Plan
Introduction
1 Biography
1.1 The theory of ethnogenesis of the Ukrainian people
1.2 Grushevsky and Russophiles
1.3 Period after the February Revolution of 1917
1.4 The fate of the family
2 Memory
Bibliography
Introduction
Mikhail Sergeevich Grushevsky (Ukrainian Mikhailo Sergiyovich Hrushevsky) (September 29, 1866, Kholm, Kingdom of Poland - November 25, 1934, Kislovodsk) - public and political figure Ukraine, one of the leaders of the Ukrainian national movement, chairman of the Ukrainian Central Rada, historian of Ukraine and Austria-Hungary, professor at Lviv University (1894-1914), academician of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Hrushevsky is the author of "History of Ukraine-Rus", a work that covered the entire history of Ukraine.
1. Biography
Mikhail Hrushevsky was born in Kholm, (Poland, now Chelm, Polish. Chełm). His father was a teacher at the Greek-Uniate gymnasium. He spent his youth in the Caucasus, where he studied at the Tiflis gymnasium.
In 1886-1890 he studied at the philological faculty of Kiev University. For his student work "Essay on the history of the Kiev land from the death of Yaroslav to the end of the XIV century." received a gold medal and was left at the university.
After graduating from the university, Hrushevsky published articles in "Kievskaya Starina", "Notes of the Shevchenko Scientific Society", published two volumes of materials in the "Archive of Southwest Russia" (part VIII, vol. I and II). The preface to these materials was the master's thesis of Hrushevsky, entitled "Barskoe Starostvo" (Kiev, 1894).
1.1. The theory of ethnogenesis of the Ukrainian people
In his works, Hrushevsky developed his theory of the origin and development of the statehood of Kievan Rus and its people.
1.2. Grushevsky and the Russophiles
In 1894, a department of general history was opened at Lviv University with a special review of the history of Eastern Europe, which was occupied by Hrushevsky.
In Lvov, Hrushevsky wrote and published his historical works "Vimki from Zherel to the History of Ukraine-Rus" (1895), "Inventories of the King in the Lands of Rus' of the 16th century." (1895-1903, 4 vols.), "Development and materials before the history of Ukraine-Rus" (1896-1904, 5 vols.) And began working on his main work - the eight-volume "History of Ukraine-Rus".
Gradually, Hrushevsky became the leader of the entire scientific and cultural life of Galicia: from 1895 he worked as the editor of the "Notes of the Scientific Association in the name of Shevchenko", and in 1897 he was elected chairman of this society. He recruited the leaders of the national movement of Galicia, Franko and Pavlik, into the society. In 1899, Hrushevsky actively participated in the creation of the Ukrainian National Democratic Party in Galicia.
In 1906, Kharkiv University awarded Grushevsky an honorary doctorate in Russian history. In 1908, while continuing to be a professor at Lviv University and chairman of the "Science Partnership", Hrushevsky put up his candidacy for the department at Kiev University, but was refused.
In 1914, after 20 years of work at Lviv University, he moved to Kiev, where he directed the activities of the "Science Partnership at Kiev", transferred here the publication of the "Literary and Scientific Newsletter". He was arrested in December 1914 on charges of espionage for Austria-Hungary and after several months in prison he was expelled by order of the head of the Kiev military district to Simbirsk, as stated in the order, "during the state of the localities from which he was expelled, under martial law." In exile he wrote the historical drama "Khmelnitsky in Pereyaslav" and "Yaroslav Osmomisl", the plot of which was the entry in the Ipatiev Chronicle about the expulsion of Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl by the Galicians in 1173 for marrying the daughter of a "smerd" in the presence of a living princess.
At the end of 1915, Grushevsky managed to obtain permission (with the help of Academician A. A. Shakhmatov) to move to Kazan, a year later - to Moscow, where he lived until the February revolution.
1.3. Period after the February Revolution of 1917
After the February Revolution on March 4, 1917, representatives of the largest parties in Ukraine created the Central Rada in Kiev. Grushevsky was elected its chairman in absentia and arrived in Kiev on March 14.
At the beginning of April 1917, the Founding Congress of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (UPSR) was held, one of the founders of which was Hrushevsky (together with N. Kovalevsky, P. Khristiuk, V. Golubovich, N. Shrag, N. Shapoval, etc.)
As chairman of the Central Rada, Hrushevsky negotiated with the Provisional Government of Russia on granting autonomy to Ukraine.
On November 25, 1917, according to the results of general elections, Hrushevsky was elected to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly in Kiev District No. 1 - Ukrainian Social Revolutionaries, Selyanskaya split, Ukrainian Social Democrats.
At the end of March 1919 he left for Austria, created in Vienna the Ukrainian Sociological Institute - the ideological center of the Ukrainian nationalist counter-revolution. After several appeals by Hrushevsky to the Ukrainian Soviet government, in which he condemned his counter-revolutionary activities, the All-Union Central Executive Committee in 1924 allowed him to return to his homeland for scientific work... He was a professor of history at Kiev state university, was elected an academician of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, head of the historical and philological department. He headed the archaeographic commission of the VUAN, the purpose of which was to create a scientific description of publications printed on the territory of ethnographic Ukraine in the 16th-18th centuries. Under this commission, on the occasion of the 350th anniversary of the printing business in Ukraine, a committee was created, the secretary of which was V. Barvinok.
