Names and titles
How to inflect surnames (difficult cases)
A source:N.A.Eskova. Difficulties of inflection of nouns. Teaching materials for practical training in the course "Language of the modern press". USSR State Press Committee. All-Union Institute for Advanced Training of Press Workers. M., 1990.
13.0. The book by L. P. Kalakutskaya "Declination of surnames and personal names in the Russian literary language" is devoted to this issue. M., 1984. This basic research based on rich material. This section briefly discusses only the main issues, with attention focused on the most difficult and controversial ones. Surnames and first names are considered separately.
13.1. Decline of surnames
13.1.1. The vast majority of Russian surnames have formal indicators - suffixes -ov- (-ev-), -in-, -sk-: Lermontov, Turgenev, Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Kramskoy. All such surnames are inclined. At the same time, they form two correlative systems of forms - masculine and feminine, naming, respectively, males and females. A single system of plural forms corresponds to both systems.
Note. All this - with the exception of the absence of neuter forms - resembles the system of adjective forms. Absolute regularity in the ratio
masculine and feminine surnames, which have no analogies among common nouns, suggests whether surnames should not be considered a special type of "generic" nouns.
13.1.2. Surnames with a formal indicator -sk- inflected in masculine, feminine and plural as adjectives: Dostoevsky, Dostoevsky, Dostoevsky ..., Dostoevsky, Dostoevsky ..., Dostoevsky, Dostoevsky etc.
Russian surnames that are declined as adjectives and do not have an exponent -sk-, relatively few in number; These include: Blagoy, Tolstoy, Borovoy, Coastal, Lanovoy, Armor, Wild, Smooth, Transverse etc. (see the list of such names in the book: A. V. Superanskaya, A. V. Suslova. Modern Russian surnames. M., 1981. S. 120-122).
13.1.3. Surnames with indicators -ow- and -in- have a special declension in the masculine gender, which is not found either among personal names or among common nouns. It combines the endings of masculine nouns of the second declension and adjectives. fathers. The declension of surnames differs from the declension of these nouns by the ending of the instrumental case (cf .: Koltsov, Nikitin - an island, a jug), from the declension of possessive adjectives - by the end of the prepositional case (cf .: about Griboyedov, about Karamzin - about fathers, about mothers).
Relative feminine surnames are declined as possessive adjectives in the feminine form (cf. Rostov and father, Karenina and mother's).
The same must be said about the declension of surnames into -ow and -in in plural (Bazarovs, Rudins lean like fathers, mothers).
13.1.4. All others male surnames, having consonant stems and a zero ending in the nominative case (in writing they end with a consonant letter, b or th), except surnames on -th, -th, declined as masculine nouns of the second declension, that is, they have an ending in the instrumental case th, (th): Herzen, Levitan, Gogol, Vrubel, Hemingway, Gaidai. Such surnames are perceived as "non-Russian".
Relative female surnames are not inclined: Natalia Alexandrovna Herzen, Lyubov Dmitrievna Blok, with Anna Magdalena Bach, with Nadezhda Ivanovna Zabela-Vrubel, about Mary Hemingway, about Zoya Gaidai.
Note. The application of this rule requires knowledge of the gender of the bearer of the surname. The lack of such information puts the writer in a difficult position.
The form in which the surname appears informs the gender of the person concerned. But if the author of the text did not have the necessary information, was not firm in the application of the grammatical rule, or was simply careless, the reader receives false information. Let's give one example. In the weekly "Moscow Says and Shows" in the radio programs on 9.3.84 the following program appeared: "E. Mathis is singing. The program includes songs by W. Mozart, K. Schumann, I. Brahms, R. Strauss ". Who is K. Schumann? It can be assumed that the initial is incorrectly indicated: K. Instead of R. But, it turns out, songs were performed in the program Clara Schumann(wife of Robert Schumann, who was not only a pianist, but also a composer). This is how a grammatical error misleads the reader.
In the plural, surnames of the type under consideration are also declined as masculine nouns: visited the Herzen, the Vrubel, the Gaidaev, wrote to the Blocks, the Hemingway etc.
Note. There are, however, special rules for setting such surnames in some cases in the declined plural form, in others in the non-declining form. These rules, more related to syntax than to morphology, were developed in some detail by D.E. Rosenthal (see: Handbook of spelling and literary editing. M., 1989. S. 191-192, §149, p. 10) ... In accordance with these rules, it is recommended: with Thomas and Heinrich Mannami, but with Robert and Clara Schumann, with the father and son of the Oistrakhs, but father and daughter Gilels. This material is not covered here.
13.1.5. The simple rule laid down in the previous paragraph for declining surnames into consonants that do not have formal indicators -in-, -ov-, turns out to be difficult to apply for some "outlandish" surnames, for example, for those that are homonymous with common nouns or place names declining in the third declension. So, in the grammatical appendix to the "Directory of personal names of the peoples of the RSFSR", difficulties are noted that arise when it is necessary to decline such surnames as Sadness, Love, Astrakhan.
In the same manual, it is stated that for some surnames only the formation of the plural is associated with difficulties (surnames Mustache, Gay, Finger, Snake, Sleep and etc.).
The declension of a number of surnames (both in the singular and in the plural) turns out to be difficult due to the ambiguity whether they should retain the fluency of vowels according to the pattern of homonymous or similar in appearance common nouns (Kravetsa or Kravets - from Kravets, Zhuravela or Crane - from Crane, Mazuroka or Mazurka - from Mazurok etc.).
The resolution of such difficulties cannot be ensured by rules; for this, a dictionary of surnames is required, giving normative recommendations for each word.
13.1.6. A special type is represented by Russian surnames in -s (s), giving out their origin from the genitive (and prepositional) case of the plural of adjectives: White, Black, Twisted, Curly, Long, Red. By strict standards literary language such surnames are not inclined: Chernykh's lectures, Sedykh's novel, Kruchenykh's works etc.
