Lexical norms
Exercise 109 *. Comment on and correct errors related to inaccurate understanding of the meaning of the highlighted words. (!) The issue of the most effective teaching methods was considered at the conference. (2) We must not forget that our goods go to import. (3) Some of the respondents indicated that they are not satisfied with the standard of living. (4) The conclusions and suggestions of the speaker were founded. (5) At the end of the school year, everyone was given lists advisory literature. (6) Accounting should pay money to employees. ( 7) Railroad bi-years were in advance paid. (8) Diploma successfully defended his work. (9) The townspeople of steel witnesses concert at the summer stage of the park. (10) Tourists had to change their route to stock up products... Exercise 110 Find and correct mistakes caused by inaccurate use of words. In case of difficulty, refer to the dictionaries. (1) Not all entrepreneurs have joined new era with a view to the future. (2) On the presidium there are people doomed by the power. (3) The great advantage of this piece is its expressive, high-calorie sound. (4) The article is devoted to the study of inborn reflexes. (5) The toasts of the Crimea and the Krasnodar Territory are again open to tourists. (6) Think ahead, and then answer. (7) The coat was sewn by a good master. (8) The entire audience was already in triumph. (9) The audience applauded and shouted: "Bravo!" (10) He deliberately did not come to the subbotnik. Exercise 111. Establish different meanings of the following words in the 4-volume academic "Dictionary of the Russian language" or "Dictionary of the Russian language" SI. Ozhegova. Note the functional styles in which each of the meanings of these words is used. Make suggestions with them. school course area to ascend essential Exercise 112. Give examples of unambiguous word-terms from the field of science in which you are engaged. Exercise 113. Set the direct and figurative meanings of words in these phrases. Fine string, fine nature, fine ear. A bright future, a bright room, a bright dress, a bright memory. Small owner, small dishes, shallow river, small troubles. A lump of clay, curled up in a lump, a lump rolled up to his throat; to throw an accusation, throw stones, throw reinforcements. Exercise 114 *. Find in sentences the words used in a figurative sense. Determine the type of transfer: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche. What is the value transfer based on? (1) Our athletes brought gold and silver from the figure skating competition. (2) The audience applauds. (3) The first violin entered the stage. (4) The entrance to the city was blocked by a barrier. (5) The warm participation of friends supported this family in difficult times. (6) Lead clouds hung over the field. (7) Rostov is a large railway junction. (8) An illustrated edition of the dictionary was presented at the exhibition. (9) The air burns the face with a light mo-rose. (10) As a gift to the hero of the day, they bought a landscape of a good brush. Exercise 115 *. Determine the meanings of the highlighted words. Indicate which phenomenon - ambiguity or homonymy - these words refer to. Argument your answer. (1) Note to. Folder with notes. Diplomatic note. Historical notes in the voice. Sing to the notes. (2) Strength of character. Metal strength. Armed fortress. The strength of the solution. (3) Mow the grass. The epidemic mowed people down. Mow to the left eye. The dress squints at the side. (4) Bridges were built on the Neva. The court divorced the spouses, the guests must be taken to their homes. Tourists lit up the kos-ter. (5) The boat swam into the bay. The geese swam in fat. The candle floated with wax. The pond was filled with mud. Exercise 116. Explain the meanings of homonyms using explanatory dictionaries and the Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian language. Make suggestions. Action, shaft, view, vulture, hail, dacha, class, interfere. Exercise 117. Reconstruct homonyms based on the interpretation of their meanings. (1) Facial Expression is a special explosive projectile. (2) "Sense of measure in human behavior" - "metric unit in music." (3) "The edible part of some plants" - "the embryonic state of man." (4) "Spend some time reading" - "express admiration for someone." Exercise 118 * . Highlight the dominant in the synonymous series. Where possible, categorize synonyms by intensity. Sample: flare up - ignite - engage - flare up - ignite - ignite - light up; ignite - light up - light up - do it - flare up - ignite - flare up. (1) anxiety, excitement, anxiety, confusion (2) independent, independent, free (3) shine, sparkle, shine, sparkle (4) small, tiny, microscopic, small, miniature (5) near, near, near, near, neighboring (6) immense, exorbitant, huge, large, large, gigantic, gigantic ( 7) sadness, melancholy, sadness, grief, despair (8) advantage, superiority, dominance, superiority, superiority Exercise 119. Make synonymous ranks with the following words-dominants: Limitless, polite, loud, proof, plurality, constant, acquire, lasting. Exercise 120 * From these synonymous series, exclude words characteristic of colloquial speech. (1) old, ancient, immemorial, long-standing, old, former (2) think, reflect, brain ( 3) fat, solid, well-fed, overweight, burly, belly (4) intercede, ask, pray, moan, bother (5) surpass, overtake, outstrip, furnish, overshadow (6) study, work through, master, pass, comprehend (7) hide, hide, hide, hide, hide Exercise 121 . Compare the scope of use of the following synonyms: amplitude - deviation parents - ancestors road - large jaundice - good hepatitis - cool medicines - drugs steering wheel - steering wheel Exercise 122. Determine the stylistic coloring of the words that form synonymous series (refer to dictionaries): (1) mass, lot, breakthrough, abundance, many, abyss (2) squander, spend, waste, waste, waste, squander, squander, squander (3) nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, nonsense Exercise 123 . Find synonyms for different meanings ambiguous words. Sample: thick thick fog (dense) thick sour cream (rich) thick hair (fluffy) thick voice (full-bodied) Go, open, old, light, dark. Exercise 124. Make