluring, beautiful. (3) But, as I remember now, Savelyich amazed and delighted me most of all in this book. (4) Not only me, I'm sure, but the whole class.
(5) In the image of Savelich, Pushkin arranged a feast for himself, which he could not always afford in life. (6) Here devotion appears in all guises. (7) The greatest feeling, the beauty of which Pushkin sang so many times in poetry.
3. Which of the sentences is connected with the previous one with the help of a pronominal adverb?
(1) It is known that at various times many great naturalists have brought tribute to occult affairs. (2) For centuries, astrology, for example, was intensively cultivated as a completely decent occupation, and therefore many scientists were involved in it. (3) From the depths of history comes a passion for alchemy, which for a long time remained the guardian of chemical knowledge. (4) The idea of telepathic communication was in the field of attention of a number of our outstanding compatriots, intriguing V. Bekhterev and K. Tsiolkovsky. (5) And the famous chemist A. Butlerov, in collaboration with the writer S. Aksakov, even published the Rebus magazine, in which telepaths and spiritualists found shelter. (6) So great scientists were captured by great occult passions.
4. Which of the sentences is related to the previous one with the help of a possessive pronoun and a contextual synonym?
(1) Chekhov's plays do not immediately reveal their poetic significance. (2) After reading them, you say to yourself: “Good, but ... nothing special, nothing stunning. (3) All right. (4) Familiar ... true ... not new ... ”(5) Often the first acquaintance with his works is disappointing. (6) It seems that there is nothing to tell about them after reading. (7) Plot, plot? .. (8) They can be summarized in a nutshell. (9) Roles? (10) There are many good ones, but there are no winning ones, for which the actor will chase for the role of good roles (there is one). (11) Most of them are small roles, "without a thread" (i.e. in one sheet that does not require thread for stitching). (12) I recall individual words of the play, scenes ...
5. Which of the sentences is related to the previous one with the help of an antonym and lexical repetition?
(1) Having laughed, they caught themselves. (2) The smile of laughter melted away and was replaced by a smile of politeness. (3) Their faces acquired an extremely intelligent and in-depth expression, as happens in a conversation with foreigners in a bad language, when the more stupid the conversation, the more significant the intonation, and the nodding and assenting cannot be restrained by any force ... (4) After such conversations, the muscles of the face ache and neck from unaccustomed, unnatural work.
(5) Only in your native language you can sing, write poetry, declare your love ... (6) In a foreign language, even with excellent knowledge of it, you can only teach the language, talk about politics and order a cutlet. (7) Almost so, that the more subtle and talented the poetic and living knowledge of the native language, the more hopeless the knowledge of someone else's, and the gap is irreparable.
6. What sentence is connected with the previous one using a particle and a personal pronoun?
(1) The idea that everything in our life is predetermined by heredity is very old - older than scientific biology. (2) It was on them that the caste system was based, where the social position of the individual was determined only by the position of the parents. (3) Representatives of the opposite concept believed that the mind of a newborn child does not contain thoughts and principles, everything arises from sensory data and life experience.
(4) The scientific knowledge accumulated since then allows us to say that the truth lies in the middle. (5) No trait can develop if such a possibility is not inherent in the genotype. (6) But if development proceeds in different conditions, then the manifestation of the genotype will vary. (7) And most importantly, each sign must be helped to develop.
7. Which of the sentences is connected with the previous one with the help of a particle and lexical repetition?
(1) I am convinced that Russian literature, Russian culture supported us in the war: “Wait for me” by Simonov, “In the dugout” by Surkov, the same “Terkin” ... (2) And Shostakovich's seventh symphony - she helped Leningrad survive!
(3) Russian literature is, among other things, an antidote to vulgarity and moral deformity. (4) It is impossible for the teaching of literature to turn into "information", for "Eugene Onegin" to be regarded only as an "encyclopedia of Russian life." (5) After all, the meaning of teaching is not to teach how to write as brilliantly as Pushkin, or to enjoy stylistic beauties in your free time from serious matters. (6) The lessons of literature, first of all, should introduce to high culture, to the system of moral values.
