The infinitive translated from Latin means "indefinite". It is more habitual to hear and use the term indefinite form of the verb. The verb infinitive in Russian is an interesting and complex phenomenon.
Linguistics about the infinitive
The infinitive denotes the action of the verb, always answers the questions of what to do? (unsov. in.) or what to do? (Sov. century).
Linguists have different opinions about the functions and use of the infinitive. The final ones cause discussion. Some argue that this is a suffix, while opponents call it an ending.
A word in this form also denotes an action, but without relation to a person, number, grammatical tense and mood. The infinitive cannot define these impermanent attributes. But there are permanent grammatical features, they are determined. This is a kind, transition, conjugation.
Any verb in the dictionary is represented by the infinitive form. As for a noun, the initial form is the nominative case, so for the verb - the infinitive.
In the linguistic dictionary, you can find out that historically this is not the verb form, but the form of the noun 3 declension in the indirect case (know - nobility, become - stat, stove - furnace). In this, linguistic scholars are almost unanimous.
In syntax, the infinitive also shows its originality. Nominal origin allows different members of the sentence to act in a sentence.
Infinitive - subject and predicate
The infinitive subject in a two-part sentence usually takes a position before the predicate. It can be easily replaced with a verbal noun.
Example.
Smoking is prohibited here. (Wed. Smoking is prohibited here.)
Smoking is harmful to health. (Smoking is bad for your health.)
The infinitive can be part of a simple verbal predicate (future complex tense, pronounced oblique). The lexical meaning expresses the imperfective verb in an indefinite form, and the grammatical meaning is the conjugated verb to be.
Example.
I will speak to the whole world.
Smoke will curl by the river.
In a compound verb predicate, the infinitive is an indispensable component that contains the lexical meaning.
Example.
I could not look around for a long time.
I was ready to love the whole world.
Infinitive as complement
This word form can denote an action as an object of someone's activity.
Example.
The beginning of the rain forced me to return to the tent.
My father asked me (about what?) To put the kettle on.
The addition should not be confused with the predicate. Actions are performed by different objects. (Father asks, and I will put the kettle on).
Infinitive as a definition
Often a verb in an indefinite form refers to a noun and is an inconsistent definition.
Example.
The regiment received an order (what order?) To cross the river.
Infinitive as a circumstance
The indefinite form appears in the sentence in the role of the circumstance of the goal. She explains the predicate with the meaning of the movement, answers the questions of the circumstances of the goal. A circumstance can be easily converted into a subordinate clause.
Example.
I went out into the air (why?) To freshen up. (I went outside to freshen up).
The doctor stopped by to arrange a vacation. (The doctor stopped by to arrange a vacation.)
The infinitive is the main member of a one-part sentence.
I like to sleep sweetly, but I am ashamed to get up late. (Definitely personal).
Listen, you must know the honor. (Impersonal).
Our language keeps many secrets, the verb infinitive in Russian is not the last riddle.
Morphology of the Russian literary language *
VERB
Conjugation of verbs
Infinitive
In the verb conjugation system, the infinitive opposes predicative and attributive forms, which express a process in a certain relation to a person or an object. In contrast to them, the infinitive itself does not express any syntactic relations to other words of speech and is the most general abstract expression of the process: work, read, carry, seek, go, guard, interfere, lie etc. Thus, according to its grammatical meaning, the infinitive is a negative verb form.
The relation of the infinitive to the other forms of the verb can be compared with the relation of the nominative case of nouns to the indirect cases. Both of these forms in relation to other forms of the same words are negative, or "direct" forms, which only express the signs they designate as a process or object, without indicating their relation to other words of speech. Due to the grammatical proximity of the nominative case of the noun and the infinitive of the verbs, which is also reflected in their syntactic use, nouns in the nominative case, denoting actions in distraction from the person or object that produce them, for example: working, reading, walking, smoking etc., converge in meaning with the infinitives of verbs denoting the same actions without indicating the person or object that produces them: work, read, walk, smoke etc. The main difference between them lies in the way of expressing the designated feature - action. A noun, denoting an action, expresses it as an object, and the infinitive expresses the same action as a process. As a form expressing an object, the nominative case opposes the indirect cases of the noun, indicating the different relations of this object to other words of speech. The infinitive, being an expression of the process, opposes other forms of the verb, as forms that express the relationship of the process to a person or object.