a combination of adjectives and verbs with nouns given in brackets. (1) discover, discover (law, regularity); (2) to function, work (apparatus, team); (3) implement, execute (program, work); (4) hold, keep (distance, distance); (5) fix, eliminate (errors, deficiencies); (6) demonstration, demonstration (stand, flight). (7) true, real, genuine, real (person, hunter, friend, document); (8) long, long, long, long-term, long-term (credit, way, impact, period, fees). Exercise 125 * .Choose the desired word from those in parentheses. (1) Each of the participants in the war must do everything in his power to (upcoming, future) generations not (knew, veda-li) her nightmares. (2) If tension has arisen in the team, it is necessary (discharge, extinguish, weaken, amortize). (3) Athlete (exceeded, exceeded, blocked) his record (forerunner, forerunner). (4) Per (previous, previous) year the enterprise turned into (profitable, profitable, profitable).(5) From the telephone exchange (arrived, arrived) (message, news, notification) about a new increase in tariffs. (6) The party's pre-election campaign contained (topical, top-priority, top-priority, vital) tasks. (7) Guests were provided (mind you, kind, welcoming, courteous) reception, (8) The play had (colossal, huge, outstanding, significant) success. Exercise 126 - Find and correct errors in the following sentences related to misuse of synonyms. (1) In the old days in Russia, chronology was carried out in a different way. (2) The only advantage of this kind of emitters is the simplicity of the design. ( 3) This unit allows you to significantly reduce the temperature of the joining of materials. (4) The creation of social infrastructure in the region was dictated only by the need to support industrial production. (5) Snow retention is carried out using shields. (6) Plant growers are confident that the end effect will be significant. (7) Food for livestock should be prepared in advance. (8) The most experienced riders were chosen to participate in the competition. (9) The Russian tennis player became the owner of the prize. (10) His existence was filled with a wide variety of activities. Exercise 127. For words of foreign origin, select Russian synonyms.| adequate | annul | antagonism | |||
| appeal | agrarian | barter | |||
| volunteer | deviation | dividend | |||
| image | consolidate | credo | |||
| millennium | presentable | restoration | |||
| security | fiesta | the final | |||
| fix | force | function | |||
| sample | evolution | equivalent | |||
| exclusive | recovery | volunteer | |||
| land | exceptional | the end | |||
| worldview | exchange | image | |||
| sample | address | deviations | |||
| cancel | note | security guard | |||
| holiday | representative | transformation | |||
| profit | contradiction | work | |||
| equivalent | development | corresponding | |||
| pull together | millennium | accelerated | |||
| useful | talented | sincere |
| attentive | truthful | frank |
| generous | hostile | wasteful |
| secretive | false | absent-minded |
| harmful | talentless | hypocritical |
| glorified | thrifty | stingy |
| friendly |
| without | high | in a dream | seriously |
| hot | coming | per | healthy |
| to fall asleep | short | buy | love |
| Lying | light | soft | maximum |
| find | above | put on | tenderness |
| wholesale | from | refuse | straight |
| benefit | against | with | agreement |
| weaken | light | sleep | happiness |
| darken | tired | clever | jokingly |
| freckled | enter | armed | you |
| for a long time | wood | wrap up | avid |
| sound | winter | scream | large |
| doll | lamp | logical | left bank |
| rejuvenate | above | ceiling | cry |
| myself | stadium | straw | modesty |
| terrace | Tiger | thick | fly away |
| ha ha ha poison | to frown | four | southwest |
Academic discipline (module) Name of discipline (module) Stylistics of the main studied language Recommended for the direction of training
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Various means of protecting the path from snow drifts are used, which are classified according to their effect on the snow and wind flow, according to the nature of the connection with the earth's surface and according to the device.
According to the impact on the snow and wind flow, all means of protection are divided into two main groups: snow retention and snow blowing.
The first group includes protective afforestation, permanent fences and shields.
The second group includes inclined supra-slope shields. With the help of such shields, which have a large clearance in the lower part, conditions are created under which particles of blizzard snow are not deposited on the way, but are blown out by the wind. Snow-blowing protective equipment works satisfactorily only with a frontal wind and a sufficiently high wind speed. Under conditions of variable snow-wind regime, characterized by a change in wind speed and direction, they work poorly and therefore have not received wide practical application.
By the nature of their location on the surface of the earth, snow protection means are divided into stationary and maneuverable.
Stationary includes tree plantations along railways and permanent snow fences. Both those and others have a constant spatial orientation and therefore do not always interact with the wind flow in the most advantageous way.
The maneuverable means of protecting the track from snow drifts include portable lattice shields, snow retention walls and trenches arranged on the snow cover. These means of protection make it possible to maneuver their spatial arrangement, depending on changes in the conditions of the snow-carrying track during the winter.
Natural forests and special afforestation, the length of which increases from year to year, have the greatest specific gravity from all means of snow protection. An increase in the length of protective afforestation makes it possible to more effectively solve the problem of preventing snow drifts, and to reduce labor and money costs for this. According to the General Directorate of the track, the reduced costs for cultivation and operation 1 km protective afforestation six to seven times less than the cost of fencing the same path with portable shields.