Note. In casual colloquial speech, there is a tendency to inflect such surnames when they belong to men, which is stronger the closer communication with the bearer of the surname is. So, in the now defunct Moscow City Pedagogical Institute. Potemkin students of the forties-fifties listened to lectures Chernykha, passed exams and tests Chernykh etc. (it never occurred to anyone to say otherwise). If this colloquial tendency won out, surnames on -th, -th would cease to differ from other surnames by consonants, which were mentioned in clause 13.1.4.
13.1.7. There are cases when the original form of the surname can be perceived ambiguously from the point of view of its morphological structure. These cases are few, but interesting both linguistically and from the point of view of the practical difficulties that may be associated with them.
There is a problem of differentiating between "Russian" and "non-Russian" surnames on -ow and -in; the latter include, for example, Fleets(German composer), Gutskov(German writer), Cronin(English writer), Darwin, Franklin and so on. From a morphological point of view, "Russianness" or "non-Russianness" is expressed in whether or not a formal indicator stands out in the surname ( -ow- or -in-). If such an indicator stands out, then the instrumental case has an ending -th, and the relative feminine surname is declined (Fonvizin, Fonvizina), if it does not stand out, the instrumental case is formed with the ending oh, and the female surname is not inclined (Virkhov, with Anna Virkhov). Wed "Homonyms": Charles Spencer Chaplin, Hannah Chaplin and Nikolai Pavlovich Chaplin, with Vera Chaplina.
Note. As the material of L.P. Kalakutskaya shows, in some cases, correlative male and female surnames are formed morphologically contradictory (for example, the instrumental case Zeitlin can be combined with non-folding shape Zeitlin female surname). Full ordering here can be achieved only if there is a special dictionary of surnames containing grammatical indications. However, the editor must ensure that morphologically contradictory forms do not occur at least within the same text.
There are non-Russian (mostly German) surnames on -their: Argerich, Dietrich, Freundlich, Ehrlich etc. Regardless of their inherent touch of "foreign language", they cannot be mistaken for Russian surnames on -their because in Russian surnames before the element -their there are practically no soft consonants with hard pairs, since there are few adjectives with such stems in Russian (i.e. such adjectives as blue; and is there a surname Blue and the like?).
But if the final -their the surname is preceded by a hissing or posterior palatal consonant, its belonging to the non-declining type will be undoubted only if it is correlated with the basis of the adjective (for example, Walkers., Smooth); in the absence of this condition, such surnames can be perceived morphologically ambiguously; these include, for example, Khaskhachikh, Tovchikh, Gritskikh. For all the rarity of such cases, one should bear in mind this fundamental possibility.
In very rare cases, surnames can be perceived ambiguously, the original forms of which end in iota (in the letter th) with preceding vowels and or O... For example, surnames such as Topchy, Pobozhiy, Bokiy, Ore can be perceived as having endings -th, -th and hence inflected as adjectives (Topchem, Topchem ..., feminine Trampling, Topchay) and as having a zero ending with a declension pattern of nouns (Topchy, Topchy ..., feminine immutable form Topchy). To resolve such perplexities, again, a dictionary of surnames is needed.
13.1.8. The declension of surnames ending in vowels in the original form does not depend on whether they are male or female.
Note. The material of L.P. Kalakutskaya shows that there is a tendency to extend the ratio that is natural for surnames to consonants, to surnames with a finite a, i.e. bend male surnames without bending female surnames. Editors should do their utmost to eliminate this practice.
Consider surnames for vowels, based on their alphabetic appearance.
13.1.9. Surnames written with e, uh, u, s, u, u at the end, can only be unflinching. These are the names: Dode, Musset, Lancer, Fourier, Meillet, Chabrier, Goethe, Nobile, Carajale, Tarle, Ordzhonikidze, Artmane, Megret, Bossuet, Gretri, Lully, Debussy, Navoi, Modigliani, Gramsci, Galsworthy, Chabundi, Rustaveli, Rustaveli Dzhusoyits, Needly, Lana, Amadou, Show, Mantsu, Nehru, Enescu, Camus, Cornu etc.
13.1.10. Last names with ending O are also unflinching; these are the names Hugo, Clemenceau, La Rochefoucauld, Millau, Picasso, Marlo, Chamisso, Caruso, Leoncavallo, Longfellow, Craft, Dolivo, Durnovo, Khitrovo, Burago, Mertvago.
According to the strict norms of the literary language, this also applies to surnames of Ukrainian origin with a final -NS(among which there are many -enko): Korolenko, Makarenko, Franko, Kvitko, Shepitko, Bondarso, Semashko, Gorbatko, Gromyko.
Note. It is known that in the literary language of the last century, such surnames could be inclined according to the first declension: Korolenki, Korolenka, Korolenkoi. This is no longer considered normative.
13.1.11. The most complex picture is presented by surnames with a final a. In contrast to the previous cases, it is essential here whether a after a vowel or after a consonant, whether the stress falls on this vowel and (in certain cases) what is the origin of the surname.
All surnames ending in a, preceded by vowels (most often at or and), indestructible: Galois, Maurois, Delacroix, Moravia, Eria, Heredia, Gulia.
All surnames ending in unstressed a after consonants, declined according to the first declension: Ribera - Ribera, Ribera, Ribera, Ribera, Seneca - Seneca etc.; the same lean Kafka, Spinoza, Sour cream, Petrarch, Kurosava, Glinka, Deineka, Gulyga, Olesha, Nagnibeda, Okudzhava etc. All such surnames, regardless of origin, are morphologically severable in Russian, that is, the ending is highlighted in them -a.
Among the names with a shock á after the consonants there are both morphologically segmented and non-segmented, that is, non-declining.
Unshackable surnames of French origin: Dumas, Tom, Degas, Luca, Farm, Gamarra, Petipa and etc.
Surnames of a different origin (Slavic, from Eastern languages) are inclined according to the first declension, that is, the stressed ending is isolated in them -а: Mitta - Mitty, Mitte, Mitto, Mitta; these include: Frying pan, Kocherga, Kvasha, Tsadasa, Hamza and etc.