Since 1930, Hrushevsky has been subjected to repression and persecution by the security forces. He was accused of "counter-revolutionary activities" and was charged with participation in the anti-Soviet Ukrainian national center, including, demanded from him to confess in the organization of terrorist acts and attempts on the life of leading party leaders. Most of his students, who worked with him during the 1920s, were also persecuted. Almost all of Hrushevsky's employees were repressed. From 1930 he worked in Moscow.
One of the most implacable opponents of Grushevsky was the famous orientalist A.E. Krymsky, among the more tolerant opponents who partially shared his ideas, one can name A.P. Ogloblina. In 1929 Grushevsky was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
He died in 1934 from blood poisoning in Kislovodsk, was buried with honors.
1.4. Family fate
“Repressed posthumously” - at the end of the 1930s all his works were banned, many relatives (including his daughter, also a famous historian) were repressed and died. During the persecution of members of the Hrushevsky family, the testimony of his former student (and at the same time an NKVD informant, and later a Ukrainian collaborator) KF Shteppa was used.
In Lviv, on the territory of the estate where he lived until 1914, the Hrushevsky Museum operates today. Monuments were erected to him in Lvov and Kiev.
Mikhail Hrushevsky is depicted on a 50 hryvnia banknote.
Bibliography:
1. Mikhail Hrushevsky - the first president of Ukraine?
2. Members of the All-Russian Constituent Assembly
3. Mikhail Sergeevich Grushevsky
Hill of the Lublin province, now the city of Chelm, Poland - 11/25/1934, Kislovodsk; buried in Kiev], historian, politician, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1923) and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929). From a teacher's family.
Graduated from the Historical and Philological Faculty of St. Vladimir University in Kiev (1890; student of V. B. Antonovich). In 1894, on Antonovich's recommendation, he took the department of general history at Lviv University (Austria-Hungary) "with a special review of the history of Eastern Europe", which later Hrushevsky actually turned into the department of the history of Ukraine. Chairman of the TG Shevchenko Scientific Association (1897-1913; from 1894 he headed its historical and philosophical section; in 1895-1913, 111 volumes of "Notes" were published under the editorship of Grushevsky). In 1898 he organized a monthly magazine in Ukrainian "Literary and Scientific Bulletin" in Lvov (from 1907 in Kiev), until 1908 participated in its editing (along with I. Ya. Franko and others). In 1899 he founded the Ukrainian-Russian Publishing Union. He argued that the Ukrainian people is an independent nation, advocated the creation of the Russian federal republic and the autonomy of Ukraine within it, giving the Ukrainian language the status of a state language on the territory of Ukraine. One of the ideologists of the creation of the Ukrainian National Democratic Party in Galicia (1899), soon left its membership. From 1908 one of the leaders of the liberal political party Association of Ukrainian Progressives. He headed the Ukrainian Scientific Association (Kiev, 1907-14; from 1908 edited his "Notes").
His scientific views are closely connected with political convictions of Grushevsky. They were expressed in the main work of Hrushevsky - "History of Ukraine-Rus" [in Ukrainian; volumes 1-10 (books 1-13), 1898-36 (exposition brought to 1658); the manuscript of the 2nd part of the 10th volume was prepared for publication, but was lost; the work was completely republished in 1994-2000 in 11 volumes (12 books); the 1st volume was published in Russian in 1911]. In this work, Grushevsky rejected the scheme of the history of the Eastern Slavs generally accepted in Russian historiography. He believed that the features of an independent Ukrainian ethnos manifested themselves already in the 4th century among the Antes tribe. Highlighted the following state formations Ukrainian people: Kievan Rus (proved its local, abnormal origin), Galicia-Volyn land, the state of B.M. Khmelnitsky, Ukrainian people's republic(UNR). He argued that the "Ukrainian tribe" had no common roots with the Russian, and Muscovy Rus was not the successor of Kievan Rus. Hrushevsky believed that class contradictions among the Ukrainians throughout their history were weakly expressed, which allowed them to fight against the Poles, and then the Russians. In various works he defined in different ways the essence of the decisions of the Pereyaslav Rada of 1654 (protectorate, temporary agreement, military alliance). He published "The History of the Ukrainian Cossacks before the Union with the Moscow State" (volumes 1-2; 1913-14). He saw the origins of the Cossacks in the nomadic population of the border steppe regions Old Russian state, noted the participation in its formation of the boyars and the small gentry (along with the peasants and townspeople), the evolution of the Cossacks into a separate class. He believed that Hetman I. S. Mazepa led the last significant outbreak of Ukrainian autonomy. He believed that the development of the state is determined by economic, cultural and national factors, gave the history of the people (nation) priority. Introduced into scientific circulation a large number of new sources on the history of Ukraine, some of them published in the collections "Sources on the history of Ukraine-Rus".
In August 1914, in connection with the outbreak of World War I, Hrushevsky left Lvov and through Italy and Romania arrived in Kiev, where in November 1914 he was arrested, in March 1915 he was exiled to Simbirsk "as a propagandist of Ukrainian separatism." At the request of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, soon Grushevsky was allowed to move to Kazan, in 1916 - to Moscow. After the February Revolution of 1917, he was elected chairman of the Central Rada formed in Kiev (CR; March 1917 - April 1918). He joined the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, was elected a member of its Central Committee. He condemned the October Revolution of 1917 and declared the non-recognition of the Council of People's Commissars, spoke out for the independence of Ukraine and its union with other national states created on the territory of the former Russian Empire... The author of the 4th station wagon CR [adopted on 11 (24) .1.1918], which proclaimed the independence of Ukraine. After the liquidation of the UPR, he stopped political activity.