Natural forest is the most reliable way to protect the path from snow drifts. On the path passing through the forest area, snow gets only during snowfalls and general blizzards. The intensity of the accumulation of such snow is low and it is cleared with snowplows without any particular difficulty.
Due to the high protective value of the forest for railways, the cutting down of a part of the forest adjacent to the right-of-way with a width of up to 500 m prohibited.
Plantations are used as living defenses, mainly of deciduous trees, less often of spruces. Depending on the nature of drift and soil conditions, the types of multi-row deciduous plantations are very diverse.
Along with protecting the track from snow, plantings along the roads reduce wind speed and thereby help to reduce the resistance to train traffic, prevent small ballast materials from blowing out, protect crushed stone ballast prism from clogging with dust during black storms, and improve the cultural and living conditions of railway workers.
The principle of operation of protective plantations is as follows. Meeting the resistance of trees and shrubs on its way, the wind loses speed and, therefore, loses its ability to carry snow. As a result, snow particles fall out of the air stream and form snow deposits in the plantings. With the correct cultivation technique and the appropriate selection of species, forest protection plantations enter into independent work very quickly. At the age of two to three years, the plantations already retain up to 40 - 60% of the snowstorm, and at the age of four to five they enter into independent work.
Protective afforestation is a system of strips of different widths with gaps between them.
The number of lanes, their width, the size of the gaps between the lanes, the distance between individual trees in a row of each lane depend on the zone of the road, the degree of snow contamination of the site, and tree species.
In the forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones, the following structures of protective plantations are used (Fig. 133):
1) single-lane - with snow load up to 150 m 3 on 1 running. m and the total width of plantings from 10 to 50 m;
2) two-lane - with snow load up to 200 m 3 and the total width of strips with an interval from 50 to 80 m;
3) three-lane - with snow load up to 400 m 3 and the total width of strips with an interval from 80 to 130 m.
On the roads of the Urals, Siberia, Northern Kazakhstan, where the collection in winter exceeds 400 m 3 on 1 running. m, protective afforestation is recommended to be grown from four or more strips. In the arid southeastern regions of the country, protective plantings from three to nine stripes are used with a gap between the stripes from 10 to 30 m.
In areas of dry steppe and semi-desert, protection with a very large number of stripes is applied, since here the vegetation has a lower height.
The plantings consist of alternating rows of shrubs (elk, wild rose, yellow acacia, Tatar maple, Magaleb cherry) with rows of main species, as well as accompanying and temporarily auxiliary species. Oak, ash, acacia, white irga are introduced as the main species in all areas of their natural growth. From the side of the path, the following are introduced into the snow protection belts: apple, pear, sweet cherry, cherry, chestnut, walnut and other fruit and berry species.
The distance between individual rows of trees in each lane is 1.5 to 3 m, and between individual trees in a row at least 0.75 m.
Forest shelter belts are located parallel to the road at a distance of no closer than 20 m from the axis of the track, while between the edge of the notch in the place of its greatest depth and the edge of the strip there must be at least 5 m... The full width of the forest stands on each side of the track can be set according to the following relationship:
where V- the width of the plantings on one side of the brought in place from the extreme row of the track edge to the extreme row of the field edge in m;
Q p is the calculated snow collection capacity of the protection corresponding to the calculated snow transfer, in m 3 / lin. m;
h p is the estimated working height of landings in m, depending on the forest conditions and the type of trees.
On powerful, leached and ordinary chernozems, as well as gray forest soils, the value h p is taken equal to 3 m, and on heavy loams, podzolic and washed away, as well as slightly solonetsous southern soils - 2.5 m... In dry steppe regions with dark chestnut soils and alkaline southern chernozems h p = 2 m... On the soils of the chestnut-solonetzic complex and brown soils of dry steppe and semi-desert, where protective plantations are created mainly from shrubs, the working height of planting is taken in the range from 1 to 1.5 m.
Wooden lattice portable shields on the roads of the USSR, about 20% of the length of the tracked sections of the track on the tracks and stations is fenced off.
As a result of experience and research of snow collection of various shield designs, three types of them have been installed and applied.
Type I shields, size 2 × 1.5 m with a clearance area of 47% of the total area, they are mainly used on the roads of the southern strip of the European part of the Union, where there are blizzards with wet snow.
Type II shields 2 × 2 m with an area of 43% gaps are used mostly in the northern and central regions of the Union.
Type III shields, size 2 × 1.5 m with a clearance area of 37% is provided mainly for the roads of Siberia, where a thicker crate is required to retain dry and very mobile snow at high wind speeds.
Type II boards are the most widespread on all roads of the network (Fig. 134). When earning 2/3 of the height, this shield has an average snow collection rate of 20 m 3 snow for 1 running. m. Best results for the retention of snow, they give shields from a shield plate with a width of 120-130 mm... Type I and III shields with a height of 1.5 m, detain 15 - 17 m 3 snow for 1 running. m.
The value of snow collection of shield fences in m 3 / lin. m according to the research of the Central Research Institute can be established by the formula
Q u = 9 H 2 K
where H- shield height in m;
TO- coefficient taking into account the size of the clearance ( h pr) between the shield plates and the surface of the earth.
At h pr equal to 10, 25, 50 cm, K accordingly takes the values 1; 1.5; 2.5.
The lower lumen at the shields is created due to the increased height of the extreme shield plates or due to the filling in the places where the stakes are driven by the bumps of the compacted earth.