13.1.12. Declination-non-declination of surnames written with a letter I am at the end, depends only on the place of stress and the origin of the surname.
Undeclinable surnames of French origin with an accent at the end: Zola, Troyes.
All other surnames on I am are inclined; such are Smut, Zozulya, Syrokomlya, Gamaleya, Goya, Shengelaya, Danelia, Beria.
Note. Surnames with a final letter I am preceded by a vowel letter, unlike such surnames on a, they are divided into a base ending with a consonant iot, and the ending -a (Gamaleya - Gamale "j-a).
Georgian surnames turn out to be declined or non-declined, depending on the form in which a particular surname is borrowed by the Russian language: surnames on -and I inclined (Danelia), on -ia - unshakable (Gulia).
13.1.13. Of interest is the question of the formation of the plural from declined surnames into -and I). In the grammatical appendix to the "Directory of personal names of the peoples of the RSFSR" such surnames are qualified as non-standard and for them it is recommended as a norm to use the plural form for all cases of a form that matches the original. Surnames taken as samples Winter and Zoya. Recommended: Ivan Petrovich Zima, with Semyon Semyonovich Zoya, Anna Ivanovna Zima, Elena Sergeevna Zoya etc., and for the plural - the forms Winter, Zoya in all cases.
Imagine plural declension of surnames Winter, Zoya really hard. But what about other surnames declining in the first declension, for example, such as Glinka, Deineka, Gulyga, Okudzhava, Olesha, Zozulya, Gamaleya? Is there any confidence that it should be recommended for them to use in all cases the plural of the same form as the original? How should I say: to your beloved Glinka or to your beloved Glinkas ?; met with Deineka or met with Deineks ?; remembered all Okudzhava or remembered all the Okudzhavs? The use of declined forms in these cases is not excluded.
It is more difficult to imagine the plural declension of surnames with an accented ending -á - Shulga, Mitta, Hamza, especially in the genitive case (for all * Shulg, * Mitt, * Hamz?). Here we are faced with a language difficulty (see above, 7.6.). Since such facts are rare and have not been studied by linguists, it is advisable for the editor in such cases to intervene minimally in the author's text.
13.2. Declination of personal names
13.2.1. Personal names do not have significant morphological differences from common nouns. They are not "generic" (it is clear that cases like Alexander and Alexandra, Eugene and Evgeniya, Valery and Valeria do not apply to this phenomenon). Among personal names, there are no words with a special declension (compare what was said above about surnames on -ow and -in). The only feature of personal names is the absence of neuter words among them, but it should be noted that among the common nouns of animate neuter gender is represented very little.
13.2.2. Among the personal names there is a noun of the third declension. This is also a feature that morphologically brings them closer to common nouns and distinguishes them from surnames. The third declension is steadily inclined: Love(with forms Love, O Lyubov), Adele, Giselle and names of biblical origin Hagar, Rachel, Ruth, Shulamith, Esther, Judith. Other names of this type - Lucille, Cecile, Aygul, Gazelle(borrowing from different languages), Ninel(new formation of the Soviet era), Assol(invented name) - fluctuate between third declension and non-declination (Cecily and at Cecile, with Ninel and with Ninel).
Note. Women's surnames with soft consonants (written in b) as it is clear from the above (see 13.1.4), as non-declining as female surnames for solid consonants. In principle, the existing possibility of the parallel change of nouns to soft consonants in two different declensions for the grammatical expression of gender differences remains unrealized in Russian. Wed theoretically possible ratios: Vrubel, Vrubel, Vrubel(declension of the male surname) - * Vrubel, * Vrubel(declension of the female surname), * trot, * trot, * trot(declension of the name of the male) - rat, trot(declension of the name of the female). However, in the famous folklore Swans this opportunity is partly realized!
13.2.3. Female names for solid consonants can only be non-declining, (no different from surnames of this kind). These include: Elizabeth, Irene, Katrin, Gretchen, Liv, Solveig, Marlene, Jacqueline etc. There are common nouns of this type, but they are few and far between. (madam, miss, mrs, mistress, fraulein, freken), there are many personal names and their replenishment (by borrowing) is not limited by anything.
13.2.4. Male names for hard and soft consonants (in writing for consonants, and and b), declined as common nouns of the same appearance. These include Ivan, Constantine, Makar, Arthur, Robert, Ernst, Claude, Richard, Andrey, Vasily, Julius, Amadeus, Igor, Emil, Charles etc. In rare cases of "homonymy" of male and female names, they correlate (in terms of declension) as male and female surnames: Michelle, Michelle(male name), Michelle, unflinching ( female name; there is a French violinist Michelle Oakler).
13.2.5. Everything that has been said about the declination-non-inclination of surnames to vowels applies to personal names.
Names not declined: Rene, Roger, Honore, Jose, Ditte, Oze, Pantalone, Henri, Louis, Lizzie, Betsy, Giovanni, Mary, Eteri, Givi, Piero, Leo, Amadeo, Romeo, Carlo, Laszlo, Bruno, Hugo, Danko, François, Nana, Atala, Colomba etc.
Declined names: Françoise, Juliet, Suzanne, Abdullah, Mirza, Musa, Casta, Emilia, Ophelia, Jamila etc.
13.2.6. The plural of inflected personal names is formed freely, if this: there is a need: Ivans, Igori, Emily, Helena, Emilia etc. Morphological restrictions arise here in the same cases as for common nouns (for example, for the genitive plural of Abdullah, Mirza, Costa; Wed 7.6). About the variant formation of the genitive plural from type names Petya, Valya, Seryozha see 7.4.4 note.
13.3 Features of the formation of indirect, cases from some combinations of names and surnames
In the Russian language, a tradition has developed to use the surnames of a number of foreign figures (mainly writers) in combination with the names: Walter Scott, Jules Verne, Mine Reed, Conan Doyle, Bret Garth, Oscar Wilde, Romain Rolland; Wed also literary characters: Robin Hood, Sherlock Holmes, Nat Pinkerton. The use of these surnames separately, without names is not very common (this is especially true for monosyllabic surnames; hardly anyone read in childhood Verne, Reed, Doyle and Scott!).