Since 1919 in emigration (Czech Republic, France, Austria), where he worked mainly in the field of sociology ["The origin of society (genetic sociology)", in Ukrainian, 1921] and the history of Ukrainian literature, he began to write "History of Ukrainian literature" (in Ukrainian language, fully published 1993-96, volumes 1-6)]. With funds from the Ukrainian diaspora, he founded the Ukrainian Sociological Institute in Vienna (1919). He sympathized with the formation of the USSR on a federal basis. In 1924 he returned to Kiev. Until 1930, he headed the Historical and Philological Department at the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Supervised the training of scientific personnel (among the students of Grushevsky - O. Yu. Germayze, F. Ya. Savchenko). In 1931 he was arrested on charges of leading the organization "Ukrainian National Center", was soon released (this was facilitated by the petition of Hrushevsky's cousin, GI Lomov); in connection with the ban on living in Ukraine, he lived in Moscow, continued to work on the "History of Ukraine-Rus".
In 2000, the State Memorial Museum of M. Hrushevsky was opened in Lviv. The Institute of Ukrainian Archeography and Source Study in Kiev bears the name of Hrushevsky. The portrait of Hrushevsky is depicted on the Ukrainian 50 hryvnia banknote, issued in 2006.
Cit .: Schodennik (1886-1894 pp.). Kiev, 1997; Illustrated history of Ukraine. M., 2001; Create: At 50 t. Lviv, 2002-2006. T. 1-7.
Lit .: Sokhan P. S., Ulyanovskiy V. I., Kipzhaev S. M. M. S. Grushevsky i ACADEMIA. Kiev, 1993; Vinar L. M. Hrushevsky: Istorik I wake-up call. Kiev; N. Y. 1995; Mikhalchenko S. I. M. S. Grushevsky // Historians of Russia. Biographies. M., 2001; Shapoval Y., Verba I. M. Hrushevsky. Kiev, 2005.
S. I. Mikhalchenko.
Grushevsky Mikhail Sergeevich
(1866 - 1934), Ukrainian historian, philologist and public and political figure. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
Born September 17, 1866 in the town of Kholm in the family of a teacher. Soon the family moved to the Caucasus, where the future historian spent his childhood and adolescence in Stavropol, Vladikavkaz and Tiflis. According to Hrushevsky's recollections, his interest in Ukrainian history and culture was awakened in his childhood. As a high school student, he independently learned the Ukrainian language. When the historical and art magazine "Kievskaya Starina" began to appear in Kiev in 1887, Mikhail's father subscribed to this publication. On the pages of "Kievskaya Starina" Grushevsky first got acquainted with the works of V.B. Antonovich. At the same time, in his gymnasium years, his acquaintance with the historical works of N.I.Kostomarov and M.A.Maksimovich began. Thus, by the time he graduated from the gymnasium, Hrushevsky was imbued with the concepts of the founders and ideologists of the Kiev school of historians. Therefore, his path to the Kiev University of St. Vladimir, where V.B. Antonovich.
Antonovich played a decisive role in the formation of Grushevsky as a historian. Under the guidance of Antonovich, he wrote his first works: "South Russian Gospodar castles in the half of the XVI century." and an essay on the history of the Kiev land. By this time, the books by P.V. Golubovsky and D.I. Bagaleya about the Seversk land, N.V. Molchanovsky about Podolskaya, A.M. Andriasheva about Volynskaya. Then, in the 1890s and 1900s, studies by M.V. Dovnar-Zapolsky about the Krivichi and Dregovichi, Golubovsky about the Smolensk land and others. The work of Grushevsky, written according to the general plan of work of the Antonovich school (first a geographical outline, then a historical one), was distinguished by the scale of the study and the conclusions drawn on its basis. Arguing for his awarding a gold medal, Antonovich especially noted the author's conclusions about the presence of zemstvo boyars in Kiev and the assumption that there were no princes in Southern Russia after the Mongol conquest. It should be noted that assumptions, often completely hypothetical, occupied an unreasonably large place in the book for scientific research.
Hrushevsky graduated from Kiev University in 1890. In 1891, Antonovich announced the imminent prospect of opening a department of general history at Lviv University with a special review of the history of Eastern Europe and began to prepare Hrushevsky for this department. In 1892 Mikhail Sergeevich passed his master's examinations. The topic of the master's thesis was proposed to him by Antonovich and is devoted to the history of the Barsky starostva - an administrative-territorial unit of Poland in the 15th - 18th centuries. with a predominantly Ukrainian population. Having discovered the lack of literature on this issue, Grushevsky processed a lot of material from several archival repositories. Constructed according to the scheme of other "regional" monographs of Antonovich's school, the book "Barskoye Starostvo. Historical sketches "(Kiev, 1894) went beyond the school's scheme: chronologically, it belonged to a later time," geographically "went far to the west. The author paid the main attention to the urban community; much has been said in the work on Magdeburg Law. In 1894, the dissertation was successfully defended, and Grushevsky became a master of Russian history. After the defense, the scientist left for Lvov, where he took the department that awaited him, which became, in fact, the department of the history of Ukraine.