Shields with increased bottom clearance, in addition to increasing the snow collection capacity, have other advantages. In their lower part, such air currents are formed that prevent the shield from drifting with snow. Thanks to this, the shields do not need to be dug out during rearrangements.
Recently, shields with a sparse lower part have become widespread. The increased transparency in such shields is provided by shortening (through one) the vertical slats by half. Thus, in these shields, bottom blowing is created not due to the gap between the shield plates and the ground surface, but due to the greater rarefaction in the lower part of the shield.
In a conventional shield, bottom blowing can generally only be used with stakes for the first time. With further rearrangements, since the stakes remain in the frozen ground, it is impossible to ensure the operation of the shield with bottom blowing. In the snow, they are installed overturned. Shields with a sparse lower part retain their high efficiency also when rearranged on a snow shaft.
Shield stakes (approx. 3 m) in places I and II of categories are installed in the ground before the onset of frost into holes prepared in advance with a manual or mechanical drill with a depth of 40 - 60 cm.
Shields at the brought-in places of the III category are installed without stakes directly into the snow as needed.
Shields are placed at such a distance from the path so that by the end of winter the end of the snow shaft does not hit the path. Typical shields are placed at a distance of 30 m from the edge of the slope of the excavation (at zero places - from the edge of the roadbed) in areas where no more than three rearrangements of shields are required during the winter, and at a distance of 50 m with more permutations. The shield line is placed parallel to the axis of the track without sharp angles in the plan. The top of the shield line should represent a smooth line.
The entered crossings are fenced with a side bend and overlapping the crossing by installing a second row of boards at a distance of 12 - 17 m from the main line of the backboard, as shown in fig. 135.
Along the recess, the shield line is placed parallel to the axis of the track, and against the recess it is bred in the form of "whiskers" (Fig. 136), protecting the entrances to the recess from skidding during oblique winds.
Lattice shield type II, height 2 m with a gap at the surface of the earth 25 cm can collect snow about 35 m 3 on 1 running. m; the shaft formed behind the shield and the deposition of snow in front of the shield and along the bottom of the shield line suspend further operation of the shields, and the snow-wind stream will carry snow over them; in this case, rearrangement of the shields is required.
Therefore, as snow deposits form near the snow shields up to 2/3 of their height (Fig. 137), the crest of the snow shaft is cut off along its entire length, and the shields are in good working order for some time; if a blizzard is expected in the near future, then the shields are immediately rearranged.
The first rearrangement of the shields is carried out towards the field at a distance of 20 m, and the following permutations - in the direction of the path to the top of the snow shaft (see Fig. 137). Before rearrangement, they break a groove in the snow with a depth of 20 cm and the shields are placed close to its wall, located on the side of the path; when filling the groove, the snow is compacted. For greater stability, rearranged shields at their junctions are sprinkled on both sides with snow to a height of up to 30 cm... In order to pull out the shield, it is torn from the snow from the field side. The dug out shield is taken out with a stake pushed through the shield under the upper bar.
In places with frequent and prolonged snowstorms, one row of shields is not sufficiently reliable protection, as it can be fully earned when the snowstorm is not over yet. Repositioning shields during a severe blizzard requires a large number of workers, is extremely slow, difficult and unsafe for workers, especially if the blizzard coincides with severe frost. In such drifted areas, two rows of shields are installed. An additional shield line is placed at a distance of 50 - 60 m from the main to the side of the field, which significantly increases the snow collection of all protection. Shields for this line are used with a sparse lower part and set them to the stakes with a gap to the bottom of 0.50 m... The initial shaft of snow behind such a shield line turns out to be wider, stretched. Snow collection capacity of double-row shield fences reaches 168 m 3 on 1 running. m protection.
The backboard fences are constantly monitored, the warped or fallen shields are corrected in time.
In the spring, during the first strong thaws, the shields on the snow banks often fall. Fallen shields, if the period of blizzards has passed it, are immediately put back into the snow or carried and installed to the shield stakes, since in the event of a resumption of blizzards in the absence of a shield line, the path may be covered with snow.
At the end of the period of blizzards, the shields are removed and sorted into serviceable ones, into those in need of repair, and into completely unusable ones. Suitable shields are stored in stacks of 52 pieces, and stakes - 100 pieces each. Shields are repaired during the summer.
Permanent lattice snow protection fences, compared to portable shields, are the best view protection of the track from skids. The snow collection capacity of fences is equal to the snow collection capacity of the shields at 8 - 10 times their permutations. The existing permanent snow protection fences, depending on their height and the area of the gaps, are divided into four structural types. In turn, each type of skin is divided into two versions by design: with horizontal and vertical skin.
Recently, a new version of a snow fence has become widespread - with a combined sheathing, proposed by the snow fighting laboratory of the Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Railways (Fig. 138). The lower part of such fences is sheathed vertically with waste from sawmills or filled with portable shields in the fall. As the fences start earning, these shields in heavily weathered areas are removed in the second half of winter and moved to the side of the field. The upper part of the fence is planked horizontally. With this design of fences, the need for standard lumber is significantly reduced. In addition, the vertical sheathing in the lower part of the fence, in comparison with the horizontal, is subject to less destruction when the snow shafts settle.
In many cases, instead of wooden fences, more durable reinforced concrete prefabricated elements are arranged.
The nature of the operation of lattice fences and snow deposits near them is the same as for portable shields.In areas where, according to local conditions, the strength of blizzards is such that it is possible to earn fences, they put double rows of them, or use a combination of permanent fences and an additional shield line in front of them from the side of the field.