The consequence of such a close unity of the name and surname is the declension in the indirect cases of only the surname: Walter Scott, Jules Verne, with Mine Reed, about Robin Hood etc. This phenomenon is characteristic of the relaxed oral speech, is reflected in the letter, which can be confirmed by the following examples from fairly authoritative authors.
Show yourself like a wonderful beast,
He is going to Petropolis now /.../
With the terrible book of Gizoth,
With a notebook of evil cartoons
With a new novel Walter-Scott ...
(Pushkin. Count Nulin)
And gets up
alive
Fenimore country
Cooper
and Mine Reed.
(Mayakovsky. Mexico)
In the evenings, the quick-eyed Serna
Vanya and Lyala reads Jules Verne.
(Chukovsky. Crocodile)
(The hyphenated spellings emphasize the close unity of the first and last name).
Non-declination of a name in such combinations is condemned by modern normative manuals. So, D. E. Rosenthal says: “... novels Jules Verne(not: "Jules Verne") ... "(Decree. op. p. 189. §149, p. 2).
The wind whistled over Vova's ear
And tore the sombrero off my head!
Waves-mountains run one after another
They gallop like maned lions.
Here, with a hiss, one rolled -
AND Jules Verne picked up from the stern!
(Volgina T. Summer wanders along the paths. Kiev. 1968. S. 38-39).
Such a correction in verse, of course, is completely unacceptable. But even in a prosaic text that conveys a relaxed spoken language, there is no need to replace Jules Verne, Mine Reed, Bret Garth, Conan Doyle etc., strictly normative combinations with inflected forms of names. The editor should be flexible in such cases.
1. Geographical names
1.1. If the place name is not declined, then it is marked nescl... In other cases, the form genus is given for each toponym. pad. It is quoted in full:
1) with monosyllabic names: Belz, Belz; Gzhel, Gzhe Li;
2) in non-one-word names, which are ordinary phrases: Stary Oskol, Stary Oskol;
3) in compound words written with a hyphen: Baba -Durma z, Baba -Durma za; Ba den - Ba den, Ba den - Ba den [de].
In other cases, the form is genus. pad. is given in truncated form: Badkhy z, -a; Babada g, -a; Bavle ny, -e n; Badajo s, -a.
1.2. For some toponyms, forms of other cases are also given: with geographic names in - evo, -ovo, -ino, -yno given the forms genus, creator. and offer. pad., since in speech practice, in the press, in television and radio broadcasts, these names are sometimes not declined, which contradicts the traditional norm of the Russian literary language, for example: Bherovo, -a, -om, in Bagerov (town, Ukraine) ; Kosovo, -a, -om, in Kosov (Rep. Serbia); Garbrovo, -a, th, in Garbrovo (mountains, Bulgaria).
1.3. East Slavic names ending in - O with a preceding consonant, do not inflect: Dubno, nescl... (gop., Ukraine); Ro vno, nescl... (city, Ukraine); Thunderous bottom, nescl... (mountains, Belarus).
1.4. In place names on - ev, -yёv, -ov, -in the forms of genitive and instrumental pad are given: Belev, -a, -om (city, Tula region, RF); Beaver in, -a, -om (city, Voronezh region, RF); Bardeev, -a, -om (mountains, Slovakia); Babi n, -a, -om (lake, Canada).
1.5. Foreign language place names ending in a vowel - a, are experiencing significant fluctuations in declination:
many borrowed place names, mastered by the Russian language, are inclined according to the type of noun. wives kind of - a shock, for example: Bukhara, -y; Bugulma, s; Ankara, s;
French toponyms with final stress are not inclined: Jura, nescl... (mountains - France; Switzerland);
Japanese place names ending in - a unstressed: O saka, -and; Yoko is a bitch, -and [yo];
Estonian and Finnish names ending in - are not declined a, -I am unstressed: Sa vonlinna, nescl... (mountains, Finland); Yu väskylä, nescl... (mountains, Finland); Sa aremaa, nescl... (o - v, Estonia);
Abkhazian and Georgian toponyms end in unstressed - a... In the Dictionary, the names are given in the declined version: Шxa pa, -ы (city - on the border of Georgia and Kabardino-Balkaria, RF); Ochamchi ra, -y (city, Republic of Abkhazia); Gudau ta, -y (city, Republic of Abkhazia);
complex place names do not incline to - a unstressed, borrowed from Spanish and other Romance languages: Bai i-Bla nca, nescl... (mountains, Argentina); Bai ya-la ypa, nescl... (mountains, Argentina); Here s - de la Fronte ra [re, de, te], nescl... (mountains, Spain);
declined as nouns complex Slavic names that are nouns in the presence of derivational signs of adjectives, for example: Bia la Podlaska, Bia la Podlaski (mountains, Poland); Ba nska-Bi strica, Ba nska-Bi strica (mountains, Slovakia); Zelena-Gura, Zelena-Gury (mountains, Poland);
both parts are inclined in names with the word river, for example: Moscow-river, Moscow-river, Moscow-river, etc. But in colloquial speech there are cases of non-inclination of the first part of these combinations: beyond the Moscow-river, on the Moscow-river, etc. However, such use does not correspond to the norm of the literary language.
1.6. Place names ending in vowels - and, -NS and not perceived in Russian as plural forms. numbers are given in a non-declining form, for example: Burli, nescl... (s., Kazakhstan); Karshi, nescl... (s., Turkmenistan); Ismayilli, nescl., (mountains, Azerbaijan); Mary, nescl... (mountains, Turkmenistan); Dzhusaly, nescl... (urban-type settlement, Kazakhstan).
1.7. For monosyllabic names ending in a soft consonant, forms of genus, dates are given. and offer. pad., since they experience fluctuations when declining: Rus, Rus, to Rus, in Rus; Ob, Ob, to Ob, to Ob; Perm, Perm, to Perm, about Perm; Kerch, Kerch, to Kerch, in Kerch. In the latter case, the stress is fixed on the stem.