In Lvov, Hrushevsky launched a vigorous activity. Heading in 1897 the Scientific Society. Taras Shevchenko, he turned it into a semblance of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. The society organized its work in three sections: historical, philological and natural-mathematical. The society established a museum, a library, a large printing house and a bookstore. At the same time, Grushevsky became the editor of the Society's "Notes", transformed from a yearbook into a two-month period. Until 1913, more than 100 volumes of this edition were published. Along with Zapiski, Grushevsky was in charge of another journal - Literary and Scientific Bulletin. The scientist also read public lectures in Lviv, broadening the horizons of Galician Ukrainians. Soon after his arrival in Lviv, the scientist also took up political activities, joining the party of the Galician National Democrats. In his scientific work, Grushnitsky directed his main efforts towards creating a generalizing ("synthetic") history of Ukraine. Initially, he intended to publish a relatively small three-volume essay, but as the research work progressed, the work grew and in the final version was an unfinished ten-volume book (the author intended to bring the exposition to the end of the 18th century, but only brought it to 1658) .The scientist's views on the history of Ukraine in the second half of 17 - the beginning of the 20th century are described in his other works - "Essay on the history of the Ukrainian people" and "Illustrated history of Ukraine").
In contrast to the early works of Grushevsky, in which he advocated the federalist theory of N.I. Kostomarov and V.B. Antonovich, "History of Ukraine-Rus" was based on a different concept. The author has developed to the logical end the views of his predecessors. He believed that the ancestors of the Ukrainians were the ancient tribes of the Antes, in other words, the independent history of the people began him from the 4th century. According to Hrushevsky's concept, the first independent Ukrainian state was Kievan Rus, which flourished under Vladimir the Holy, who united together various Slavic lands. The scientist identified several reasons for the disintegration of a single Kiev state into separate lands: here and the formation of new princely centers, and the economic and colonization processes that captured the Dnieper region. Unlike most representatives Russian science, Hrushevsky considered the successor of Kievan Rus not to the Vladimir-Suzdal land, but to Galicia-Volyn. As the scientist emphasized, this state "continued ... another whole century after the decline of the Kiev land in full force of the tradition of great-power politics, the princely retinue regime, socio-political forms and culture developed by the Kiev state." The main content of the late (13th century) history of Galicia-Volyn Rus, in his opinion, was the gradual incorporation of its neighboring states: Lithuania, Poland and Hungary.
The most important element of Hrushevsky's concept was the idea of the continuous development of the Ukrainian nation. Many Russian historians believed that the Tatar invasion led to the desolation of the Dnieper region and the departure of the population to the North-East. Hrushevsky's predecessors: M.A. Maksimovich, V.B. Antonovich and M.F. Vladimirsky-Budanov - showed that the desolation was not absolute, some population remained. Grushevsky, joining this point of view, emphasized that the main role in the settlement of the Dnieper region belonged "not to a newcomer, but to the local population, which has never completely disappeared."
Grushevsky gave a comparatively detailed description of the community. He called a community “a self-governing social group in various forms (rural community, urban, veche district, self-governing land). The princely-retinue element was contrasted with the communal one.
In describing the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Hrushevsky was in line with the traditions of the Kiev school, considering this state one of the two centers of unification of the ancient Russian lands, along with the Moscow state, the successor of the traditions of Kievan Rus. The historian emphasized the great importance of the East Slavic population in the political and social structure and life of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, as the region was Catholicized and Polonized, the previously barely noticeable contradictions between the Eastern Slavs and Lithuanians began to intensify and ultimately lead to the reorientation of the former towards Muscovite Russia. Hrushevsky observed such tendencies beginning in 1385. By the beginning of the 16th century, they had already been fully formed, and active Polonization after the Union of Lublin between Lithuania and Poland in 1569 completed the process of reorientation.
In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Muscovite Rus, the Russian Empire, the Ukrainians were either a simple passive object of government or were in sharp opposition to the state system. According to Hrushevsky, Ukrainians did not have any influence on the political life of the country. The only content of their history was only cultural and economic processes.
Speaking about the origin of the Cossacks, Grushevsky distinguished the Cossacks as an everyday phenomenon, a social system and a term. The main mistake of the authors of the middle of the 19th century (Kostomarov, Antonovich, Maksimovich), in his opinion, was the spread of the late Cossack organization (early 17th century) to the early period of its history (late 15th - early 16th centuries). Grushevsky rightly noted that in the 15th-16th centuries “the Cossacks are more an occupation than a social position ... The Cossacks as a social class, as any“ communities ”do not see any trace in our documentary material for a long, long time, almost until the very end of the 17th century. ". The historian believed that the original Cossacks united: the population of the Dnieper region, which had lost state power due to the raids of nomads; attracted by the freedom and natural resources of the region, "industrialists" from more remote areas and, finally, fugitive peasants and townspeople fleeing oppression.