8. Find a sentence that is related to the previous one using a contextual antonym.
(1) Archeology, deciphering writings, anthropology and other sciences, through which we learn about the events of the past, play and will continue to play a big role in our life. (2) One hundred years ago, the monuments of art of Ancient Greece and ancient rome. (3) Nowadays, art historians place masterpieces of earlier eras much higher. (4) The discoveries of archaeologists have made a real revolution in the views on art that existed earlier.
Similar information.
Separate sentences are linked into the text at several levels - grammatical and semantic. The grammatical level says that the connection exists at the level of word forms (they depend on the forms of lexical units from the neighboring sentence), and the semantic one says that they are lexically related. This topic is considered quite difficult, and therefore it is already studied in the 5th grade.
Lexical means of connecting sentences in the text
There are several main means of communication of words of a lexical nature. First of all, these are repetitions - of the same word or words with the same root: The read story struck them. This story seemed to describe the life of their village.
Also, such means include the use of synonyms and antonyms: The enemy guides. Ally supports or Elk walked calmly through the forest. Sukhaty did not smell the hunters.
Descriptive turns also serve to ensure that the connection of sentences in the text is strong: The road ran away. The swift river of life did not allow the villages along the highway to decay.
A special means of connecting words in a sentence is syntactic parallelism, that is, such a technique when two sentences follow exactly the same order of sentence members and parts of speech. For example: The ability to speak is an art. Silence is a gift.
Grammatical means of connecting words in a sentence
There are different ways to connect words in a sentence grammatically. First of all, personal pronouns are used for this. For example: I am listening to the singing of the stream now. It pours like a nightingale.
Demonstrative pronouns can also play a connecting role and perform the corresponding function very effectively: Nightingales sang somewhere in the distance. This song was unforgettable.
The next option, how you can grammatically link sentences together, is pronominal adverbs. Here is an example of their use: He knew that his story would help his mother survive the grief, which means that he just needed to keep talking. And so he did.
Unions, which are placed not between parts of a sentence, but between two sentences, also serve as a grammatical means of their connection: July thundered victoriously. And all nature bowed before him in reverent respect.
Introductory words and constructions, such as however, in one word and the like, are another option for building a connection. He didn't feel well. However, he did not intend to go to the hospital in any case. Particles can also be used for the same purpose: He came to visit with a bouquet and a box of cakes. Is it just like that?
Incomplete sentences are also good way link together parts of the text: You will never guess what we talked about! About the movies and music we love!
Verbs that are used in the same grammatical form link sentences together very harmoniously: The night has come. The stars appeared. The moon hid its beauty from people.
Finally, rhetorical questions are used for the same purpose: We must return. Is it possible to forget your small homeland?
What have we learned?
In addition to ways to link words within a sentence, there are also those that help link sentences together so that you end up with a whole statement or text. All these methods are divided into two large groups - lexical and grammatical. The first includes repetitions of words, the use of synonyms or antonyms, and descriptive phrases. Grammatical methods are the use of incomplete sentences, personal and demonstrative pronouns, conjunctions, introductory words (constructs) and pronominal adverbs that allow you to create a complete thought.
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The semantic and grammatical coherence of parts of the text is achieved using various means of communication. The lexical, morphological and syntactic means of communication of sentences in the text are distinguished.