Since the infinitive is a form that does not express relations to other words of speech, it can act, like a noun in the nominative case, as a subject of a sentence: It is forbidden to smoke, but you will be scared to die too.(A. Chekhov), Redeeming free was his cherished dream.(I. Goncharov), It would be the business of his friends to write his biography.(A. Pushkin) Living life is not a field to cross(last). In addition, the infinitive can be used in the role of secondary members of a sentence (but not definitions and circumstances, for which the verb has special forms - participle and participle): He will come to say goodbye, I lay down to rest, The doctor ordered the patient to lie down, He loves to play the violin, Well, you are a master of singing songs!
In emotional speech, the infinitive is widely used in the meaning of the predicative forms of the verb. So, it can act in the meaning of the indicative mood: I called out to him, and he ran! Thrush to grieve, thrush to yearn! The infinitive with negation and less often without negation can be used in the meaning of the imperative mood: Keep quiet! Don't talk! Do not indulge! Be silent! Sit quietly! and etc.
Such a variety in the syntactic use of the infinitive is explained by its grammatical meaning as a form that does not express any definite syntactic relation. For the same reason, it is used to form analytical forms of verb conjugation, for example, a complex future tense: I will read, I will work, or complex forms of the imperative mood: let's work, let's read... In these forms, the infinitive is the carrier of only real meaning and non-syntactic formal meanings, and formal syntactic meanings are expressed by the auxiliary particles or words attached to it.
Infinitive formation
The infinitive form is formed by suffixes -ty, -sti (-t), -ty, -ch... Of all these suffixes, only one suffix is productive. -t... Through it, the infinitive is formed for all verbs of the productive classes: play, whiten, draw, whiten, push, as well as for most of the verbs of unproductive classes: knit, prick, shout, woe, freeze, de-t,-beat, lose etc. Other suffixes of the infinitive -sti (-is), -ty, -ch unproductive: they are presented in a small group of verbs, and only verbs of unproductive classes.
Infinitive with suffix -sti (-sti) have verbs with a non-derivative stem past. and present time. on consonants b, s, h: rowing, rowing-ut - sin-sti; scraper, scraper-ut - scratches; nes, nes-ut - to carry; pass, pass-ut - pas-sti; drove, drove-ut - ve-zti, climb, climb-ut - climb and others. An exception is only one verb with a stem on b: -shib, -shib-ut - -shibit... In addition to these verbs, by means of the suffix -sti (-sti) the infinitive is also formed by verbs with a non-derivative stem of the present. time. on consonants t, d, n, falling out in the basis of the past. time: met-ut, me-l - me-sti; whip-ut, ple-l - ple-sti; treasure-ut, kla-l - kl-st; strand-ut, strand-l - strand; klyan-ut, klya-l - oath; ed-yat, e-l - e-st etc. All verbs that have a suffix -sti (-sti) except for the isolated verb there is, belong to the III unproductive class.
Of the two variants of the infinitive suffix -sti and -there option -there have fixed-stress verbs based on the past tense: gry "z, gry" evil - gry "zt; kla" l, kla "li - kla" st; se "l, se" li - se "st and others, as well as one verb in which, due to the loss of a fluent vowel at the base of the past tense, the stress is transferred to the ending: -chel, -chli "- -che" st (for-, pro, y-)... Another variation of this suffix -sti presented in verbs with a past tense stress on the ending (except, of course, the masculine form, where, due to the lack of an ending, the stress naturally stands on the basis): rowing "- row", carried "- carry", carried "- carry", stranded "- revenge"etc. Option -sti always has a stress on itself and only for verbs with a prefix you- stressing itself, it is unstressed: row "- you" row, carry "- you" carry, ve "sti - you" carry etc.