Following Antonovich, Hrushevsky noted the widespread democracy of the Ukrainians, expressed in the creation of the Cossack state. This feature of Ukrainian statehood came into conflict with the predominance of the monarchical principle in Russia, which ultimately led to the elimination of the autonomy of Ukraine in the second half of the 18th century. All manifestations of anti-Russian actions were described by Grushevsky sympathetically, although he was far from idealizing the leaders of these movements, for example, I.S. Mazepa. In presenting the history of the 19th century, the scientist focused on the facts of the Russian-Ukrainian confrontation (prohibitions of the Ukrainian language, persecution of representatives of the intelligentsia), while practically nothing was said about the economy of Ukraine, its social development.
In the most concentrated form, Grushevsky's concept was presented in the widely known article "The usual scheme of" Russian "history and the business of rational presentation of the history of Eastern Slavs, published in 1904, prepared in connection with the intention of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences to publish an encyclopedia of Slavic studies. With rare exceptions (A.A. Shakhmatov, A.E. Presnyakov) Grushevsky's concept met with rejection and condemnation in Russian historiography. In addition, having become the political basis of Ukrainian nationalism, this theory and Hrushevsky himself became persona non grata in the social and political life of the Russian Empire. Moreover, everyone, including the historian's opponents, recognized the significant factual value of the “History of Ukraine-Rus”.
During the years of the first Russian revolution, Hrushevsky moved to Kiev the publication of the "Notes" of the Scientific Society. T. Shevchenko and "Literary and Scientific Bulletin". Then he traveled to St. Petersburg, where he took part in the work of the Ukrainian faction of the first The State Duma... At this time, his numerous publicistic works "Ukraine in Russia, its requests and needs", "Ukrainian question", "Unity or disintegration of Russia", "Autonomy and the national question" and others were published. within the framework of a unified Russian state, called on the government to pursue a policy of stimulating the languages and cultures of national minorities, including Ukrainians. The name of Grushevsky is becoming popular, while the authorities are increasingly dissatisfied with his activities. Therefore, even after receiving the degree of Doctor of Russian History honoris causa from Kharkov University in 1907, Grushevsky did not succeed in taking the vacant position declared after the death of Professor P.V. Golubovsky Department of Russian History in Kiev
university.
In 1904 - 1914. The Essay on the History of the Ukrainian People, intended for Russian readers (based on a course of lectures given by Hrushevsky at the invitation of M.M. Kovalevsky at the Russian Free School in Paris) and Russian translations of the popular Illustrated History of Ukraine, as well as three volumes "History of Ukraine-Rus", dedicated to Kievan Rus and the history of the Cossacks. At the same time, the editor of the historical department of the New Brockhaus Encyclopedic Dictionary - Efron N.I. Kareev invited Hrushevsky to write a general outline of the history of Ukraine. The prepared text of the essay almost exceeded the volume of the entire volume of the dictionary, and the publication did not take place. In general, Grushevsky's participation in the scientific life of Russia was quite wide - he corresponded with many Russian scientists, published reviews of Russian books, his works were known in Russia.
In the meantime, the scientist became the recognized head of the Galician historians. His students were: E. Terletsky, M. Korduba, S. Tomashevsky, I. Dzhidzhora, I. Kripyakevich and others. In September 1914, Grushevsky intended to retire, move to Kiev and concentrate exclusively on scientific work. This was also facilitated by the contradictions within the Ukrainian national liberation movement in Galicia. Some of its participants agreed to cooperate with the Poles, which Hrushevsky categorically objected to. In 1913, during the election of the new leadership of the V. T. Shevchenko, all supporters of Hrushevsky were voted down. Under these conditions, he did not want to remain in the post of chairman and, having edited volume 116 of the notes, resigned. However, his plans were not destined to come true - the First World War began.
The hostilities found the Hrushevsky family in the Carpathians, where they had their own house. The scientist was forced to leave first to Hungary, then to Vienna. Due to the persecution of the police, who saw him as an agent of the Russians, Grushevsky moved to neutral Italy, and then through Romania to Russia. In mid-November 1914, the historian arrived in Kiev, where he was soon imprisoned on charges of collaboration with the Austrians and anti-Russian propaganda. The imprisonment of Grushevsky lasted until February 1915.The authorities intended to send him to Siberia, and only the active requests of Russian historians (in particular, Academician A. A. Shakhmatov) and the petition of the President of the Academy of Sciences, Grand Duke K. K. Romanov, led to the change of Siberia to Simbirsk ... After living for several months in Simbirsk, the scientist received permission to move to university Kazan. Hrushevsky did not stop scientific work, preparing the next volume of "History of Ukraine-Rus". In the fall of 1916, he was allowed to move to Moscow.
After the February Revolution on March 11, 1917, he left Moscow and went to Ukraine. In Kiev, he immediately became involved in political activities. He is elected as the head of the Central Rada of Ukraine. It should be emphasized that before the October Revolution, Hrushevsky spoke from the standpoint of the federalist republican structure of Russia, for the autonomy of Ukraine within this state. At the same time, he saw federal Russia as a democratic republic as a stage towards the political restructuring of Europe into a European Federation.
During the offensive of the Bolshevik troops on Kiev, the house of Grushevsky burned down, numerous books and manuscripts perished in the fire. Together with other members of the Central Rada, Hrushevsky moved to Volyn and returned to Kiev again with German troops who had occupied Ukraine. His political attitudes are changing: he has moved away from an orientation towards Russia. The fourth universal of the Central Rada, drawn up by Hrushevsky, proclaimed the independence of Ukraine on January 11, 1918. At the same time, Grushevsky still adhered to federalist ideas, but called for the conclusion of an alliance with the new states that had arisen on the ruins of the Russian Empire, within the framework of the Black Sea Federation projected by him.