Lexical means of communication include:
| 1 | Words from one thematic group | Winter in these parts is harsh and long. Frosts reach 60 degrees. Snow lies until June. And in April there are blizzards. |
| 2 | Lexical repetitions (repetitions of words and phrases), including repetitions of key words, the use of cognate words | We discussed the book we read for a long time. This book was exactly what we were waiting for. And our expectations were not in vain. |
| 3 | Synonyms and synonymic substitutions (including contextual synonyms, synonymic and descriptive phrases and generic designations) | The work of A. S. Pushkin was of particular importance for the development of the Russian literary language. The great Russian poet managed to organically combine high Old Slavonicisms, foreign borrowings and elements of live colloquial speech in his works. |
| 4 | Antonyms (including contextual ones) | The enemy agrees. A friend is arguing. |
| 5 | Words and phrases with the meaning of logical connections of sentences and summarizing words like this is why, therefore, it follows from this, to summarize, in conclusion, etc. | Sea water contains a lot of salt. That is why it is not suitable for cooking. |
Morphological means of communication include:
| 1 | Conjunctions, allied words and particles at the beginning of sentences | Outside the window, the rain rumbles. But the house is warm and cozy. |
| 2 | The use of personal (in 3rd letter), demonstrative and some other pronouns instead of words from previous sentences | Language is not transmitted to a person by inheritance. It develops only in the process of communication. |
| 3 | The use of adverbs of time and place, which in meaning can refer to several independent sentences at once | To the left were mountains. The river gleamed in a narrow strip. Small groves were green. Everywhere here it was quiet and calm. |
| 4 | The unity of tense forms of verbs-predicates | The night came unexpectedly. It became dark. The stars lit up in the sky. |
| 5 | Using degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs | The place was great. It couldn't have been better. We were above the clouds. There was nothing above. |
The syntactic means of communication of sentences include:
| 1 | Syntactic parallelism, assuming the same word order and the same morphological design of the members of adjacent sentences | Youth is a time of hope. Maturity is the time for accomplishments. |
| 2 | Parcellation (division) of constructions, removal of any part from the sentence and its design (after the dot) in the form of an independent incomplete sentence | To love the Motherland means to live one life with it. Rejoice when she has a holiday. Suffer when the Motherland is hard. |
| 3 | Using incomplete sentences | Do you know what we were arguing about? - About literature, music, painting. |
| 4 | Use of introductory words and sentences, appeals, rhetorical questions | First, you need to decide what is most important right now. And secondly, you need to take action. Is it possible to forget the land where you grew up? |
| 5 | Use of direct and reverse word order | I will come in the evening. I will come to finally see you. |
In addition to those noted, the text can also use the semantic and associative links of the parts: Evening came, the sun was already setting, but the stuffiness did not decrease. Ephraim was exhausted and hardly listened to Kuzma. (A.P. Chekhov)
Attention! 1. The indicated means of communication are not obligatory for all texts. Their use depends on the content of the topic of the text, the features of the author's style, the form of narration, etc. 2. The connection of sentences in the text can be not only contact, but also distant (that is, sentences that are distant from each other can also be connected). 3. The connection between individual sentences in the text should not be confused with the connection between parts of a complex sentence.
The semantic and grammatical means of connecting sentences in the text are the basis for distinguishing between two main types (methods) of connecting sentences in the text: chain and parallel. Chain (sequential) connection reflects the consistent development of thought, action, event. In texts with such a connection, each new sentence corresponds to the words and phrases of the previous sentence; The proposals seem to be intertwined. The "new" in each preceding sentence becomes the "given" for the next sentence. Finally we saw the sea. It was huge and very calm. But this calmness was deceptive. The means of chain linking are usually repetition, synonymous substitutions, pronouns, conjunctions, semantic correspondences and associations. With a parallel connection, sentences are not connected with each other, but are compared or contrasted. Parallel communication is based on parallel, i.e., sentences that are identical or similar in structure, in which verbs-predicates of the same tense and form are usually used. In many texts with a parallel connection, the first sentence becomes “given” for all subsequent ones, which concretize, develop the idea expressed in the first sentence (while the “given” in all sentences except the first one turns out to be the same). Forests heal the earth. They are not only gigantic laboratories providing oxygen. They absorb dust and poisonous gases. They are rightly called the "lungs of the earth." The main means of parallel communication are: syntactic parallelism, introductory words (firstly, secondly, finally), adverbs of place and time (right, left, there, first, etc.).
Ex. 4 Read the text. What means of sentence communication (lexical, morphological and syntactic) are used in this text?