With suffix -night the infinitive is formed in verbs with a non-derivative stem of the past and present tense ending in the posterior palate To and G: pek, pek-ut - peck; attracted, attracted-ut - attracted; shore, shore-ut - take care; burned, zhg-ut - the same and others. These verbs also belong to the III unproductive class. But besides them, the suffix -night in the infinitive has another verb of the II unproductive class, which in the past tense has a non-derivative stem to the posterior palatine G, and in the present tense the derivative stem with the suffix -n-: achieved - achieved-ut - achieved... Parallel to to attain the infinitive form, usual for the II unproductive class, is also used reach.
Infinitive suffix -th presented in only one isolated verb: walk - walk - go-ti(spelling ... go and go).
When forming an infinitive, these suffixes, as a rule, are appended to the base of the past tense. From this stem, the infinitive is formed for all verbs of the productive classes: game-l - play, whit-l - whit, rice-l - draw, whit-l - whit, push-l - push, and most of the verbs of the unproductive classes: elm-l - knit-th, col-l - col-th, shout-l - shout-th, woe-l - woe, de-l - de-th, zh-l - live etc. But for some verbs of unproductive classes, the infinitive suffix is attached to a stem other than the stem of the past tense. These are, firstly, almost all verbs of the II unproductive class (except put, become, erase), i.e. verbs with a non-derivative past tense and a derivative present stem with a suffix -n-: they form the infinitive of the singular stem with the suffix -Well-, cf .: black - blekn-ut - blek-well-ty, drog - drogn-ut - drogn-ut - drog-well, chilly - chilly-ut - chilly-well, lethargic - vyan-ut - vya-well and etc.; secondly, most of the verbs of the III unproductive class, namely, verbs with a non-derivative basis of the past and present tense into consonants k, d, b, s, h, in which the infinitive is formed from the stem without these consonants: pek - pek-ut - pe-ch, guard - guard-ut - stere-ch, row - row-ut - sin-sti, carried - carry-ut - not-st, carried - carry-ut - ve-zti etc., then the verb -shib - -shib-ut, in which the infinitive is formed from the stem with the suffix -and-: -shib-and -th, - and finally, verbs with a non-derivative consonant stem R forming an infinitive from stem to vowel -: ter - tr-ut - ter-e-th, lane - pr-ut - lane-e-th and etc.; thirdly, one isolated verb forms an infinitive not from the stem of the past tense, but from the stem of the present tense, cf .: walk - id-ut - id-ty.
Forms of the verb
A distinctive feature of verbs is that they have special predicative forms, i.e. forms in which the verb acts as a predicate in a sentence. Other parts of speech by themselves cannot be predicates, because they do not have such forms. Nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs act as predicates only with the help of a special service word-link, which expresses the predicative forms they lack, cf.: Here the city will be founded in spite of the arrogant neighbor... (A. Pushkin), You will look like a hero... (M.Lermontov) etc. Thus, by the formation of predicative forms, the verb opposes the rest of the speech, as a part of speech that has predicative forms, parts of speech that do not have these forms.
Predicative forms of the verb are expressed in special forms called inclinations... Through these forms, differences in the nature of the statement are indicated, which is expressed by the verb, as the predicate of the sentence, in relation to the reality or unreality of this statement. In modern Russian, there are three main forms of mood: indicative, conditional and imperative.
Indicative means that the process expressed by the verb is considered as real, as really happening, for example: He wrote a letter, He writes a letter, He will write a letter; or: He didn't write a letter, He won't write a letter etc. The indicative mood is opposed by the conditional and imperative mood.
Conditional mood means that the process expressed by the verb is not considered as real, but as intended, for example: He would write to you, If only he wrote, You would write to us something, I would write if I was not so busy; and others. In the same way, the process in imperative mood expressing a motivation for action: Write a letter, let's write, let him write... Expressing the speaker's volitional attitude to a person prompted to action, the imperative mood is an emotional, expressive form and in this respect opposes the indicative and conditional moods, which are not forms of will.