1.8. For names ending in consonants - f, -c, -NS, genus forms are indicated. and creator. pad., as in the creator. pad. under stress is written - O, and without stress - e, for example: Fate w, -a, -em (city, Kursk region, RF); Kirzha h, -a, -o m (city, Vladimirsk region, RF).
1.9. Some foreign names such as Se nt-Ka tarins [se], nescl., (mountains, Canada); Pe r - Lashe z [pe], nescl... (cemetery in Paris); Pla ya-Hiro n (Pla ya-Hiro n), nescl... (post., Cuba).
1.10. Some foreign-language names from the area of urban nomenclature with the second part - straight, -square: Wall Street, nescl.; Washington n - square r, nescl... etc.
O, -e, -and, -at, -NS, are presented in the Dictionary in a non-declining form, for example: SHI LO Nikolay, Shilo Nikolay (Russian geologist); CRAFTSLO Vasily, Crafts of Vasylia (Russian breeder); Durnovo Iva n, Durnovo Iva na (Russian state figure); VA YKULE La yma, Va jkule La yma (Latvian pop singer); VE SKI A nne, nescl... (Estonian pop singer); BASILASHVI LI Ole g, Basilashvi LI Ole g (Russian actor); ILIE SKU Io n, Ilie sku Io na (roman state figure); Bento yu Pasca l, Bento yu Pasca la (rum. Composer).
3. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in -a, -ya, -ya, -th, -ya
Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - a, -I am, -and I, -and I, -oya tend to lean. But there are also cases of their rejection, which is associated with the place of stress in the word and the tradition of their use in Russian:
3.1. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - a, -I am unstressed, as a rule, incline; for example: TO MA Svetlana, Tommy Svetlana (Russian actress), DO GA Evgeniy, Dogi Evgeniya (Moldovan composer).
3.2. Japanese first and last names ending in - a unstressed, in recent times in the press, in television and radio broadcasts, in the literature they regularly declare. The Dictionary gives: KUROSA VA Aki ra, Kurosa va Ak ry (Japanese director); HATOYA MA Ichi ro, Hatoya we Ichi ro (Japanese state figure).
3.3. Georgian names and surnames of the specified type experience fluctuations in declination, but in accordance with the norm of the Russian literary language, they should be declined, for example: OKUJA VA Bula t, Okudzha v Bula ta; KHORA VA Aka cue, Hora you Aka cue; VA ZHA Pshave la, Va zhi Pshawe ly. But the name of a Georgian poet ending in - a shock, whether Shota Rustave is traditionally not inclined in Russian.
3.4. Finnish first and last names ending in - a non-striking, mostly not inclined, for example: KE KKONEN U rho Kaleva, Ke kkonen U rho Kaleva, PE KKALA Ma yno, nescl.
3.5. First and last names ending in - a preceded by - and, do not incline, for example: GAMSAKHU RDIA Constantin, Gamsakhu rdia Constantin (Georgian writer).
3.6. Slavic surnames ending in - a percussive, incline: FAN Grigory, Frying pan Grigory (Ukrainian philosopher); Potebnya Aleksa ndr, Potebnya Aleksa ndra (Ukrainian and Russian philologist - Slavist).
3.7. French surnames and personal names ending in - a shock, do not bow: TALMA François, nescl... (French actor); TOMA Ambrois s, Tom Ambrois za (French composer); GAMARRA Pierre, Gamarra Pierre (French writer); DUMA Alexa ndra, Dumas Alexa ndra (French writer).
3.8. Some African surnames in - a shock are experiencing fluctuations in declination: BABANGIDA Ibragi m, Babangida Ibragi ma (statesman of Nigeria); YAMARA Semoko [se], nescl... (general figure of Chad).
3.9. Women's personal names and surnames ending in - and I incline according to the pattern of declension of personal names such as Ra I, Ta I, Agla I. The Dictionary gives the forms of genus, dates. and offer. pad., for example: GULA I INNA, Gula and Inna, to Gula e Inne, about Gula e Inne (Russian actress); SANA I Mari na, Sana and Marina, to Sana e Mari not, O Sana e Mari not (Russian figure skater).
3.10. Male surnames with the ending - oya declined by the type of declension n. "Needles", for example: PIKHO I Rudo lf, Pikho and Rudo lf, to Pikho e Rudo lf, about Pikho e Rudo lf (Russian state figure).
3.11. Georgian surnames ending in - and I, incline according to the model of the name Mari I (Mari I, genus., dat., predl. andand), although in speech practice, on TV and radio, in the press, surnames of this type are sometimes not declined, which does not correspond to the norm of the Russian literary language. Correctly: DANE LIA Georgy, Dane lia Georgy, to Dane lia Georgy, about Dane lia Georgy [ne] (Russian film director); ALEXA NDRIYA Nana, Aleksa ndriya Nana, to Aleksa Ndriya Nan, about Aleksa Ndriya Nan (Georgian chess player); CHKO NIYA Lamara, Chkonii Lamara, to Chkonii Lamara, about Chkonii Lamar (Georgian actress).
3.12. Personal names I, Li I, Vi I, Ti I, Gui (male Georgian name) are given the forms of genus, dates. and offer. pad. ending with - ui: And I, And and, to And and, on And and. There is also a second way to inflect these names: I, I and, to I e, about I e. The dictionary prefers the first, i.e.: I, I and, to I and, about I and.
3.13. Personal names and surnames of eastern origin such as Alia, Alfiya, Zulfiya are given forms of genus, dates. and offer. pad .: Zulfiya, -ii; to Zulfiya, about Zulfiya.
4. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in a consonant (including th)
4.1. Male surnames and personal names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are inclined: DAL Vlady mir, Da la Vlady mir; Brekht Berto lt, Brekhta Berto lta [re].