The height of the fence is chosen depending on the size of snow deposits in the snowiest winter. Between the sediment area F and height H lattice fence there is a dependency
F=8H 2
According to this dependence, the height of the fence is set H
H≈0,35√F
The height of typical fences is taken from 3 to 6.8 m... Distance of fences from the edge of the slope of the fenced cut (10 ÷ 12) H.
If we take into account the initial cost of the cost of arranging various protections, their service life, the size of the annual labor and maintenance costs, it turns out that the most economical type of protection is living plantations, therefore, this type of protection is widely used.
From now on, until the ubiquitous device of living defenses, it is advisable to use double or single permanent fences.
Mechanized snow retention- a new way to protect the path from snow drifts. With this method, snow on the approaches to the path is delayed by snow walls and trenches, which are arranged by riders, bulldozers, brush cutters and other mechanisms.
Research by the Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Railways has shown that the combined retention of snow by existing stationary snow protection means (landings, fences, shields), in combination with maneuverable ones, created in a mechanized way as needed, reliably protects railways from snow drifts. At the same time, the rearrangement of shields is sharply reduced, snow does not accumulate on the slopes of the excavations, and the number of runs of snow plows that impede the movement of trains decreases.
The use of mechanized snow retention is especially effective in heavily weathered areas where forest stands or permanent fences have insufficient snow collection and often need to rearrange the shields, as well as where the direction of the snow and wind flow is subject to great variability.
They rushed after him, fascinated. Then the forest began to rustle again, shaking the peaks in surprise, but its noise was drowned out by the stomping of running people. Everyone ran quickly and boldly, carried away by the wonderful sight of a burning heart. And now they died, but they died without complaints or tears. And Danko was still ahead, and his heart was all flaming, flaming!
And then suddenly the forest parted in front of him, parted and remained behind, dense and dumb, and Danko and all those people immediately plunged into the sea of sunlight and clean air, washed by the rain. There was a thunderstorm - there, behind them, over the forest, and here the sun was shining, the steppe sighed, the grass glistened in rain diamonds and the river sparkled with gold ... It was evening, and from the rays of the sunset the river seemed red, like the blood that gushed a hot stream from Danko's torn chest.
(Gorky M. Old woman Izergil. Collected works in 16 volumes.
T. 1. - M., 1985. - S. 70-71)
3. The current state of society is characterized by the exacerbation of a number of interrelated key issues determining its further development, including economic, energy, environmental crises, social and national conflicts, a drop in the level of spirituality and culture. Many scientists see the solution to these problems in improving education. All over the world there is an active search for new educational systems - more democratic, more flexible, more universal both from the standpoint of an individual and society as a whole.
The reform of higher education that has begun in our country involves a change in the educational paradigm and a reorientation of attitudes from narrow professional training of specialists to comprehensive education, to achieving high level general culture, on the development of intelligence and personal cognitive interests, allowing the individual to adapt to the dynamics of social crises.
Within the framework of this educational paradigm, theories are developed aimed at bridging the gap between natural science and humanitarian knowledge. Moreover, the spectrum of these theories is quite wide.
(Smirnov S.A. Pedagogy. Pedagogical theories, systems of technology. -M., 2000. - P. 82)
Exercise 80. Find examples of functional-semantic types of speech in any textbook and in any newspaper.
FUNDAMENTALS OF SPEECH CULTURE Pronunciation norms
Exercise 81 *. Mark the correct statements.
(!) Orthoepy is a set of norms of a national language that ensures the unity of its sound design.
(2) Orthoepy is a set of norms of the literary language associated with the sound design of morphemes, words, phrases.
(3) Orthoepy is a set of rules that establish a uniform design of the spellings of words.
(4) Spelling is a set of rules that establish uniform pronunciation.
(5) Orthoepic norm governs pronunciation.
(6) Orthoepic norm regulates word usage.
(7) Orthoepic norm regulates stress.
(8) Orthoepic norms are reflected in orthoepic dictionaries.
(9) Orthoepic norms are reflected in etymological dictionaries.
(10) Orthoepic dictionaries do not indicate pronunciation options that are outside the literary norm.
Exercise 82. Pronounce the following words correctly. Remember: in place of the letter "o" in the first unstressed syllable and the absolute beginning of the word, a sound is pronounced, the middle between [a] and [o], in the rest of the unstressed syllables - the middle between the short [o] and short [s].
the water of my houses is yours to come
I ask you to surround the window again correctly
you need to beat the cold milk young
Exercise 83 *. What sound is pronounced in place of the letter "a" after solid shi
champagne
regret
Exercise 84 *. Read the following words, paying attention to the need to pronounce in an unstressed position after solid consonants in place of the letter "e" of the sounds [s e] or [b].
six hundredth
dance a wish
woolen
guild cruelty
sixteen
in the capital
Exercise 85 *. Do you pronounce the underlined words the same way?