The policy of the Central Rada soon began to displease various segments of the population. On April 29, at the congress of the Union of Land Owners, a new head of state was elected - the former general of the tsarist army, P.P. Skoropadsky. Grushevsky was forced to go into an illegal position. At the end of 1918, after the hetman was overthrown and the Directory came to power, Hrushevsky came out of the underground, tried to revive the ideas of the Central Rada, but, meeting opposition from the new authorities, he left Kiev.
At the beginning of 1919, he lived for a short time in Kamyanets-Podolsk, where he edited the newspaper Life of Podillya, the organ of the Ukrainian Socialist Party. In March, Hrushevsky left for Galicia, and then for Prague. In 1922 he left the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries and focused on scientific work. The lack of the necessary sources did not allow him to continue working on his main work, so there is a temporary reorientation of his scientific interests. Back in 1919, he organized the Ukrainian Sociological Institute in Vienna at the expense of the Ukrainian diaspora. Within the framework of the scientific topics of the institute's studies, Grushevsky prepared an important theoretical work "The emergence of society (genetic sociology)". Using the available literary sources, as well as materials from the new volumes of the "History of Ukraine-Rus", the scientist began work on the multivolume "History of Ukrainian Literature". During the life of the author, five volumes were published, brought to the beginning of the 17th century. The sixth volume prepared for publication was released only in 1995. In fact, this book by Hrushevsky is a study of Ukrainian spirituality.
The inability to continue the full-fledged work of a scientist-historian abroad led to the fact that Hrushevsky offered his services to Kharkov (then the capital of Ukraine). He sympathetically reacted to the formation of the USSR on a federal basis and, after receiving permission from the authorities, returned to Kiev in March 1924. By this time, he had already been elected an academician of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, where he became the head of the historical and philological department. Numerous commissions and dozens of employees worked under his leadership. The department's press, the Ukraine magazine, published articles by Hrushevsky himself and by other employees. Archeographic activity, traditional for the Kiev school, has resumed: many previously unknown documents of Ukrainian history are published in the department's publications.
In 1926, the 60th anniversary of Grushevsky was widely celebrated in the USSR. By this date, a collection of essays dedicated to him was released. The volumes of "History of Ukraine-Rus" began to appear again. He did not stop teaching, and supervised graduate students. His closest assistant was his only daughter, Ekaterina, a talented historian and sociologist (she was later repressed and died in the camp). Recognition of the merits of Grushevsky as a scientist was his election in 1929 as an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. But this success was the last. The "great turning point" of 1929-1931 came.
Under the pretext of reorganization, the magazine "Ukraine" is actually being closed. Changes in the structure of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine lead to the removal of Hrushevsky from the department leadership. On March 23, 1931, on his way to Leningrad for a session of the USSR Academy of Sciences, he was arrested in Moscow. By this time, one of his employees, Professor F. Savchenko, was forced during interrogation to confirm false information: allegedly Hrushevsky returned to Ukraine to continue the political struggle and unite the nationalist forces; he pinned his main hopes on the intervention of Western countries and kulak actions; he headed the "Ukrainian Nationalist Center". The academician was transported to Kharkov, where from March 28 to April 3 he was interrogated and forced to plead guilty to all charges. On April 4, Grushevsky was again transported to Moscow, where he was interrogated by the deputy chairman of the OGPU Y.S. Agranov. It seemed that the fate of the scientist was predetermined. But on April 14, he was received by Agranov and retracted his testimony: “It's hard for me to talk about this,” Hrushevsky said, “but I do not belong to the breed of heroes and could not stand the 9-hour interrogation at night. I am an old man, my strength has long been undermined. Before jail I had the flu. I could not withstand the sharp onslaught of the investigator. "
Grushevsky was released. As it became known later, the decisive role in his release was played by the petition of his cousin, in 1931 the Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Committee, G. Lomov-Oppokov. After his release, Grushevsky lived in Moscow, but the criminal case was not dropped and the scientist lived under the threat of a new arrest. Probably on the advice of the same Lomov, in August 1933 Grushevsky sent a letter to the chairman of the State Planning Committee V.V. Kuibyshev. In his letter, Hrushevsky emphasized: “As a result of this cruel and hasty reprisal, I became a scarecrow. Everyone is afraid of being touched by me. Ideological, political and criminal charges are floating around me. " In conclusion, the historian asked for the materials left in Kiev to be returned to him and thus the possibility of full-fledged scientific work. In the accompanying note to the letter, Lomov noted: “With Hitler’s stake on Ukraine, we need to keep some of the names of the national liberation movement at the ready. Grushevsky is a big name. It is unlikely that it should be completely hammered into the ground, it will certainly come in handy at the right moment. It seems to me that Grushevsky should be supported financially and reassured a little. I am convinced that he will agree to make any protest against Hitler-Rosenberg, etc. " Soon the criminal case was dropped.
However, the persecution of Hrushevsky in Ukraine did not stop. In May 1934, the People's Commissar of Education of Ukraine V.P. Zatonsky turned to the head of the republic S.V. Kosior and P.V. Postyshev with a proposal to exclude Grushevsky from the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The views and past activities of Hrushevsky were severely criticized at all levels. But they did not manage to exclude Grushevsky. On November 25, 1934, he died in Kislovodsk, where he was on vacation, during an unsuccessful operation for a carbuncle. By a government decree, he was buried in Kiev, at the Baikovo cemetery.