4.2. Male and female surnames ending in - their, -oops, do not incline: RAVE NSKIKH Nikolay, Ravenskikh Nikolay (Russian director); CHEREMNY X Mikhail, Cheremny x Mikhail la (Russian artist); Cheremny x, nescl... (female f.).
4.3. TO male names and surnames ending in sibilants and - c, genus forms are given. and creator. pad. Under stress in the art. pad. written - O, and without stress - e, for example: LIST Ferencz, Lystom Ferenza, Lystom Ferenc (Hungarian composer, pianist, conductor); BA RENTS Willem, Barenza Willem, Barenz Willem (Dutch navigator); BILA SH Aleksa ndr, Bilasha Aleksa ndra, Bilasho m Aleksa ndrom (Russian composer); BA LAZH (Ba lash) Bela, Ba lazha (Ba lasha) Bela, Ba lazh (Balash) White (Hungarian writer). However, there are exceptions, for example: TE LESHOV Nikolay, Teleshova Nikolay I (Russian writer); VLADI MIRTSOV Boris, Vladi Mirtsova Boris (scientist - Mongolian); Koko Vtsov Pa led, Koko Vtsova Pa vla (Russian scientist-Semitologist).
4.4. Male surnames of East Slavic origin that have a fluent vowel during declension can have two variants of declension - with and without loss of a vowel, depending on the tradition of their use in literary speech. The Dictionary gives: FOR YATS Anatoly, For Yats Anatoly (Russian poet); THE COURT C Vlady mir, the Judge Tsa Vlady mir (Russian military leader); GRITSEVE TS Sergey, Gritsevets Sergey I (Russian pilot); RADIANT TO AND grief, Luchenka And grief (Belarusian composer); KOVALENOK Vlady mir, Kovalenka Vlady mira (Russian cosmonaut); MAZURO K Yuri, Mazuro k Yuri (Russian singer).
4.5. With male surnames and personal names of West Slavic and West European origin, the genus forms are given. pad. without a vowel dropout, for example: GA SHEK Yarosla v, Gasheka Yarosla va (Czech writer); GA VRANEK Bo guslav, Ga vranek Bo guslav [ne] (Czech linguist); GOTT Karel, Gotta Ka rela [re] (Czech singer).
4.6. Male Polish, Czech and Slovak surnames ending in - sky, -tsky usually given with full endings in the nominative case and declined according to Russian models (following the pattern of the declension of adjectives), for example: OLBRY KHSKY Danie l, Olbry khsky Danie la [ie] (Polish actor); OGI NSKY (Oginsky) Mihal Kleo fas, Oginsky (Oginsky) Mihala Cleo fasa (Polish composer). But sometimes surnames of this type are used in a non-declining form, for example: POLA NSKI Roma n, Pola NSKI Roma na (Polish film director), although on the recommendation of specialists they should be declined. The dictionary gives: POLA NSKY (Pola nski) Roma n, Pola nskogo (Pola nski) Roma na.
4.7. Women's surnames can be issued in different ways: with full endings (- sky, -tskaya) and with truncated (- ska, -tsk). In both cases, they are more often inclined according to Russian models (following the pattern of declension of full adjectives), for example: BANDRO VSKA-TU RSKA E va, Bandrovskoy - Turskoy E vy (Polish singer); Bry Lska Barbara, Bry lskoy Barbara (Polish actress); CHE RNY-STEFA N'SKA Galina, Cherny - Stefanskoy Galina (Polish pianist). Quite often, the name of Bry Lskoy is pronounced incorrectly, emphasizing the first syllable: Ba rbara. But in Polish, the stress is always placed on the penultimate syllable: Barbara. The Dictionary gives: BRY L'SKA Barbara.
4.8. With borrowed male surnames ending in unstressed - ov, -in, are given the forms genus. and creator. pad. ending with - ohm: YES RVIN Charles, Yes Rvin Cha rls, Yes Rvin Cha rls (English naturalist); CHA PLIN Charles Spe nser, Cha plin Cha rls Spe nser, Cha plin Cha rls Spe nser [pe, se] (American film actor, film director); FLO TOV Freedrich, Flotova Freedrich, Flotov Freedrich (German composer). Similar Russian surnames are in the work. pad. the ending - th.
4.9. European female surnames on unstressed - ov, -in presented in the Dictionary in a non-declining form: HO JKIN Do roti, nescl... (English scientist, f.); Cha plin Geraldine, Cha plin Geraldine (American actress).
4.10. The Dictionary also includes male surnames with a shock - in... If these are Russian and Russified male surnames, then they are inclined according to the general rule, that is, they have in the creator. pad. percussion - th... Therefore, this form is not given in the Dictionary, for example: KARAMZI N Nikolay, Karamzin Nikolay; BUTURLI N Vasily, Buturlina Vasily.
4.11. The female surnames of the given type are also inclined according to the Russian model: ROSTOPCHINA Evdoki I, Rostopchino and Evdoki (Russian poet).
4.12. To borrowed non-Russified male surnames with a shock - in the form is given. pad. with unstressed - ohm: RASY N Jean, Rasi na Jean, Rasin Jean (French playwright); BARTOLI N Era zm, Bartoli on the Era zma, Bartolin Era zm (dat. Scientist).
4.13. Female surnames of this type are presented in a non-declining form: DENEV Katri n [de], nescl... (French actress), TAGS N Jane, nescl... (French actress).
4.14. Women's surnames and first names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are given in a non-declining form, for example: VO YNICH Ethel Lilia n [te], nescl... (English writer); COURSE L Niko l [se], nescl... (French actress).
4.15. Women's personal names of biblical origin (Agar, Rahi l, Ruth, Sulami fi, Esfir, Yudi fi) are declined according to the type of declension of the word "salt" (salt, salt, salt, about salt), for example; Agar, Agar, with Agar, about Agar. The Dictionary contains the forms genus, creative. and offer. pad. According to the same model, the name Rachel is inclined (Rachel, Rachel, with Rachel, about Rachel), but the stage name of the French actress RASHE L ( present fam... - Eli for Rache l Feli x) does not bow.