(7) room cleanliness - vibration frequency; (2) trying on a dress - reconciling opponents; (3) the flag flies - the child develops; (4) to shine a flashlight - to dedicate a poem to the hero of the day; (5) to see a fox - to wither in the forest
Exercise 86 *. Write down the words in which the sound [e] is pronounced under stress.
screams like a publicized worthless sedentary connected hopeless
laden
past year
eponymous
convicted
modern faded
bled
solvent
Exercise 88 *. Divide these words into two groups: with a hard and soft pronunciation of a consonant before the letter "e". Compare your pronunciation with the normative pronunciation indicated in the key to the assignment.
atelier, pool, businessman, prodigy, genetics, grotesque, debut, detective, depot, interval, code, museum, model, hotel, pate, claim, session, tennis, therapist, term, flannel, masterpiece, overcoat, energy, aesthetics
Exercise 89 *. Determine in which cases the sound indicated by the letter "I" is pronounced as [g] - explosive; [g] - fricative; [To]; [NS]; [v].
(1) proud, mountain, long, leg, boots, sad
(2) friend, long, cottage cheese, foray, noggi, cut your hair
(3) lightweight, soft, lightweight, soften, lightest
(4) Lord, grace, to God
(5) accountant, uh huh, uh huh
(6) distant, quiet, large, yours, first
Exercise 90 *. What combinatorial processes affect the pronunciation of consonants in the following words:
(1) birch, path, smile, partition, trick, yesterday, guess
(2) do, run away, request, thresh, train station, football
(3) steppe, bear, fear, umbrella, racer, candidate
(4) silently, without a hat, from a mine, burned, lifeless, made of tin
Exercise 91. Read the words taking into account the norms of pronunciation of consonant combinations.
(1) Homeland, report, speaker, pilot, translator, architect
(2) storyteller, loader, defector, male, count, clear, happiness
(3) yeast, reins, burns, buzz, rain
(4) twenty, father, soldier, see each other, correspond, laughs
Exercise 92. Read the words, paying attention to the softness of the labial consonants ([b], [n], [m], [c], [f]), indicated by the letter "b". The hard pronunciation is wrong.
shot shoes steppe seven
eight seventy eighty congratulations
pour leave add get ready get acquainted
| paying attention to the combination of three and |
travel card
glad
happy
giant
journalistic staying up late
imperious
hated
compassionate
sympathize
presidential
tourist late
sad
neighborhood
envious
correspondent
militaristic holiday
ladder
conscientious
Hello
emigrant
assimilate
illustration
program
amount of aggression
hallucination
immunity
collection
program
terrace alley
thesis
intelligence
profession
terror applique
surreal
manna (heavenly)
Exercise 96. Check if you pronounce the following words correctly.
The part of the word where a mistake is often made is highlighted in capital letters.
Dermatin Exhaustion INITIATIVE
INCIDENT CONSULTATE COMPOSE
COMPROMETE COMPETITIVE NUMBER
PERSPECTIVE STUDENT TABURE
DOWNLOAD EXTRAORDINARY EXCAVATOR
ESCALATOR FUTURE THIRST NEXT
Accentological norms Exercise 97 *. Place the stress in the words. In difficult cases, refer to dictionaries. Remember the stress in these words.
august alphabet analogue watermelon pamper haul bureaucracy watchman religion genesis corrugated caterpillar hyphen denim mining contract call call free leisure staff enviable long time frosty sparkle sparkle seal rust clog meaningful calls iconography industry gradually made a beautiful catalog cough for a long time provision to facilitate at the same time wholesale inquire uncork partly mindful of moldy seal anticipate compel to add foreshortening dispersion symmetry drug notify solicit christian cement chassis
Exercise 98 *. Note the numbers of the words in which the stress falls on the first syllable.
(7) shell (2) rust (3) silo (4) twilight
(5) custom (6) sleek (7) chain (8) gypsy
(9) scoop (70) expert
Exercise 99 *. Note the numbers of the words in which the stress falls on the second syllable.
(7) cedar (2) more beautiful (3) parterre (4) beetroot
(5) plum (6) carpenter (7) hardening (8) intercessor
cleaner (70) sorrel
Exercise 100 *. Mark the word numbers with stress on the last syllable.
alcohol (2) tow (3) air duct (4) dispensary (5) blinds 6) half step (7) reward (8) deepen
(9) exacerbate (70) the phenomenon
Exercise 101. Determine the meanings of the following words. Make suggestions with them.
atlas - atlas, armor - armor, bundle - bundle, busy - busy, iris - iris, clubs - clubs, all around - around, images - images, linguistic - language.
Exercise 102. Pronounce phrases, paying attention to the place of stress.
characteristic features, successful acuity, windy day, planted father, figurative meaning, laurel grove, chaos in the head, draft age, characteristic role, bridge bridge, chickenpox, bay leaf, mobile child, portable microphone, planted bush, hover legs, draft cry, visual acuity, linguistic flair, adolescence, coal basin, malocclusion, soar in the clouds.
Exercise 103. Form a short form of masculine, feminine, neuter and plural adjectives. Put emphasis.
to rosh - to the horn - to the horn - to the rosh - to the horn
hilarious faithful tall deep hungry distant friendly young old wide
Exercise 104 *. Note the numbers of the words in which the stress falls on the last syllable.
cheap (2) right (3) light (4) rare
(5) pale (6) long (7) close (8) bitter
Exercise 105. Form a short form for masculine, feminine, neuter and plural passive participles.
started - started - started - started - started
convened taken busy lived sold
Exercise 106 *. Note the numbers of words in which the stress does not fall on the last syllable.
taken (2) loaned (3) started (4) sold
(5) accepted (6) distributed (7) distributed (8) created
Exercise 107 *. Form the masculine, feminine and neuter past tense and the plural form of these verbs. Put emphasis. Pay attention to verbs that have a fixed stress on the stem.
take - take - take - take - take
choose - choose - choose - choose - choose
be, turn on, give out, give, live, call, wait, drink, dial, collect, choose, give, twist, disrupt, pass, sail, lie, put, pull
Exercise 108 *. Mark those past tense feminine verbs that are not stressed correctly.