Indicative tense forms
The indicative mood is expressed in tense forms indicating the time when the process expressed by the verb takes place. The designation of the process time is made in relation to the moment of speech, i.e. in relation to the time at which the speaker is speaking. Consequently, the forms of time indicate the relationship between the time of the process and the moment of speech. In relation to the moment of speech, the process can be designated either as occurring before it, or simultaneously with it, or after it, or, finally, the process can be designated as occurring regardless of the moment of speech. In Russian, the forms of time have only an indicative mood, while in the conditional and imperative moods they are absent, and the process expressed in these moods is always designated as occurring regardless of the moment of speech. The indicative mood, thus, as a form denoting the time of the process in relation to the moment of speech, opposes the conditional and imperative moods, as forms denoting a process that takes place without regard to the time of speech.
In modern Russian, the indicative mood has three forms of time: past, present and future. Their formation and meaning are closely related to the type of the verb. All three forms of tense are found only in imperfective verbs, while perfect verbs form only two tenses: the past and the future.
The past tense means that the process expressed by the verb preceded the moment of speech. Moreover, in imperfect verbs, the process is expressed as unfolding in the past without indicating its completeness, for example: In the evening, do you remember, the blizzard was angry, there was a haze in the dull sky, the moon, like a pale spot, looked through the dark clouds ...(A. Pushkin) In the case of perfect verbs, the process is designated as finished by the time of speech, at the moment of reaching the limit: I took your book, Clouds hung over the forest, A delegation arrived in Moscow, Father went on a business trip... Designating the process completed by the moment of speech, the perfective verbs in the form of the past tense can express that the results of this process exist at the very moment of speech. Therefore, the examples given may mean: "I have your book", "clouds over the forest", "father is currently on a business trip."
Only imperfective verbs have the present tense form. The main temporal meaning of this form is the expression of a process that takes place regardless of the moment of speech, constantly or usually, cf.: The earth revolves around the sun, the Volga flows into the Caspian Sea, Fish swim, and birds fly, The tram stops at our very house, He often comes to us etc. Designating a process that occurs constantly or usually, this form thereby includes in the total time of the course of the process and the time that coincides with the moment of speech. This meaning of this form allows it to be used in the meaning of the present tense itself, i.e. to express the process occurring simultaneously with the moment of speech: I am flying quickly on cast-iron rails, I think my own thoughts.(N. Nekrasov), And now look out the window: under the blue skies of magnificent tents, glistening in the sun, snow lies, the transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the frost, and the river glistens under the ice... (A. Pushkin) The meaning of the present tense, therefore, is a particular, although not a rare case of using this form. Only this form can denote the process that takes place at the moment of speech, which is why it is called the form of the present tense.
The meaning of the form of the present tense also allows it to be used to express the process that occurs during the time preceding the moment of speech. This happens, for example, when the speaker, reporting about the past, depicts it as if it happened in present time, cf .: I went to him, I call, I knock: no one opens it ... In this case, the time of the process does not correlate with the moment of speech, but with the time of any event or process that occurred before it. For verbs with the meaning of movement, the present tense form can denote a process that takes place immediately, in the near future after the moment of speech, for example: Tell me I'm going now, Tomorrow we're going out of town, I'm running, I'm running!