Mikhail Grushevsky (artist)
Mikhail Yakovlevich Grushevsky. Was born on December 29, 1964 in Moscow. Russian pop artist, parodist, comedian, actor, TV presenter.
His parents divorced when he was still very young. Mikhail was raised by his mother.
The maternal grandmother is from Kiev, the grandfather is from Odessa.
After school he entered the Institute of Steel and Alloys. During his studies, he showed himself as a talented artist, first of all, of a humorous direction. At the institute, he was the organizer of various cultural events, for which he himself wrote numbers and often performed with them.
After graduating from the university, he was assigned to one of the research institutes, where he also actively participated in amateur performances. As a result, in 1988 he ended up in the theater-studio "Grotesque".
And already in 1989 his first television broadcast took place - in the socio-political program "Vzglyad". Then, at the invitation of Alexander Lyubimov, he performed a parody of the Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev - this was the first parody of a senior official in the USSR, shown on TV.
The artist himself noted that he considers his creative mentor Vladimir Vinokur (whom he later also successfully parodied): "He is a vital person for my destiny. Although he never persuaded anyone to take me to any program. But there was some mentoring on his part. As a student, I came to his solo performances, went backstage, saw the whole backstage life. "
From 1996 to 2004 he took part in the filming of the comic show "Full House". He also participated in many other humorous and satirical programs. In particular, his parody voice acting in the TV show "Dolls" on the NTV channel enjoyed great success (he worked in the program in 1994-1995, voicing dolls of famous politicians).
As a rule, politicians liked his parodies: "Some even said that they should pay me for promotion. I never refused, but for some reason I never received money from anyone," said the artist. "We met with Boris Nikolaevich after the concert, he liked my parody of Mikhail Sergeevich most of all. Leshchenko and Vinokur even came to my stage with bouquets, having listened to" Vovchik and Levchik. "And, unfortunately, I never crossed paths with Gorbachev. they said that one channel invited him to a program dedicated to the First Congress of People's Deputies, and he replied: “Well, how can we do without you?” - “And you invite Grushevsky.” If this is so, then I’m pleased, damn it ! ", - recalled Mikhail Hrushevsky.
In 2007 he hosted the talk show "Babi Revolt" on the REN TV channel. In 2008 he took part in the First Channel reality show The Last Hero.
In 2013-2014, he took part in the First Channel project "Repeat!" (in the category "Telephone draw" he played it with the voice of the showman Alexander Gudkov), Ilya Reznik, Frunzik Mkrtchyan (the character of the actor from the movie "Mimino" was parodied), Yevgeny Leonov (the voice of Winnie the Pooh voiced by Leonov was parodied), Lev Leshchenko (performed the original song by Leshchenko "Coward does not play hockey").
Mikhail Hrushevsky - a parody of Vladimir Zhirinovsky
Mikhail Grushevsky - a parody of Arkady Raikin
"I can make fun both at the stadium and on the square. But I like chamber formats - clubs. I feel comfortable when the audience can drink," Mikhail pointed out.
He starred in several films. In particular, he played the role of composer Nikita Bogoslovsky in the television series "Star of the Epoch". He played himself in the series "Civil Marriage".
In 2014 he opened a holiday agency "Dream is served!" (the first event was his own wedding).
The growth of Mikhail Hrushevsky: 173 centimeters.
Personal life of Mikhail Hrushevsky:
He was married twice.
First wife - Irina Mironova, director-clip maker. They were married from 2001 to 2012. The couple had a daughter, Daria, in 2002. According to the stories of people from the inner circle of the couple, family life was fraught with constant conflicts, which is why they eventually parted.
“Fortunately, I have the opportunity to actively participate in my daughter’s life. Actually, because of her, I kept this marriage, which cracked for a long time. And then it finally burst completely,” the artist said.
Second wife - Evgenia Guslyarova, translator from of English language, marketer. Their romance began in May 2014. For some time they lived in a civil marriage. They got married on January 31, 2015. On May 21, 2015, their son Mikhail Grushevsky Jr. was born.
A longtime fan of the Moscow football club CSKA. Frequent guest and guest author of many sports TV programs and publications.
In 2013, Mikhail Hrushevsky found himself at the epicenter of a scandal. He was offered to take part in the filming of the pilot episode of the show "An Evening with a Comedian" on one of the Ukrainian TV channels. The interview program was supposed to take place in the salon of a white limousine that drives around Moscow. But then one of the Russian TV channels aired a program dedicated to show business, which used excerpts from scenes with the participation of Mikhail Grushevsky and his young journalist interlocutor. All this was accompanied by comments about the love of the famous parodist and his life on a grand scale. After that, Mikhail Grushevsky applied to the Presnensky Court of Moscow with a claim for the protection of dignity, honor and business reputation.
Mikhail Hrushevsky was born in Kholm, (Poland, now Chelm, Polish Chełm). His father was a teacher at the Greek-Uniate gymnasium. He spent his youth in the Caucasus, where he studied at the Tiflis gymnasium.
In 1886-1890 he studied at the philological faculty of Kiev University. For his student work "Essay on the history of the Kiev land from the death of Yaroslav to the end of the XIV century." received a gold medal and was left at the university.