(7) core (2) spinning (3) pitchfork (4) gave away (5) called
(6) saw (7) drove (8) poured (9) took (70) waited
Lexical norms
Exercise 109 *. Please comment and correct errors related to inaccurate understanding of the meaning of the highlighted words.
(1) The conference addressed the issue of the most effective teaching methods. (2) We must not forget that our goods are imported. (3) Some of the respondents indicated that they are not satisfied with the standard of living. (4) The conclusions and suggestions of the speaker were based. (5) At the end of the school year, everyone was given lists of recommendatory literature. (6) The accounting department must pay the employees money. (7) Train tickets were paid in advance. (8) The diploma holder successfully defended his work. (9) The townspeople witnessed the concert on the summer stage of the park. (10) Tourists had to change their route to stock up on food.
Exercise 110. Find and correct mistakes caused by inaccurate use of words. In case of difficulty, refer to the dictionaries.
(1) Not all entrepreneurs have entered a new era with a vision of the future. (2) On the presidium there are people doomed by the authorities. (3) The great advantage of this piece is its expressive, high-calorie sound. (4) The article is devoted to the study of innate reflexes. (5) The health resorts of the Crimea and Krasnodar Territory are again open to tourists. (6) Think ahead, and then answer. (7) The coat is sewn by a good craftsman. (<5) Вся публика была уже в триумфе. (9) Зал аплодировал и сканировал: «Браво!» (10) Он нарочито не пришел на субботник.
Exercise 111. Establish different meanings of the following words according to the 4-volume academic "Dictionary of the Russian language" or "Dictionary of the Russian language" S.I. Ozhegova. Note the functional styles in which each of the meanings of these words is used. Make suggestions with them.
school course area
rise substantial
Exercise 112. Give examples of unambiguous word-terms from the field of science in which you are engaged.
Exercise 113. Set the direct and figurative meanings of words in these phrases, thin string, subtle nature, subtle hearing, bright future, bright room, light dress, bright memory
small owner, small dishes, shallow river, small worries
a lump of clay, curl up in a lump, a lump rolled up to the throat to throw an accusation, throw stones, throw reinforcements
Exercise 114 *. Find figurative words in sentences. Determine the type of transfer: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche. What is the value transfer based on?
(1) Our athletes brought gold and silver from the figure skating competition. (2) The audience applauds. (3) The first violin entered the stage. (4) The entrance to the city was blocked by a barrier.
(5) The warm participation of friends supported this family through difficult times.
(6) Lead clouds hung over the field. (7) Rostov is a large railway junction. (8) An illustrated edition of the dictionary was presented at the exhibition. (9) The air burns the face with a slight frost. (10) As a gift to the hero of the day, they bought a landscape of a good brush.
Exercise 115 *. Determine the meanings of the highlighted words. Indicate which phenomenon - ambiguity or homonymy - these words refer to. Argument your answer.
(1) Note to. Folder with notes. Diplomatic note. Hysterical notes in the voice. Sing to the notes. (2) Strength of character. Metal strength. Armed fortress. The strength of the solution.
(3) Mow the grass. The epidemic mowed people down. Mow to the left eye. The dress squints at the side. (4) Bridges were built on the Neva. The court divorced the spouses. Guests should be taken to their homes. Tourists lit a fire. (5) The boat sailed into the bay. The geese swam in fat. The candle swam with wax. The pond was filled with mud.
Exercise 116. Explain the meanings of homonyms using explanatory dictionaries and the Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. Make sentences.
action, shaft, view, vulture, hail, dacha, class, interfere
Exercise 117. Restore homonyms, based on the interpretation of their meanings.
(1) Facial Expression is a special explosive projectile. (2) "Sense of proportion in human behavior" - "metric unit in music." (3) "The edible part of certain plants" - "the embryonic state of man." (4) "Spend some time reading" - "express admiration for someone."
Exercise 118 *. Highlight the dominant in the synonymous series. Where possible, categorize synonyms by intensity.
flare up - ignite - engage - flare up - ignite - ignite - light up ignite - light up - light up - engage - flare up - ignite - flare up
(1) anxiety, excitement, anxiety, confusion
(2) independent, independent, free
(3) shine, sparkle, shine, sparkle
(4) small, tiny, microscopic, small, miniature
(5) near, near, near, near, neighboring
(6) immense, exorbitant, huge, large, large, gigantic, gigantic
(7) sadness, melancholy, sadness, grief, despair
(5) advantage, superiority, predominance, preponderance, superiority
Exercise 119. Make synonymous rows with the following dominant words.
limitless, polite, loud, proof, many, constant, gain, lasting
Exercise 120 *. Exclude words typical for colloquial speech from these synonymous series.