I live in a small house on the dunes. The entire Riga seaside is covered in snow. He constantly flies from tall pines in long strands and crumbles into dust. It flies from the wind and from the fact that squirrels jump over the pines. When it is very quiet, you can hear them peeling pine cones. The house is right next to the sea. To see the sea, you need to go behind the gate and walk a little along the path trodden in the snow past the boarded-up cottage. Curtains have been left on the windows of this dacha since the summer. They move in the light wind. The wind must be penetrating through imperceptible cracks into an empty cottage, but from a distance it seems that someone is picking them up and carefully watching you. The sea is not frozen. Snow lies to the very edge of the water. There are traces of hares on it. When a wave rises on the sea, it is not the sound of the surf that is heard, but the crunch of ice and the rustle of settling snow. The Baltic is deserted and gloomy in winter. (Yu. V. Bondarev)
Ex. 5 Put the sentences in the correct order. Write down the resulting texts. Emphasize those linguistic means that serve to connect sentences.
I. 1) You barely look at the monument standing on the square, beautiful in the midst of winter whiteness, and you can’t take your eyes off this lonely and proud figure. 2) In Odessa, on the boulevard, there is a monument to Pushkin. 3) It is installed so that the profile of the poet is visible against the background of a double glowing blue: the sea and the sky. II. 1) Autumn, bright and quiet, came to us so peacefully and calmly that it seemed that there would be no end to clear days. 2) In this transparent blueness, one could discern the most remote mound in the steppe, on an open and spacious plain of yellow stubble. 3) She made the sky clear and meek, gave pale blue and deep. III. 1) The sun rises higher - its color changes, more delicate pastel colors are used. 2) The fact that it is the purest, the most transparent, almost distilled, is well known. 3) Its shades are countless. 4) He blew harder - gray-haired combs lined this blue with foamy stripes. 5) I did not know: this water in its kilometer thickness is the most beautiful. 6) On a quiet summer morning in the shade of the shore, the water is blue-dense and juicy. 7) Baikal water! 8) A breeze blew - someone added blue to the lake.
Ex. 6 Write down. Instead of dots, insert appropriate means of connecting sentences in the text, choosing from the reference material. Justify your choice.
Cyril did not teach for long at the University of Constantinople. (...) this philosopher, who was an expert in Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, Latin and Slavic, was sent to Bulgaria on an educational mission. (...) it turned out that it was impossible to educate the Slavs without books in their native language. (...) Cyril began to compose the Slavic alphabet. (According to V.D. Yanchenko)
Reference material: soon, then, then; however, but, a; therefore, therefore, consequently.
Ex. 7 Determine the way the sentences are connected in the text (chain or parallel). Underline the means of communication of sentences with one line, inscribe their names, using reference material.
1) More than half a century ago, the first edition of the world-famous Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegov was published. Probably, there is no such person in our country who has never turned to this guide in his life. Moreover, the dictionary has become a desktop guide for those who care about and need the Russian language. This wonderful reference book, created by the great lexicographer of the 20th century, Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov, has outlived its creator and compiler by a long way. (According to V.D. Yanchenko)
Reference material: personal pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, word repetition, synonym, introductory word.
2) Ancient Phoenicia was the birthplace of the very first alphabetic letter. Then, in the era of Antiquity, the alphabetic-sound writing invented by the ancient Phoenicians was adopted by the Greeks. It is believed that the ancient Greeks borrowed writing from the Phoenicians, somewhat changing and supplementing their alphabet with new letters. Moreover, if there were 22 letters in the Phoenician alphabet, then in Greek there were 24. (According to V. D. Yanchenko)
Reference material: words of one thematic group, adverb of time, cognates, demonstrative pronoun, word repetition.
Ex. 8 Determine the way the sentences are connected in the text (chain or parallel). Bring evidence.
1) Among the first minerals discovered by man was gold. It very quickly became a symbol of power: the more this metal was in the treasury of a leader or ruler, the higher their authority was. Gold not only surrounded the monarchs in this world, but also accompanied them to the other world. Suffice it to recall the tomb of Tutankhamen, in which many beautiful gold items were found. But the sarcophagus itself, made of a single block of gold weighing 110 kg, was most striking. 2) We rented a dacha near the city for many years in a row. A simple gray wooden house under a rusty iron roof. A ladder from the lower balcony descends directly into the lilac. swing pillars; the old bench under the huge willow is barely visible - so densely around. In a high fence - a gate to the road. If you stand facing the Oka, to the left - beds, behind them - raspberries, currants and gooseberries, behind the house - a croquet ground. (A. I. Tsvetaeva)