The form of the future tense means that the time of the process expressed by the verb will follow the moment of speech. The form of the future tense has such a meaning, strictly speaking, only for imperfect verbs, i.e. the so-called future is complex, for example: I will think that you miss in a foreign land.(M.Lermontov), He will constantly put them in a quandary.(Ch. Uspensky) , You will be neatly getting the same as before.(A. Chekhov) The future tense of perfective verbs (the so-called future simple) is similar in its temporal meaning to the meaning of the present tense form of imperfective verbs, just as these forms are similar in their formation. Namely, in perfective verbs, the form of the future tense means that the time of the process is irrespective of the moment of speech, cf.: Whatever he notices or hears about Olga, he writes about it.(A. Pushkin), Tatyana into the forest ... then a long branch will suddenly hook her by the neck, then she will tear the golden earrings out of her ears by force, then a wet shoe will bog down from the sweet leg in the fragile snow, then she will drop her handkerchief, she has no time to pick it up... (A. Pushkin) However, unlike the present tense, this form denotes the process in its completeness, and this allows us to represent it as carried out in the future, i.e. as finished after the moment of speech: In the morning the ray of the day will flash and a bright day will sparkle; and I - perhaps, I will descend into the mysterious shade of the tomb, and the memory of the young poet will be swallowed up by the slow Leta, the world will forget me... (A. Pushkin) According to the expression of the process in its completeness after the moment of speech, the future tense of perfect verbs (future simple) opposes the future tense of imperfective verbs (future complex), which also means that the process will occur after the moment of speech, but not contains indications of the completeness, completeness of this process. Thus, the future tense form of perfective verbs is correlative, on the one hand, with the present tense form and, on the other hand, with the future tense form of imperfective verbs.
To be continued
* From the book: Avanesov R.I., Sidorov V.N. An outline of the grammar of the Russian literary language. Part I. Phonetics and morphology. M .: Uchpedgiz, 1945.
This article will walk you through the infinitive in English language.
An infinitive is an indefinite form of a verb. This form expresses action, but does not show a person or a number. The infinitive answers the questions "what to do?", "What to do?": to run- run / run, to cook- cook / cook. In a sentence, the infinitive can be used with a particle to and without it. In the article "" we talked in detail about these rules.
The infinitive is free to "travel" around the sentence. Usually he performs the role:
- Subject
To walk alone late at night is very dangerous. - Walk alone late at night is very dangerous.
- Predicate parts
My decision is to stay here for a couple of days. - My decision - to stay here for a couple of days.
- Supplements
Many people hate to lose... - Many people hate lose.
- Definitions
She was the best to solve this problem. - She's the best decided this task.
- Circumstances
You can break this model. It was made to be tested... - You can break this model. She was done for testing.
We now turn to the most interesting part of our article - the infinitive forms.
Infinitive forms in English
In English, the infinitive has no less than four forms: simple ( simple), long ( continuous), perfect ( perfect), perfect long-term ( perfect continuous). They can exist in real ( active) and passive voice ( passive).
Let's look at the table in which the verb is presented to ask(ask) in different forms.
| Infinitive | Simple | Continuous | Perfect | Perfect continuous |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active | to ask | to be asking | to have asked | to have been asking |
| Passive | to be asked | to be being asked | to have been asked | to have been being asked |
There is no such variety of infinitive forms in Russian as in English. For this reason, when translating, we will most often use a simple infinitive or a verb in a personal form.
For the sake of fairness, it should be said that long and perfect long passive infinitives are used extremely rarely in English.
Let's find out in more detail about the forms themselves and the cases of their use:
- Simple Infinitive- simple infinitive
This is the form we are used to seeing in the dictionary. It is usually used to indicate an action in the present or future tense.
I am really glad to see you again. - I am very happy see you again.
This work should be done immediately. - This work follows do immediately.
- Continuous Infinitive- long infinitive
A long infinitive indicates a continuous action. This infinitive, like a simple one, denotes an action in the present or future tense.
He must be still reading a magazine. - He probably still is reading magazine.
Please note that according to the classical rules between the particle to and other words are not used as infinitives. But in modern spoken language, an adverb may appear between them. This construction of the sentence is not considered a mistake, but in formal English it is better to avoid splitting the infinitive.
- Perfect infinitive- perfect infinitive
The perfect infinitive refers to an action that happened before the moment of speech indicated in the sentence or before another action.
I am sorry to have told him this secret. - I'm sorry that I told to him this secret.
There is a drawing on the table. This sketch must have been made by George. - There is a drawing on the table. This sketch must be was made George.
- Perfect Continuous Infinitive- perfect long infinitive
This infinitive indicates an action that lasts until a certain moment or other action in the present.
He is dissatisfied to have been living here for five years. - He is very unhappy that lives here for five years.