(1) old, ancient, immemorial, long-standing, old, former
(2) think, reflect, brain
(3) fat, solid, well-fed, overweight, burly, pot-bellied
(4) intercede, beg, beg, moan, bother
(5) surpass, overtake, outstrip, beat, outshine
(6) study, work out, master, go through, comprehend
(7) hide, hide, hide, hide, hide
Exercise 121. Compare the scope of the following synonyms: amplitude - deviation parents - ancestors
road - highway jaundice - hepatitis
good - cool medicines - drugs
steering wheel - steering wheel
Exercise 122. Determine the stylistic coloring of words that form synonymous series (refer to dictionaries):
(1) mass, lot, breakthrough, abundance, many, abyss
(2) squander, spend, waste, waste, squander, squander, squander
(3) nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, nonsense
Exercise 123. Find synonyms for different meanings of polysemantic words.
thick dense fog (dense) thick sour cream (saturated) thick hair (fluffy) thick voice (full-bodied)
go, open, old, light, dark
Exercise 124. Make up phrases of adjectives and verbs with nouns given in brackets.
(1) discover, discover (law, regularity); (2) function, work (apparatus, team); (3) implement, execute (program, work); (4) hold, maintain (distance, distance); (5) fix, eliminate (errors, deficiencies); (6) demonstration, demonstration (stand, flight). (7) true, real, genuine, real (person, hunter, friend, document); (5) long, long, long-term, long-term, long-term (credit, way, impact, period, fees).
Exercise 125 *. Choose the word you want from those in parentheses.
(1) Each of the participants in the war must do everything in his power so that (future, future) generations do not (know, Veda
l) her nightmares. (2) If tension has arisen in the team, it is necessary (to discharge, extinguish, weaken, amortize).
(3) Athlete(exceeded, exceeded, blocked) his record(predecessor, forerunner). (4) Per(previous, previous) year the enterprise turned into(profitable, profitable, profitable). (5) From the telephone exchange(arrived, arrived) (message, news, notification) about a new increase in tariffs.(v) The party's election campaign contained(topical, top-priority, top-priority, vital) tasks.(7)Guests were provided(courteous, amiable, welcoming, suave) reception.(8)The play had(colossal, huge, outstanding, significant) success.
Exercise 126. Find and correct in the following sentences errors associated with misuse of synonyms.
(1) In the old days in Russia, chronology was carried out differently. (2) The only advantage of this kind of emitter is its simplicity of design. (3) This unit can significantly reduce the temperature of the joining of materials.
(4) The creation of social infrastructure in the region was dictated only by the need to support industrial production.
(5) Snow retention is carried out using shields. (c) Plant growers are confident that the end effect will be significant. (7) Food for livestock should be prepared in advance. (8) The most experienced riders were selected to compete. (9) A Russian tennis player became the owner of the prize. (10) His existence was filled with all kinds of activities.
Exercise 127. Choose Russian synonyms for words of foreign origin.
adequate
appeal
volunteer
millennium
security
fix
exclusive
land
worldview nullify
agrarian
deviation
consolidate
presentable
force
evolution
recovery
exceptional
exchange antagonism
dividend
restoration
function
equivalent
volunteer
image
sample
cancel
holiday
equivalent
rally to apply
note
representative
contradiction
development
millennium rejection
security guard
transformation
work
corresponding
accelerated
Exercise 128. Choose antonyms for the words:
useful
attentive
secretive
glorified
friendly talented
truthful
hostile
talentless
thrifty sincere
frank
wasteful
absent-minded
hypocritical
| Exercise 129. | ... Find words for the following words: | with the opposite | value to the next |
| without | high | in a dream | seriously |
| hot | coming | per | healthy |
| to fall asleep | short | buy | love |
| Lying | light | soft | maximum |
| find | above | put on | tenderness |
| wholesale | from | refuse | straight |
| benefit | against | with | agreement |
| weaken | light | sleep | happiness |
| darken | tired | clever | jokingly |
| Practice Exercise 130 | *. Which of the following lexical units do not have antonyms? Motivate your answer. | ||
| freckled | enter | armed | you |
| for a long time | wood | wrap up | avid |
| sound | winter | scream | large |
| doll | lamp | logical | left bank |
| rejuvenate | above | ceiling | cry |
| myself | stadium | straw | modesty |
| terrace | Tiger | thick | fly away |
| ha ha ha poison | to frown | four | southwest |
32 II. Practical part
Exercise 131. Choose antonyms for different meanings of words.
light backpack - heavy backpack easy task - hard task light breakfast - hearty breakfast light tan - strong tan
hot, small, fresh, old
Exercise 132 *. Determine the lexical meanings of the selected words. Specify the type of antonymy.
(1) I lent this book to a friend. - I borrowed this book from a friend. (2) It's already light - blow out the candle. - Yesterday a new blast furnace was blown out at the plant. (3) The new device was launched into mass production. - The student has completely neglected his studies.
Exercise 133. Eliminate the errors associated with the unmotivated use of words that are opposite in meaning.
(1) The young man entered the room where the old man was sitting. (2) Struggling to overcome the weakness, she walked forward. (3) Modesty prevailed, and he did not enter the room, but went down the steps. (4) There is no availability of textbooks. (5) Not all of the hidden reserves of the human body have been discovered yet. (6) He openly confessed what was hidden from us. (7) Failure to act can lead to an accident, as can wrong action. (8) The traveler walked quickly, but not in a hurry.
Exercise 134. Indicate how these paronyms differ (semantics, lexical compatibility, permanent or temporary character, quality, property, etc.). Use paronyms in phrases. In case of difficulty, refer to the "Dictionary of Russian paronyms".
| master - master heroic - heroic |
| put on - put on the creature - essence |