4.16. The name Love is declined without dropping out a vowel, in the Dictionary forms of genus, dates are given. and offer. pad .: Lubov, Lubov, to Lubov, O Lubov. The names Nine l and Assol fluctuate with declension. The dictionary gives: Nina l, -i [ne] (f. Name); Assol, nescl... (w. name).
5. Complex borrowed names and surnames
5.1. In complex Western names and surnames connected by a hyphen, the last word is inflected: BELMONDO Jean-Paul, Belmondo Jean-Paul (French actor); RUSSO JA n - Ja k, Rousseau Ja n - Ja k (French writer and philosopher); KAPABLA NKA José -Rau l, Capabla nki José -Rau la [se] (Cuban chess player). If the second name is not inclined, then the function of inflection is assumed by the first name, for example: Trentinya N Jean - Louis, Trentinya on Zsa na Louis (French actor); GE Y-LUSSA K Jose f - Louis, Gay y - Lussa ca José fa-Louis [ze] (French chemist and physicist).
5.2. In the composite names and surnames of Vietnamese, Korean, Burmese, Cambodian, Chinese, etc., the last part is inclined: KIM YON NAM, Kim Yong Nam (North-Korean statesman); BA TEIN TIN, Ba Tein Ti na [te] (Burmese statesman); CHE A SIM, Che a Sy ma (Cambodian statesman); LI PENG, Li Pe na (Chinese statesman).
6. Double surnames
In Russian double surnames, both parts are declined if their endings lend themselves to declension, for example: SOKOLO V-MIKITO V, Sokolova-Mikitova (Russian writer); GOLENI SHCHEV-KUTU CALL, GOLENI SHCHEVA-KUTU ZOVA (Russian poet, philologist, literary critic), but: SOKOLO V-SKALYA, Sokolov va-Scalya (Russian artist).
If the first part is not used as an independent word, it is not declined: DE MUT-MALINO VSKY, De Mut-Malinovsky (Russian sculptor); GRUM-GRZHIMA YLO Vladi mir, Grum-Grzhima ylo Vlady mira (Russian scientist - metallurgist); BO NCH-BRUE HIV, Bo nch-Brue vich (Russian military leader).
This article is devoted to the declension of surnames - a topic that Russian language teachers devoted several lessons in elementary grades.
The ability to correctly declare one's own first and last name is very important - at school, a child signs his diary and notebooks, and in adulthood, important government documents.
Therefore, information about the declension of surnames by case will be useful to both schoolchildren and adults.
General rules for declension of surnames
You need to remember them in order to avoid mistakes:
- Not all surnames ending in a consonant are inclined for both men and women.:
- female surnames are not inclined at all: script by Irina Kryuk, dress by Anna Mayer;
- male surnames can and should be persuaded: song by Louis Tomlinson, house of Alexander Pushkin.
- All Russian surnames ending in "a" are declined: speech by Karina Ivanova, story by Vasily Stupka.
- Foreign surnames are inclined if they end in a consonant: works by Anatoly Petrosyan, poems by George Byron.
Exception: French surnames Dumas, Lacroix and others do not bow down.
Foreign surnames ending in a vowel, except for the unstressed "a", are not inclined: music by Giuseppe Verdi, the role of Sergo Makaradze.
What surnames are not inclined in Russian
This rule is well illustrated in the picture.
Whether male surnames are declining or not
Male surnames are subject to declension, but not all. You need to figure out what surname is in front of you- Russian, French, Armenian, etc., with which letter it ends, and apply the appropriate rule.
Declination of a masculine surname ending in a consonant
Declination of surnames in Ukrainian
Ukrainian surnames with the endings -uk (-yuk), -ok, -ik, -ch are inclined only if they are male surnames. As in Russian, female Ukrainian surnames with an ending in a consonant are not inclined.
Exceptions to the rule include surnames ending in -th, -th. Usually these are surnames formed from adjectives: White, Black. They don't bow down.
Are Armenian surnames declining in -yan
The declination of Armenian surnames into -an (-yan), -ants (-yants), -unz occurs according to the rules of the Russian language: male surnames are declined, female surnames are not.
Declination of foreign surnames
To memorize the declension of foreign names, this algorithm will be useful:
Declension of male surnames ending in a soft sign
There are few male surnames ending in -ь, but you still need to know how they are inclined.
Exception: surnames derived from city names are not inclined. These are the names of Uruguay, Taiwan, etc.
Declination of masculine surnames ending in a vowel
Surnames ending in a vowel, except -а , do not bend. This is true for both male and female surnames.
| Them. NS. | Pyotr Romanenko |
| Genus. NS. | Petra Romanenko |
| Dat. NS. | Petru Romanenko |
| Vin. NS. | Petra Romanenko |
| Creator NS. | Petrom Romanenko |
| Prev NS. | (about) Petre Romanenko |
Declension of double surnames
The declension of double Russian surnames is as follows: both parts are declined according to the rules of the Russian language. If the first part serves only as an integral part, then it is not inclined.
| Them. NS. | Ivan Petrov-Zodchenko |
| Genus. NS. | Ivana Petrov-Zodchenko |
| Dat. NS. | Ivan Petrov-Zodchenko |
| Vin. NS. | Ivana Petrov-Zodchenko |
| Creator NS. | Ivan Petrov-Zodchenko |
| Prev NS. | (about) Ivan Petrov-Zodchenko |
Do not forget that surnames do not incline to -o!
Compound surnames are popular in East Asia. For example, the surname is Kim Il Sung. Consists of three parts, but only the last one is inclined, according to general rules.
Declension of German surnames
Largely, German surnames were derived from place names, personal names, nicknames.
Male German surnames ending in a consonant are definitely inclined: give Müller, call Schneider, send Wagner, no Schultz, think of Richter.
For a vowel, respectively, no:a letter to Adolf Weisse, a work by Johann Goethe, documents by Arnold Kolbe.
Is there a declining male surname ending in "th"
Male surnames with "y" are also inclined.