In conclusion, we invite you to watch a video in which the teacher Alex talks about the features of the infinitives in the active and passive voice. And don't forget to take a little test to help you remember the infinitive forms better.
Test
The infinitive in English: forms and their use
The study begins with this mysterious form. To find it correctly in context, you need to know exactly what is the infinitive in Russian. The concept of "verb infinitive" exists in such a position of this part of speech, in which it is impossible to determine the time of performance of the action, and which subject performs it. To the question of what form of the verb the infinitive is, there is a specific answer: the initial form.
In contact with
Translated from the Latin language, it sounds like this: "indefinite". The questions that the initial form answers are: what to do? and what to do? Such parts of speech represent the action in a generalized way, without pointing to a specific person. This generalized action is the grammatical verb meaning for the infinitive. There are several meanings, and they are permanent. By a word standing in an indefinite form, its type is determined. Examples of such a dependence of the type on the question:
- Drawing - what to do? - imperfect view.
- Draw - what to do? - perfect view.
Important! The definition of the verb form depends on the C prefix - in the question.
Recognition
Suffixes
All personal forms have one feature: each of them has its own indefinite. Answers the infinitive to questions with suffixes -ty or -ty. Knowing that these are infinitive suffixes, you can easily parse it morpheme. These suffixes are formative. There are others infinitive suffixes that pass into the rest of the morphemes:
- -va- - -iva,
- -ova- - eva-.
Particular attention should be paid to the suffix -ch. This part came from the Old Church Slavonic language and is used in some words in the present tense as well. But the alternating h // k is included in the root.
Categories
How to determine the number, mood, face? This is also impossible to do. The only exceptions can be the following categories:
- View (speak - speak);
- Recurrence (cut - cut);
- Transition (read, sunbathe).
Indefinite helps to determine the conjugation of the form of the verb in which the personal endings are unstressed.
Important! The conjugation rule is based on where the word ends.
Education
This fact is noteworthy: from the base of the initial, the formation of all verb forms occurs. This function can be performed by the stem of verbs in the present tense. In this case, the infinitive takes on education:
- past tense;
- subjunctive mood;
- in the past time;
- past participles.
Responsible for the formation of all other verb forms the basis of the present.
Syntactic role
In terms of its role in a sentence, an infinitive is a movable part of speech. He can be in the role any member of the proposal. How to define this function is clearly seen in specific examples.
- Predictable: To live - to serve the Motherland. It is suggested to turn off cell phones.
- Subject: Shouting is prohibited.
- Inconsistent definition: An attempt to leave the event unnoticed proved to be impossible.
- Addition: I advise you to follow his instructions.
- Circumstance: We went to our favorite lake to swim.
Subject infinitive
Features of some members of the proposal
If the infinitive acts as a predicate, then it will denote an action performed either by the subject itself, or by the person to whom it pointed. When it acts as a circumstance, most often attention is focused on the purpose for which the action of the object is performed. When completing, one more is connected actor, about which there can even be no question, only the narration of its action is being conducted.
Infinitive as predicate
Punctuation
When the rule of setting a dash between the subject and the predicate is studied, attention is focused on the indefinite form of the verb. If both the subject and the predicate are expressed by this, then a dash between them is necessary. A striking example of such a syntactic construction is the appeal from the Ministry of Health, which is familiar to every citizen who cares about their health. (Smoking is harmful to health!).
Infinitive as a circumstance
Finding the base
Knowing the features of the formation of an unchangeable part of speech, it is easy to find its basis. it necessary for education such as participle and gerunds. For example, take the verb "did". It is in the singular, feminine and past tense. The stem must not contain an ending and a past tense suffix. Thus, removing the ending –а and the suffix –л-, we can easily obtain the required basis of the infinitive: “do-”.
Unmistakable definition
Every student should find the initial shape and know how to put a verb in it. Knowing that the morphemes -ty and -ti are suffixes of an indefinite form of a verb, one can accurately determine that this is an infinitive. Now you can ask questions: "what to do?" or "what to do?" For example, the verb "draw" requires the question "what to do?" And for "drawing" only the question "what am I doing?" Thus, the first word is an indefinite form, because in the second case the first person and the singular are easily determined. There are no such categories in the verb "to draw", it is indefinite.
Infinitive as a definition
What's with the ending?
Until now, there have been heated debates among linguists about whether there is infinitive ending... According to the law of the appearance of this morpheme, any part of speech must change. But uncertainty is precisely the feature of its initial, unchangeable form. If so, where does the ending come from?
Output
Of course, the spelling of any part of speech requires specific knowledge and their application. But there is no such morphological unit to which there would be the same close attention as to the verb in its initial position. This category also has another name: initial form.
Infinitive(from Lat. infinitus - indefinite) - an indefinite form of a verb that calls an action or a procedural state without indicating the time of the action, its relation to reality and to the subject of the action. The infinitive answers the questions what to do? what to do?: love, be, say.
As the most abstract, most generalized verb form, infinitive is opposed to a complex of personal forms. is the most "pure" representative of the lexical meaning. He expresses the general grammatical meaning of the verb(action value) and has only those morphological features which are constant for all verb forms: recurrence, transitivity, type, conjugation.
In relation to personal forms, it is characterized by a high degree of regularity: in the Russian language there are almost no personal forms of the verb, from which it is impossible to form an infinitive and vice versa.
opposed to the personal forms of the verb, because it has no number, no face, no mood, no tense. Only categories of the form ( write - write), grammatical meanings of recurrence ( build - build) and transitivity ( paint, lie) related to the category of collateral.
By means education infinitive, as a verb form, are the suffixes -th(do, sleep, live, nag) and -th (carry, crawl, go).
Most vowel stem infinitives have suffix -th... For some verbs, this suffix can also appear after a consonant: gnaw, lay. Suffix -ty(more ancient) can be found in a small group of verbs with a consonant stem. This suffix is always stressed. Some forms from -ti have options with -th:carry - carry(were distributed in literary language in the nineteenth century). Suffixes -th and -these formative and therefore are not included in the base of the infinitive.
In Russian there is verb infinitives ending with at night(protect, guard, oven). In these verbs, -ch is part of the root. Such infinitives are formed from the personal forms of verbs in -г, -к, -х with alternation: shore - take care, bake - bake. The ancient forms of these verbs are take care, bake. As a result of historical changes, the combinations of [rt] and [kt] formed the sound [h]. In ancient forms, the morphemic composition is clear: [r] and [k] are part of the root, and [t] is part of the suffix.
In addition to the formative suffixes -th and -ty, the infinitive is characterized by the suffixes -a, -e, -i, -va-, -iva-, -ova-, -eva-, -nu-, etc.: hear, sit, saw, use, grieve, rest, etc.
In a sentence, the infinitive can function as any member of the sentence. Most often it is part of the predicate.
The girl began to write poetry at the age of 6 simultaneously in Russian, in German and in French (predicate).
And the queen laugh and shrug her shoulders (predicate).
No smoking (subject).
Another attempt at rest was unsuccessful (inconsistent definition).
I invite you to sit and be silent (addition).
We went to some kind of ditch to shoot and swim in a small river (circumstance).
As the subject can be an independent infinitive. Usually it is in front of the predicate and is separated from it by a pause during pronunciation, and by a dash in writing.
, predicate, denotes the action of the person named the subject.
Infinitive that performs the syntactic function of a circumstance purpose, refers to the verbal predicate denoting movement. In some cases, such an infinitive can be replaced with a noun.
Infinitive as complement denotes the action of another person, sometimes not named at all.
All forms of the verb are formed from two stems: infinitive stems and present tense stems.
From the infinitive stem the infinitive itself, the past tense and the subjunctive mood, the participle and the past participle, from foundations of the present- present, imperative, present participle and participle.
To find the base of the infinitive, from the form singular the feminine gender of the past tense, we subtract the final -la: say, said - the basis of the infinitive skaz -.
To find the foundation of the present, subtract -at or -ut from the 3rd person plural form of the present tense: say, say - the basis of the present tense say-.
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