After graduating from the university, Hrushevsky published articles in "Kievskaya Starina", "Notes of the Shevchenko Scientific Society", published two volumes of materials in the "Archive of Southwest Russia" (part VIII, vol. I and II). The preface to these materials was the master's thesis of Hrushevsky, entitled "Barskoe Starostvo" (Kiev, 1894).
The theory of ethnogenesis of the Ukrainian people
In his works, Hrushevsky developed his theory of the origin and development of the statehood of Kievan Rus and its people.
Grushevsky and the Russophiles
In 1894, a department of general history was opened at Lviv University with a special review of the history of Eastern Europe, which was occupied by Hrushevsky.
In Lvov, Hrushevsky wrote and published his historical works "Vimki from Zherel to the History of Ukraine-Rus" (1895), "Inventories of the King in the Lands of Rus' of the 16th century." (1895-1903, 4 vols.), "Development and materials before the history of Ukraine-Rus" (1896-1904, 5 vols.) And began working on his main work - the eight-volume "History of Ukraine-Rus".
Gradually, Hrushevsky became the leader of the entire scientific and cultural life of Galicia: from 1895 he worked as the editor of the "Notes of the Scientific Association in the name of Shevchenko", and in 1897 he was elected chairman of this society. He recruited the leaders of the national movement of Galicia, Franko and Pavlik, into the society. In 1899, Hrushevsky actively participated in the creation of the Ukrainian National Democratic Party in Galicia.
In 1906, Kharkiv University awarded Grushevsky an honorary doctorate in Russian history. In 1908, while continuing to be a professor at Lviv University and chairman of the "Science Partnership", Hrushevsky put up his candidacy for the department at Kiev University, but was refused.
In 1914, after 20 years of work at Lviv University, he moved to live in Kiev, where he directed the activities of the "Science Partnership in Kiev", transfers the publication of the "Literary and Science Newsletter" here. He was arrested in December 1914 on charges of espionage for Austria-Hungary and after several months in prison he was expelled by order of the head of the Kiev military district to Simbirsk, as stated in the order, "during the state of the localities from which he was expelled, under martial law." In exile he wrote the historical drama "Khmelnitsky in Pereyaslav" and "Yaroslav Osmomisl", the plot of which was the entry in the Ipatiev Chronicle about the expulsion of Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl by the Galicians in 1173 for marrying the daughter of a "smerd" in the presence of a living princess.
At the end of 1915, Grushevsky managed to obtain permission (with the help of Academician A. A. Shakhmatov) to move to Kazan, a year later - to Moscow, where he lived until the February revolution.
Period after the February Revolution of 1917
After the February Revolution on March 4, 1917, representatives of the largest parties in Ukraine created the Central Rada in Kiev. Grushevsky was elected its chairman in absentia and arrived in Kiev on March 14.
At the beginning of April 1917, the Founding Congress of the Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (UPSR) was held, one of the founders of which was Hrushevsky (together with N. Kovalevsky, P. Khristiuk, V. Golubovich, N. Shrag, N. Shapoval, etc.)
As chairman of the Central Rada, Hrushevsky negotiated with the Provisional Government of Russia on granting autonomy to Ukraine.
On November 25, 1917, according to the results of general elections, Hrushevsky was elected to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly in Kiev District No. 1 - Ukrainian Social Revolutionaries, Selyanskaya split, Ukrainian Social Democrats.
At the end of March 1919 he left for Austria, created in Vienna the Ukrainian Sociological Institute - the ideological center of the Ukrainian nationalist counter-revolution. After several appeals by Hrushevsky to the Ukrainian Soviet government, in which he condemned his counter-revolutionary activities, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in 1924 allowed him to return to his homeland for scientific work. He was a professor of history at Kiev State University, was elected an academician of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, head of the historical and philological department. He headed the archaeographic commission of the VUAN, the purpose of which was to create a scientific description of publications printed on the territory of ethnographic Ukraine in the 16th-18th centuries. Under this commission, on the occasion of the 350th anniversary of the printing business in Ukraine, a committee was created, the secretary of which was V. Barvinok.
Since 1930, Hrushevsky has been subjected to repression and persecution by the security forces. He was accused of "counter-revolutionary activities" and charged with participation in the anti-Soviet Ukrainian National Center, including demanded that he confess to organizing terrorist acts and attempts on leading party leaders. Most of his students, who worked with him during the 1920s, were also persecuted. Almost all of Hrushevsky's employees were repressed. From 1930 he worked in Moscow under the close supervision of the OGPU.
One of the most implacable opponents of Grushevsky was the famous orientalist A.E. Krymsky, among the more tolerant opponents who partially shared his ideas, one can name A.P. Ogloblina. In 1929 Grushevsky was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
He died in 1934 from blood poisoning in Kislovodsk, was buried with honors.
Family fate
“Repressed posthumously” - at the end of the 1930s all his works were banned, many relatives (including his daughter, also a famous historian) were repressed and died. During the persecution of members of the Hrushevsky family, the testimony of his former student (and at the same time an NKVD informant, and later a Ukrainian collaborator) KF Shteppa was used.
Memory
In Lviv, on the territory of the estate where he lived until 1914, the Hrushevsky Museum operates today. Monuments were erected to him in Lvov and Kiev.