Declination of Georgian surnames into "ia"
Linguists do not recommend declining Georgian surnames with the suffixes “ia”, “ia”, “ya”, “aya”. It is worth writing the endings correctly: otherwise it will cease to have anything to do with Georgia. Examples: the book of Goritsavia, the house of Gamsakhurdia, the address of Chkadua.
Remembering the spelling of surnames is easy: female surnames are inclined ONLY with the ending "a" ( Mokaeva, Ivanova etc.). Male surnames are inclined to EVERYTHING EXCEPT ending in other vowels ( Plushenko, Begiashvili).
However, if you still have problems with declension, it is better to turn to the Internet or the Directory of Surnames. It will take time, but you will be sure that the data is recorded correctly and you will not have to change it.
The article provides recommendations on declension of Russian and borrowed surnames, provides the basic rules and exceptions to them. The overwhelming majority of standard Russian surnames with suffixes –s / –ev, –in do not cause problems when used in indirect cases, since they have their own declension paradigm, in which there can be both adjective and noun endings. Compare in the masculine gender: I. p. Pushkin Serov red wolf R. p. Pushkin Serov red wolf D.p. Pushkin Serov the red wolf V.p. Pushkin Serov red wolf T. p. Pushkin's red wolf P. p. (o) Pushkin (o) Serov (o) the wolf (o) red Compare in the feminine gender: I.p. Pushkin Serov red crow R. p. Pushkina's Serova Raven red D.p. Pushkina Red Crow V. p. Red crow to Pushkin Serov T. p. Pushkina's black gray crow P. p. (o) Pushkina (o) Serova (o) crow (o) red Note. As can be seen from the declension paradigm, Russian surnames in the masculine gender in the instrumental case have the ending -th, like an adjective. They should not be confused with foreign surnames ending in -in, which in the instrumental case have the ending -om, like a noun. Compare: with Alexander Pushkin, but with Charles Darwin. It should be borne in mind that Russian and borrowed surnames can be the same in sound and spelling, for example: Peter Chaplin and Charlie Chaplin, which should be taken into account when used in the instrumental case: with Peter Chaplin, but with Charlie Chaplin. Further, the rules are formulated and recommendations are given on the use of non-standard Russian and borrowed surnames. SURNAMES IN CONSISTENT The declension of foreign-language and Slavic surnames ending in a consonant sound (in writing they end with a consonant letter, a soft sign or th), depends on the gender of the person named. If the surname refers to a man, then it is declined as a masculine noun of the second declension. Female surnames of this type are not inclined. This rule easily fits into the scheme: Foreign-language and Slavic surnames in a consonant sound (in the letter they end in a consonant, ь or d) For example: I.p. Anna Schmidt Petr Schmidt Roman Zyuz Ivan Gaidai R. p. Anna Schmidt Petr Schmidt Roman Zyuz Ivan Gaidai D. p. Anna Schmidt Peter Schmidt Roman Zyuz Ivan Gaidai V. p Anna Schmidt Peter Schmidt Roman Zyuz Ivan Gaidai T. p. Anna Schmidt Peter Schmidt Roman Zyuz Ivan Gaidai P. p. (about) Anna Schmidt (about) Petr Schmidt (about) Roman Zyuze (about) Ivan Gaidai Note
- As you can see from the diagram, the application of the rule requires knowledge of the gender of the named person. The text or title page of a publication does not always allow a native speaker to take out such information, therefore, in writing and in oral speech, difficulties may arise when using surnames for a consonant. For example, the title page contains the author A. Stol, and the annotation does not contain information about the full name. The reader, not having reliable data, cannot correctly form his speech: “I have read the novels of A. Stoll (female surname) or A. Stoll (male surname).
- “Outlandish” surnames such as Greben and Astrakhan, homonymous with common nouns, geographical names, names of animals and insects, often cause difficulty in declination. Surnames of this type can be divided into two groups:
- Let's pay special attention to surnames with a fluent vowel like Malchinki, Kobets. There is no unequivocal answer in the scientific and reference literature. There are two options:
- It is necessary to distinguish between homonymous Russian (as well as Russified) surnames and those borrowed in –ov and –in. For example: Peter Chaplin / Vera Chaplin and Charlie Chaplin / Helen Chaplin, Ivan Flotov / Marina Flotova and Hans Flotov / Helga Flotov. Such surnames differ in the ending of the instrumental case. Russian surnames (as well as Russified ones) in the instrumental case of the masculine gender end in –th: Peter Chaplin. The "non-Russian" surname in the instrumental case of the masculine gender has an ending -om: Charlie Chaplin. Women's surnames of this kind are generally not inclined: to go up to Helen Chaplin, to meet Helga of the Fleets. Compare: go to Vera Chaplina, meet Marina Flotova.
- Surnames with a vowel (except -а / -я).
- Surnames with a vowel -a.
- Surnames with a vowel -i.
- Surnames per vowel (except -a / -ya)
- Surnames with a vowel -а
- Surnames with a preceding consonant:
- Surnames on non-striking -a.
- Surnames on the shock -a.
- Surnames with a preceding vowel and or y.
- If the final unstressed vowel -а is preceded by a consonant (mainly Slavic and Romance surnames), then the surname changes according to the first type of declension (like a sister):
- If the final unstressed vowel -а is preceded by a vowel (usually the vowels y or and), then the surname is not declined: Badzagua, Benoit, Valois, Galois, Guatua, Gerua, Gulia, Delacroix, Dondua, Dubois, Luria, Matua, Moravia, Morois, Rurua, Sturua, Todua, Huchua, Eria, Heredia.
- Surnames of French origin are not inclined: novels by Alexandre Dumas, Ferma's theorem, staged by choreographer Petipa, student Anton Koles A.
- Slavic surnames and from Eastern languages change according to the first type of declension:
- Surnames to the vowel -i
- Surnames of French origin with an emphasis on the end are not inclined: the novels of Émile Zola, the ancestors of Henri Troyes.
- All other surnames are inclined to -я: