Declination of the names of employees in documents and business correspondence
Practice shows that in working with personnel, in the preparation of personnel documents, in business correspondence, the correct declension of surnames and names of both Russian and foreign origin causes certain difficulties. Let's try to understand this difficult issue.
In many ways, the rules for declension of names and surnames are due to their origin. Official surnames in Russia appeared at the end of the 14th century. The princes and boyars were the first to receive surnames. Often the surname was associated with estates, possessions of one or another representative of the nobility: Meshchersky, Vyazemsky, Kolomensky.
Somewhat later, the surnames of the nobles are formed (XVI - XVIII centuries). Among them are many names of eastern origin: Kantemir from Turkic. Khan-Temir (temir - iron), Khanykov from Adyghe. Kanyko (kan - educator, teacher, ko - son, i.e. teacher's son), Kurakin from the nickname Kuraka (from Turkic dry, skinny), etc. Another category of noble families such as Durnovo, Khitrovo, Sukhovo are names derived from Russian words. In order to distinguish them from consonant common nouns, the stress was placed on the last syllable, and in the surnames on - ago - on the penultimate one: Chernago, Zhivago, Burago.
Chronologically, the next group of surnames belonged to service people (XVII - XVIII centuries). In it, as well as in the princely surnames, geographical names were reflected, but not as the names of objects that were in their possession, but as designations of the places where these people themselves came from: Tambovtsev, Rostovtsev, Bryantsev and others. By these surnames it is easy to restore the designations of the inhabitants of certain places.
In the 19th century the names of the Russian clergy were formed. Among them are many artificially formed from various words not only in Russian, but also in Church Slavonic, Latin, Greek and other languages. A significant group is represented by surnames formed from the names of churches and church holidays: Assumption, Epiphany, Rozhdestvensky.
A number of surnames are formed from Russian surnames by translating their bases into Latin and adding to the Latin base the suffix - ov - or - sk - and the ending - ij: Bobrov - Kastorsky, Gusev - Anserov. So, for example, the leadership of the Moscow Theological Academy changed in 1838 the name of the student Pyankov to Sobrievsky from the Latin sobrius - sober, teetotaler.
Many Russians have surnames of German origin. Various specialists from Germany - doctors, pharmacists, goldsmiths, etc. have lived in Russia for a long time. The Germans were invited to Russia to work and live, studied at the capital's universities, converted to Orthodoxy, married Russians, assimilated into the Russian environment, retaining only their former surnames as evidence that in the distant past the family's ancestor was a native of the Germans. And now among the Russian population there are people who have absolutely Russian names and patronymics along with German surnames such as Bruder, Wagner, Wenzel, Winter, Wunsch, Sonne, Koenig and others.
The vast majority of standard Russian surnames with suffixes - ov - (-ev-), - in-, -sk-, are inclined: Lermontov, Turgenev, Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Kramskoy.
Russian surnames that do not have an indicator - sk - (Good, Tolstoy, Borovoy, Gladkiy, Transverse, etc.) are declined as adjectives.
Surnames with indicators - ov - and - in-, which are not found either among personal names or among common nouns, have a special declension in the masculine gender. It combines the endings of masculine second declension nouns and adjectives like "fathers". From the declension of these nouns, the declension of surnames differs in the ending of the instrumental case (cf.: Koltsov-y, Nikitin-y - island-ohm, jug-ohm), from the declension of possessive adjectives - the ending of the prepositional case (cf.: o Griboedov-e, o Karamzin -e - about fathers, about mothers).
Correlative female surnames are declined as possessive adjectives in the feminine form (compare how Rostova and fathers, Karenina and mother's decline).
The same must be said about the declension of surnames into -ov and -in in the plural (Bazarovs, Motherland are inclined like fathers, mothers).
All other masculine surnames that have consonant stems and a zero ending in the nominative case (in writing they end with a consonant letter, ь or й), except for surnames with -s - them, are declined as nouns of the second declension of the masculine gender, i.e. have an ending in the instrumental case - om, (-em): Herzen, Levitan, Gogol, Vrubel, Hemingway, Gaidai. Such surnames are often perceived as "non-Russian".
Correlative female surnames do not decline: Natalia Alexandrovna Herzen, Lyubov Dmitrievna Blok, with Nadezhda Ivanovna Zabela-Vrubel, about Zoya Gaidai.
In the plural, the surnames of the type under consideration are also declined as masculine nouns: I visited the Herzens, the Vrubels, wrote to the Bloks, the Hemingways, etc.
Analysis of archival records of the 17th century. indicates that Moscow has the highest number of non-standard surnames compared to other Russian cities. Among the non-standard surnames, there are the shortest ones ever recorded, including those that coincide with the names of the letters: Ge, De, E, El, Em, En, Ro (Greek letter). From naming by the names of the letters of the old Russian alphabet, the surnames Azov are possible - (az - a), Bukin (beeches - b), Dobrov (good - d), Yusov (yus - y, y).
Some non-standard surnames (Od, Us, Yuk, Yar) are homonymous with common nouns, the explanation of which can be found in Dahl's dictionary. The same foundations are fixed in the standard surnames Odyakov, Usov, Yukov, Yarev. Others (Al, An, Li, Ni, De) are homonymous with unions, particles. The surnames Az, An, Em can come from the old calendar names Az, Ann, Emm. A foreign origin of some of these surnames is also possible. So, An, Ash, Ge, De, Em, En can be French common nouns, for example: An (fr. ane - donkey), Ash (fr. hache - ax), Ge (fr. gai - cheerful). Or German: Ash (German Asche - ash, ashes, ashes), Ro (German roh - raw, rough, cruel), Shu (German Schuh - shoe, boot, boot). The origin of some two-letter surnames from Chinese and Korean personal names is not excluded: Hye, Lee, etc.
Obviously Russian surnames are noteworthy, which are by no means nouns, but interjections, short adjectives and participles, particles, pronouns, adverbs: Blago, Boyko, After all, Gay, Alive, Nabok, Ridiculously, Nenado.
Verbal surnames formed from nicknames that are almost not preserved in modern Russian anthroponymy are very interesting: Bey, Bray, Great, Hold, Think, Kasai, Klyuy and others.
The origin of surnames with the suffix - ets is interesting: Antonets, Gorislavets, Danilets, which come from affectionate nicknames for children in the family and an indication of the relationship to the head of the family: the son or grandson of Anton, Gorislav, etc. There are surnames with the suffix -onok, -enok (Nadelenok, Otdalenok, Kostyushenok, Ivanenok) - this is how the younger sons were called in the western regions of Russia, and later their descendants.
In official sources, there are both surnames of persons with Russian names and patronymics, geographical names in a pure, non-suffix form: Astrakhan, America, Arbat, Bug, Volga.
As part of the surnames, you can find a wide variety of personal names, ancient and new, full and abbreviated, Russian and non-Russian, male and female: Avdey, Amos, Artyukh, Bova, Boris, Vasyuk, etc.
And, finally, among non-standard surnames there are a lot of nouns with the most diverse lexical meaning of the stems: Banya, Bogatyr, Rich Man, Bearded Man, Brazhnik, Bratshiko, Buran, Burlak, Wind, Eye, Mushroom, Thunderstorm, Ray and others.
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Indeclinable surnames |
Declined surnames |
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All last names ending in -a |
All last names ending in |
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Surnames spelled with e, e, and, s, u, u |
Surnames Slavic or Eastern |
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Surnames of French origin, |
All last names ending in -i |
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Georgian last names ending in |
Georgian last names ending |
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Surnames with a final - o (Craft, |
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Surnames of Ukrainian origin |
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Non-Russians (predominantly German) |
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Surnames ending in -s, -ih, |
The declension of surnames ending in vowels in the original form does not depend on whether they are male or female.
If the resolution of difficulties with the declension of surnames cannot be provided by the rules, then in order to find the correct variant of the declension, it is necessary to use a surname dictionary that gives normative recommendations for each word (for example, in the case of the surname Kravets: how to correctly decline - Kravets or Kravets, the surname Mazurok decline or no, and if you decline, then how - Mazurok or Mazurka, etc.).
In conclusion, I would like to touch on the issue of writing Russian surnames in Latin, the need for which arises when developing bilingual documents and business papers.
One of the ways to display Russian names on English language is transliteration, which is the process of simply replacing the letters of the Russian alphabet with the corresponding letters or combinations of letters of the English alphabet.
In this case, the vowels "a", "e", "e", "i", "o", "y", "s", "e", "yu", "i" are respectively replaced by "a", " e" or "ye", "ё" or "yё", "i", "o", "u", "y", "e", "yu", "ya":
The so-called diphthongs - combinations of a vowel and "y" are reflected as follows:
Literature
1. Appendix N 7 "Rules for filling out passport forms with the symbols of the Russian Federation" to the Instructions on the procedure for issuing and issuing passports to citizens of the Russian Federation for leaving the Russian Federation and entering Russian Federation, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated May 26, 1997 N 310.
+1 -11. Place names
1.1. If the geographical name is not inflected, then it is marked neskl. In other cases, for each toponym, the form genus is given. pad. It is given in full:
1) with monosyllabic names: Belz, Belza; Gzhel, Gzhe;
2) in non-single-word names, which are ordinary phrases: Stary Oskol, Stary Oskol;
3) in compound words written with a hyphen: Baba -Durma s, Baba -Durma for; Ba den - Ba den, Ba den - Ba dena [de].
In other cases, the form genus. pad. given in a truncated form: Badhy s, -a; Babad g, -a; Bavle ny, -e n; Badajo s, -a.
1.2. With some toponyms, forms of other cases are also given: with geographical names on - evo, -ovo, -ino, -yno forms are given genus., creative. and suggestion. pad., since in speech practice, in the press, in television and radio programs, these names are sometimes not declined, which contradicts the traditional norm of Russian literary language, for example: Ba gerovo, -a, -om, in Ba gerovo (town, Ukraine); Ko sovo, -a, -om, in Kosov (Rep. Serbia); Gabrovo, -a, -om, in Gabrow (gor., Bulgaria).
1.3. East Slavic names ending in - about with a preceding consonant, do not decline: Dubno, neskl. (gor., Ukraine); Ro no, neskl. (gor., Ukraine); Gro bottom, neskl. (gor., Belarus).
1.4. In geographical names on - ev, -yov, -ov, -in genitive and instrumental forms are given: Belev, -a, -om (city, Tula region, RF); Bobro in, -a, -om (city, Voronezh region, RF); Bardejov, -a, -om (gor., Slovakia); Babi n, -a, -om (lake, Canada).
1.5. Foreign toponyms ending in a vowel - but, experience significant fluctuations in inclination:
many borrowed geographical names mastered by the Russian language are declined according to the type of noun. female kind on - but percussion, for example: Bukhara, -s; Bugulma, -s; Ankara, -s;
do not inflect toponyms French in origin with final stress: Jura, neskl. (mountains - France; Switzerland);
inflected Japanese place names ending in - but unstressed: O saka, -i; Yoko bitch, -i [yo];
do not inflect Estonian and Finnish names ending in - but, -I unstressed: Sa wonlinna, neskl. (mountains, Finland); Yu vaskyla, neskl. (mountains, Finland); Sa aremaa, neskl. (islands, Estonia);
Abkhazian and Georgian toponyms ending in unstressed - experience fluctuations in declension - but. In the Dictionary, the names are given in a declined version: Шха pa, -ы (city - on the border of Georgia and Kabardino-Balkaria, RF); Ochamchi ra, -s (gor., Rep. Abkhazia); Gudau ta, -s (gor., Rep. Abkhazia);
complex geographical names are not inclined to - but unstressed, borrowed from Spanish and other Romance languages: Bai ya Blanca, neskl. (mountains, Argentina); Bai ya-la ypa, neskl. (mountains, Argentina); Here s - de la Fronte ra [re, de, te], neskl. (mountains, Spain);
decline as nouns compound Slavic names that are nouns in the presence of derivational signs of adjectives, for example: Bya la-Podlya ska, Bya la-Podlya ski (gor., Poland); Banska-Bi Strica, Banska-Bi Stritsy (gor., Slovakia); Zielona-Gura, Zielona-Gura (mountains, Poland);
both parts are inclined in names with the word river, for example: Moscow-river, Moscow-river, on the Moscow-river, etc. But in colloquial speech there are cases of inclination of the first part of these combinations: beyond the Moscow-river, on the Moscow-river, etc. e. However, this use does not correspond to the standard of the literary language.
1.6. Toponyms ending in vowels - And, -s and not perceived in Russian as plural forms. numbers are given in indeclinable form, for example: Burli, neskl. (s., Kazakhstan); Karshi, neskl. (s., Turkmenistan); Ismayilli, neskl., (gor., Azerbaijan); Mary, neskl. (gor., Turkmenistan); Dzhusaly , neskl. (town, Kazakhstan).
1.7. With monosyllabic names ending in a soft consonant, the forms of genus, dates are given. and suggestion. pad., since they experience fluctuations when declining: Rus, Rus, to Rus, in Rus; Ob, Ob, to the Ob, to the Ob; Perm, Perm, to Perm, about Perm; Kerch, Kerch, to Kerch, to Kerch. In the latter case, the stress was fixed on the base.
1.8. With names ending in consonants - well, -c, -sh, the forms of the genus are indicated. and creativity. pad., as in creative. pad. under stress is written - about, and without the accent - e, for example: Fate w, -a, -em (gor., Kursk region, RF); Kirzha h, -a, -o m (city, Vladimir region, RF).
1.9. Some foreign names such as Saint-Catarins [se] are not declined, neskl., (mountain, Canada); Pe r-Lache s [pe], neskl. (cemetery in Paris); Pla ya-Hiro n (Pla ya-Hiro n), neskl. (pos., Cuba).
1.10. In an indeclinable form, some foreign-language names from the area of urban nomenclature are given with the second part - straight, -square: Wall Street, neskl.; Washington n-square, neskl. etc.
about, -e, -And, -at, -Yu, are presented in the Dictionary in an indeclinable form, for example: SHI LO Nikolay i, Shi lo Nikolay i (Russian geologist); Craft Vasily, Craft Vasily (Russian breeder); Durnovo Ivan, Durnovo Ivan (Russian statesman); VA YKULE Laima, Vaikule Laima (Latvian pop singer); VESKY And anna, neskl. (Est. pop singer); BASILASHVI LI Ole g, Basilashvi li Ole ha (Russian actor); ILIIE SCU Io n, Ilie sku Io na (Rom. statesman); BENTO yu Pasca l, Bento yu Pasca la (rum. Composer).
3. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in -ah, -ya, -ya, -ya, -oy
Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - but, -I, -and I, -and I, -oya are usually inclined. But there are also cases of their non-declension, which is associated with the place of stress in the word and the tradition of their use in Russian:
3.1. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - but, -I unstressed, as a rule, bow; for example: TO MA Svetlana, That we are Svetlana (Russian actress), DO GA Evgeny, Dogi Evgenia (Mold. composer).
3.2. Japanese given names and surnames ending in - but unstressed, recently in the press, in television and radio programs, in literature, they are regularly declined. The Dictionary gives: KUROSA WA Aki ra, Kurosa you Aki ry (Japanese director); HATOYA MA Ichi ro, Hatoya we Ichi ro (jap. statesman).
3.3. Georgian names and surnames of the indicated type experience fluctuations during declension, but in accordance with the norm of the Russian literary language, they should be declined, for example: OKUJA VA Bula t, Okudzha you Bula ta; HORA WA Aka cue, Hora you Aka cue; VA ZHA Pshave la, Va zhi Pshavely. But the name of the Georgian poet, ending in - but shock, Shota Rustavi is traditionally not declined in Russian.
3.4. Finnish given names and surnames ending in - but unstressed, mostly not inclined, for example: KE KKONEN Urho Kaleva, Kekkonen Urho Kaleva, PE KKALA Ma yno, neskl.
3.5. Names and surnames ending in - but with the preceding - And, do not decline, for example: GAMSAHU RDIA Konstantin n, Gamsahu rdia Konstantin na (Georgian writer).
3.6. Slavic surnames ending in - but percussion, decline: SKORODO Gregory, Skovorody Gregory (Ukrainian philosopher); POTEBNYA Alexa NDR, Potebnya Alexa Ndra (Ukrainian and Russian philologist - Slavist).
3.7. French surnames and personal names ending in - but percussion, do not decline: TALMA François, neskl. (French actor); THOMA Ambrois s, Thomas Ambrois for (French composer); GAMARRA Pierre, Gamarra Pierre (French writer); DUMA Alexa NDR, Dumas Alexa Ndra (French writer).
3.8. Some African surnames on - but the shock experience fluctuations in declination: BABANGIDA Ibragi m, Babangida Ibragi ma (government figure of Nigeria); YAMARA Semoko [se], neskl. (common leader of Chad).
3.9. Women's personal names and surnames ending in - and I are inclined according to the pattern of declension of personal names such as Ra I, Ta I, Agla I. The Dictionary gives the forms genus, dates. and suggestion. pad., for example: GULA I I nna, Gula and I nna, to Gula e I nna, about Gula e I nna (Russian actress); SANA Ya Marina, Sana and Marina, to Sana e Marine, o Sana e Marine (Russian figure skater).
3.10. Male surnames ending - oya decline according to the type of declension n. “needles”, for example: PIHO I am Rudolf, Pikho and Rudolf, to Pikho e Rudolf, about Pikho e Rudolf (Russian statesman).
3.11. Georgian surnames ending in - and I, are inclined according to the model of the name Mariya (Mariya, born, dated, proposition. AndAnd), although in speech practice, on TV and radio, in the press, surnames of this type are sometimes not declined, which does not correspond to the norm of the Russian literary language. Correct: DANELIA Georgy, Daneliya Georgiy, to Daneliya Georgiy, about Daneliya Georgy [ne] (Russian film director); ALEXA NDRIIA Na na, Alexa ndria Na na, to Alex andria Na ne, about Alexandria Na ne (Georgian chess player); Chkonia Lamar, Chkonia Lamara, to Chkonia Lamar, about Chkonia Lamar (Georgian actress).
3.12. For personal names And I, Li I, Vi I, Ti I, Gi I (masculine Georgian name) are given the forms of genus, dates. and suggestion. pad. ending - ai: And I, And and, to And and, about And and. There is a second way of inflecting these names: And I, And and, to And e, about And e. The dictionary prefers the first, i.e.: And I, And and, to And and, about And and.
3.13. For personal names and surnames of eastern origin such as Aliya, Alfiya, Zulfiya, the forms of genus, dates are given. and suggestion. fall: Zulfiya, -ii; to Zulfiya, about Zulfiya.
4. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in a consonant (including th)
4.1. Male surnames and personal names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are inclined: DAL Vladi world, Da la Vladi world; BRECHT Bertolt, Brecht Bertolt [re].
4.2. Male and female surnames ending in - them, -s, do not bow: RAVENSKIKH Nikolai, Ravenskikh Nikolai I (Russian director); Cheremny x Mihai l, Cheremny x Mihai la (Russian artist); Cheremny x, neskl. (female f.).
4.3. To male names and surnames ending in hissing and - c, the forms of the genus are given. and creativity. pad. Emphasis on creativity. pad. written - about, and without the accent - e, for example: LIST Ferenc, Lista Ferenc, Listom Ferenc (Hungarian composer, pianist, conductor); Barents Willem, Barents Willem, Barents Willem (Dutch navigator); BILA SH Alexa ndr, Bilasha Alex ndra, Bilasho m Alexa ndrom (Russian composer); BA LAZH (Balash) Bela, Balazha (Balasha) Bely, Balazhem (Balashem) White (Hungarian writer). However, there are exceptions, for example: TE LESHOV Nikolay th, Teleshova Nikola I (Russian writer); VLADI MIRTSOV Bori s, Vladi Mirtsova Boris sa (scientist-Mongolian); KOKO VTSOV Pa led, Koko Vtsova Pa Vla (Russian scientist and Semitologist).
4.4. Male surnames of East Slavic origin that have a fluent vowel during declension can have two declension options - with and without loss of a vowel, depending on the tradition of their use in literary speech. The Dictionary gives: ZA Yats Anatoly, Za Yats Anatoly (Russian poet); SUDET Ts Vladi world, Sudetsa Vladi world (Russian military leader); Gritsev Ts Sergey th, Gritsevets Sergey I (Russian pilot); LUCHENO K and grief, Luchenka And grief (Belarusian composer); KOVALYONOK Vladi the world, Kovalyonka Vladi the world (Russian cosmonaut); MAZURO K Yury, Mazuroka Yury (Russian singer).
4.5. For male surnames and personal names of West Slavic and West European origin, the gender forms are given. pad. without dropping out a vowel, for example: GA SHEK Yaroslava, Hasek Yaroslava (Czech writer); GA VRANEK Bo guslav, Ga vranek Bo guslav [ne] (Czech linguist); GOTT Karel, Gotta Karela [re] (Czech singer).
4.6. Male Polish, Czech and Slovak surnames on - sky, -tsky are usually given with full endings in the nominative case and are declined according to Russian models (following the model of adjective declension), for example: Olbry Khsky Danie l, Olbry Khsky Danie la [ie] (Polish actor); Oginsky (Oginsky) Michal Cleofas, Oginsky (Oginsky) Michal Cleofas (Polish composer). But sometimes surnames of this type are used in an indeclinable form, for example: POLA NSKI Roman, Polanski Roman (Polish film director), although they should be declined on the recommendation of specialists. The dictionary gives: POLAN (Pol Nsk) Roman, Polan (Pol N) Roman.
4.7. Women's surnames can be issued in different ways: with full endings (- skye, -tskaya) and with truncated (- ska, -tska). In both cases, they are more often inclined according to Russian models (following the pattern of declension of full adjectives), for example: BANDRO VSKA-TU RSKA E va, Bandrovskaya - Turskaya E you (Polish singer); BRY LSKA Barbara, Bry lskoy Barbara (Polish actress); CHERNY-STEFA NSKA Galina, Cherny-Stefanskaya Galina (Polish pianist). Quite often, the name Brylskaya is pronounced incorrectly, with an emphasis on the first syllable: Barbara. But in Polish, the stress is always placed on the penultimate syllable: Barbara. The Dictionary gives: BRYLSKA Barbara.
4.8. With borrowed male surnames ending in unstressed - ov, -in, the forms of the genus are given. and creativity. pad. ending - ohm: DA RVIN Charles, DA RVIN Charles, DA RVIN Charles (English naturalist); CHA PLIN Charles Spencer, Chaplin Charles Spencer, Chaplin Charles Spencer [pe, se] (American film actor, film director); FLOTOV Friedrich, Flotov Friedrich, Flotov Friedrich (German composer). Similar Russian surnames are in creation. pad. ending - th.
4.9. European female surnames on unstressed - ov, -in are presented in the Dictionary in the indeclinable form: HO JKIN Do roti, neskl. (English scientist, f.); CHA PLIN Geraldine, Cha plin Geraldine (American actress).
4.10. The Dictionary also includes male surnames with stress - in. If these are Russian and Russified male surnames, then they are inclined according to the general rule, that is, they have to create. pad. percussion - th. Therefore, this form is not given in the Dictionary, for example: KARAMZI N Nikolai, Karamzina Nikolay i; BUTURLI N Vasily, Buturlina Vasily.
4.11. Women's surnames of the given type are also inclined according to the Russian model: ROSTOPCHINA Evdoki I, Rostopchino i Evdoki and (Russian poetess).
4.12. To borrowed non-Russified male surnames with stress - in the form of creation is given. pad. with unstressed - ohm: RASI N Jean, Rasi na Jean, Rasi nom Jean nom (French playwright); BARTOLIN N Era zm, Bartoli na Era zm, Bartholin nom Era zm (Danish scientist).
4.13. Female surnames of this type are presented in an indeclinable version: DENEV Katri n [de], neskl. (French actress), BIRKY N Jane, neskl. (French actress).
4.14. Female surnames and given names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are given in an indeclinable form, for example: VO YNICH Ethel Lilián [te], neskl. (English writer); COURSE L Nico l [se], neskl. (French actress).
4.15. Female personal names of biblical origin (Hagar, Rakhil, Ruth, Sulami f, Esfir, Judith) are inclined according to the type of declension of the word “salt” (salt, salt, with salt, about salt), for example; Aga ry, Aga ri, with Aga ryu, about Aga ri. The Dictionary lists the forms of the genus, creation. and suggestion. pad. According to the same pattern, the name Rachele is inclined (Rachele, Rachele, with Rachele, about Rachele), but the stage name of the French actress RASHEL ( present fam. - Eli for Rache l Felix) does not bow.
4.16. The name Love is declined without dropping out a vowel, the Dictionary contains the forms of genus, dates. and suggestion. fall .: Love, Love, to Love, oh Love. The names Nine l and Asso l fluctuate when declining. The dictionary gives: Nine l, -i [ne] (female name); Asso l, neskl. (f. name).
5. Complex borrowed names and surnames
5.1. In complex Western names and surnames, connected by a hyphen, the last word is inclined: BELMONDO Zha n--Paul, Belmondo Zha n-Paul (French actor); RUSSO Zha n--Zha k, Rousseau Zha n--Zha ka (French writer and philosopher); CAPABLA NCA Jose -Rau l, Capabla nki Jose -Rau la [se] (Cuban chess player). If the second name is not inclined, then the first name takes over the function of inflection, for example: TRENTIGNA N Zsa n-Louis, Trintigna na Zha na-Louis (French actor); GE Y-LUSSA TO Jose f-Louis, Gay-Lussa ca Jose f-Louis [ze] (French chemist and physicist).
5.2. In compound names and surnames of Vietnamese, Korean, Burmese, Cambodian, Chinese, etc., the last part is inclined: KIM YON NAM, Kim Yong Na ma (North-Korean statesman); BA THEIN TIN, Ba Thein Ti na [te] (Burmese statesman); CHE A SIM, Che a Sima (Cambodian statesman); LI PENG, Li Peng na (Chinese statesman).
6. Double surnames
In Russian double surnames, both parts are inclined if their endings are declensible, for example: SOKOLO V-MIKITO V, Sokolo va-Mikitova (Russian writer); SHAFT SCHEV-KUTU CALL, SHAFT SCHEVA-KUTU CALL (Russian poet, philologist, literary critic), but: FALCON IN-SKAL, Falcon va-Scala (Russian artist).
If the first part is not used as an independent word, it is not declined: DE MUT-MALINOVSKY, Demut-Malinovsky (Russian sculptor); Grum-Grzhima YLO Vladi the world, Grum-Grzhima ylo Vladi the world (Russian scientist - metallurgist); BO LF-BRUE HIV, Bon nch-Bruevicha (Russian military figure).
P.1. Foreign names and surnames are inclined, naming males, ending in a consonant and an unstressed vowel - but.
Foreign female surnames are not inclined.
Ashot Petrosyan - Ashot Petrosyan's opinion ( but: Galina Petrosyan); George Byron - poems by George Byron(but: Ady Byron); Anatoly Belaga - textbook Anatoly Belaga.
Foreign surnames ending in vowels are not inclined (except for an unstressed vowel - but; Eugene Delacroix- drawings by Eugene Delacroà, Alphonse Daudet - novel by Alphonse Daudet, Giuseppe Verdi - music by Giuseppe Verdi, Jorge Amado - the talent of Jorge Amado, Sergo Zakariadze - the role of Sergo Zakariadze.
Notes. Declension of male surnames ending in a consonant or unstressed vowel -but, is explained by the analogy of these foreign-language surnames with Russian surnames ending in a consonant (Smirnov, Sinitsyn), as well as in an unstressed vowel - but(Smirnova, Sinitsyna).
The invariability of surnames in the feminine gender is explained by the tendency to dissimilarize males and females when naming them by their surnames.
Nevertheless, there is a tendency to decline foreign female names and surnames ending in an unstressed vowel -but: Mariet Chikobava – the role of Mariet Chikobava and the role of Mariet Chikobava. Songs of Edita Piekha.
P.2. Foreign declinable surnames and names in the instrumental case have an ending - ohm, -eat. Meeting with President Franklin Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Ogaryov's friendship with Herzen.
P.3. Slavic surnames in general bow down.
bow down male and female surnames ending in -th(according to the type of declension of adjectives): Met Vasily Zadorozhny – Anna Zadorozhnaya; opinion Alexander Pshenichny – Lyudmila Wheat.
bow down male surnames ending in a consonant: Andrey Marchuk is acquainted with Andrey Marchuk(but: familiar with Alena Marchuk).
bow down male and female surnames ending in an unstressed vowel -but. Composer Mayboroda - music by Mayboroda, figure skater Padalka - performance by Padalka. Vasily Yarga, Olga Yarga - the story of Vasily Yarga, Olga Yarga.
Don't bow down Slavic surnames ending in
-ago, -yago (opinion of Dr. Dubyago);
-oh, -them (Peter Sedykh's letter);
-ko, -o (poems by Taras Shevchenko, works by Professor Nikolay Durnovo).
P.4. Problems of declension / non-declension of Slavic surnames arise when Slavic (and some foreign-language) surnames coincide with common nouns ( Andrey Selezen, Alla Muzyka, Stanislav Pupil, Andre Stahl).
Note. Linguists point out the need for such surnames incline. In particular, in the Handbook of Practical Stylistics of the Modern Russian Language, Doctor of Philology, Professor of Moscow State University Yu.A. Belchikov points out: non-declination masculine surnames Sheremet, Hare, Wolfconsidered a mistake, violation of the norm. And further: “Surnames coinciding in spelling with common nouns, as well as with personal names and toponyms, are perceived as a deviation from the norm that has developed in the Russian language and in the linguistic consciousness of its speakers. In accordance with this norm, in order to avoid unwanted homonymy and inappropriate associations, the surname, if possible, should somehow differ from words denoting specific objects, body parts, abstract concepts, living beings, the profession of a person, his position, rank, social status, etc. .p., as well as from personal names (both passport and informal, for example. Pavlik, Lyubochka). The carriers of such surnames - as required by the norm - seek to separate them from homonymous common nouns and proper names by formal features.
change the accent in the surname. Alexei Bèrlin – city of Berlin, Irina Verbà – blooming willow;
when declining surnames, leave the letter composition unchanged (in cases where letters fall out when declining a common noun). Pyotr Kren - kren, no Pyotr Kren - no kren.
Note.“When declensing surnames of the named types in order to reduce the possibility of inappropriate associations, unwanted homonymy, a noun or a phrase with nouns is placed in front of the surname as the main word denoting the position, rank, profession, social status of the bearer of this surname. The book of the writer Pyotr Sokol. Interview with the laureate of the singing competition Boris Pavlik, visiting the composer Andrey Melnik ”(quoted. Recommendation by Yu.A. Belchikov);
“In documents, business papers, in the information genres of the media (especially in news materials, in chronicles), in general in official situations in order to preserve for the accuracy of information the original (passport) form of the surname of the given person (in the nominative case of the singular) male surnames of the type in question do not bow. In such situations and contexts, it is recommended to use the designation of the official, social status of the bearer of this surname and / or his first name before the surname. In connection with the anniversary of the Institute of Linguistics, to award a certificate of honor to the head of the laboratory of applied linguistics, Professor A.V. Marshal. The conference was attended by a group of French scientists headed by Academician Albert Cote. Thesis defense by Robert Sheriff. Discussion of the story of Stefan Korzh. (Cit. Recommendation by Yu.A. Belchikov);
Surnames that can cause ridicule, and therefore disrespect for the bearers of these surnames, for ethical reasons or in accordance with the family traditions of the bearers of the problematic surname, may don't bow. I do not hear the answer of Seryozha Poganets. Misha Sliznyak was not at the lesson today.
P.5. Female surnames of Slavic origin, coinciding with common nouns, are not inclined to a consonant (including -y). T phone of Irina Rekemchuk, role of Elena Solovey, address of Alla Zaigray.
P.6. Double names and surnames. In double names and surnames, both parts are declined if they are independent proper nouns. Novels by Mamin-Sibiryak, fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen, book by Pierre-Henri Simon. If the first part of the name or surname is not perceived as an independent proper name, then it is not declined. Meeting with Bonch-Bruevich. Laugh at Gogol's mayor Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky.
Note. In Korean, Vietnamese compound names and surnames, only the last part is declined. Kim Il Sung - speech by Kim Il Sung. Also, the first part of double type names is not inflected. Ahmad Shah, Zakir Khan. Negotiations with Ahmad-Shah Masud, come to Zahir_Khan Mammadov.
P.7. Surnames denoting several persons.
If non-Russian surnames refer to two or more persons, it is possible to use the surname in the singular and in the plural.
Form only plural with words father And a son: father and son Schlegel.
Singular only form with word sisters: sisters fisher.
In other cases, both singular and plural variants are used. Goncourt and Goncourt Brothers Prize. Reception of the Nixon and Nixon spouses. Album with coats of arms of Friesengoff and Friesengoff.
Note.Preference is given singular forms and invariability of surnames denoting females, including in combination with males. Spouses Mariengof, Husband and wife Rosenberg. Father and daughter Ulrich.
P.8. When declensed in the form of the instrumental singular, foreign names and surnames have an ending - om, uh: Be friends with Karel Gott, with Bill Clinton, with George Bush.
(Compare with Russian surnames: Be friends with Ivanov, Pavlov).
This article is devoted to the declension of surnames - a topic to which Russian language teachers devoted several lessons in elementary grades.
The ability to correctly decline one's own name and surname is very important - at school, a child signs his diary and notebooks, and in adulthood, important state documents.
Therefore, information about the declension of surnames by cases will be useful for both schoolchildren and adults.
General rules for declension of surnames
You need to remember them to avoid mistakes:
- Not all surnames ending in a consonant are declined for both men and women:
- female surnames are not inclined at all: script by Irina Kryuk, dress by Anna Mayer;
- male surnames can and should be declined: Louis Tomlinson song, Alexander Pushkin's house.
- All Russian surnames ending in "a" are declined: performance by Karina Ivanova, story by Vasily Stupka.
- Foreign surnames are declined if they end in a consonant: creativity of Anatoly Petrosyan, poems by George Byron.
Exception: French surnames Dumas, Lacroix and others do not bow.
Foreign surnames ending in a vowel other than an unstressed "a" are not declined: music by Giuseppe Verdi, role by Sergo Makaradze.
What surnames are not inclined in Russian
This rule is well displayed in the picture.
Do male surnames decline or not?
Male surnames are subject to declension, but not all. You need to figure out what your last name is- Russian, French, Armenian, etc., what letter it ends with, and apply the corresponding rule.
Declension of masculine surnames ending in a consonant
Declension of surnames in Ukrainian
Ukrainian surnames with the endings -uk (-yuk), -ok, -ik, -ch are inclined only if they are male surnames. As in Russian, female Ukrainian surnames ending in a consonant are not inclined.
Exceptions to the rule include surnames ending in -ih, -iy. Usually these are surnames formed from adjectives: White, Black. They don't bow.
Do Armenian surnames decline to -yan?
The declension of Armenian surnames into -an (-yan), -ants (-yantz), -unts follows the rules of the Russian language: male surnames are inclined, female ones are not.
Declension of foreign surnames
To memorize the declension of foreign names, this algorithm will be useful:
Declension of male surnames ending in a soft sign
There are few male surnames that end in -b, but you still need to know how they are inclined.
Exception: surnames derived from city names are not declined. These are the surnames of Uruguay, Taiwan, etc.
Declension of masculine surnames ending in a vowel
Surnames ending in a vowel other than -a , do not bow. This is true for both male and female surnames.
| Them. P. | Petr Romanenko |
| Genus. P. | Petra Romanenko |
| Date P. | Petru Romanenko |
| Vin. P. | Petra Romanenko |
| Creation. P. | Petr Romanenko |
| Previous P. | (about) Petre Romanenko |
Declension of double surnames
The declension of double Russian surnames occurs as follows: both parts are inclined according to the rules of the Russian language. If the first part serves only as an integral part, then it does not decline.
| Them. P. | Ivan Petrov-Zodchenko |
| Genus. P. | Ivan Petrov-Zodchenko |
| Date P. | Ivan Petrov-Zodchenko |
| Vin. P. | Ivan Petrov-Zodchenko |
| Creation. P. | Ivan Petrov-Zodchenko |
| Previous P. | (about) Ivan Petrov-Zodchenko |
Do not forget that surnames do not decline to -o!
Compound surnames are popular in East Asia. For example, the surname Kim Il Sung. It consists of three parts, but only the last one is inclined, according to general rules.
Declension of German surnames
Largely, German surnames were received from geographical names, personal names, nicknames.
Male German surnames ending in a consonant are definitely declined: give it to Müller, call Schneider, send Wagner, no Schultz, think Richter.
On a vowel, respectively, no:a letter to Adolf Weisse, a work by Johann Goethe, documents by Arnold Kolbe.
Is a male surname ending in "y" inclined?
Male surnames are also inclined to "y".
Declension of Georgian surnames into "iya"
Linguists do not advise inclining Georgian surnames with the suffixes "ia", "ia", "ua", "aya". It’s worth writing the endings correctly: otherwise it will cease to have anything to do with Georgia. Examples: Goritsaviy's book, Gamsakhurdia's house, Chkadua's address.
It is easy to remember the spelling of surnames: female surnames are inclined ONLY with the ending "a" ( Mokaeva, Ivanova etc.). Male surnames are declined by EVERYTHING EXCEPT for those ending in other vowels ( Plushenko, Begiashvili).
However, if you still have problems with declension, it is better to turn to the Internet or the "Directory of Surnames". It will take time, but you will be sure that the data is written correctly, and they will not have to be changed.
1. Names (Slavic) on -about such as Levko, Marko, Pavlo, Petro are inclined according to the pattern of declension of masculine neuter nouns, for example: in front of Levko, at Mark; in M. Gorky, the name Danko is not inclined (“... she told about the burning heart of Danko”).
Names that have parallel forms on -about – -but(Gavrilo - Gavrila, Mikhail - Mikhaila), usually inclined according to the type of feminine nouns: at Gavrila, to Gavrila, with Gavrila. Other endings (at Gavril, to Gavril, with Gavril) are formed from another original form of Gavril.
2. Foreign names are inclined towards a consonant regardless of whether they are used alone or together with a surname, for example: novels by Jules Verne (not “Jules Verne”), stories by Mark Twain, plays by John Boynton Priestley, fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen, book by Pierre - Henri Simon. Partial deviations are observed with double French names, for example: the philosophical views of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an evening in memory of Jean-Richard Blok (the first name is not declined, see § 13, paragraph 3).
3. When declensing Slavic names and surnames, Russian declension forms are used (in particular, fluent vowels are preserved in indirect forms), for example: Edek, Vladek (Polish names) - Edek, Vladek (not “Edka”, “Vladka”); Karel Capek - Karel Capek, (not "Chapka"); Vaclav Havel - Vaclav Havel (not "Havl").
4. Russian and foreign surnames ending in a consonant are declined if they refer to men, and do not decline if they refer to women. Compare: student Kulik - student Kulik, George W. Bush - Barbara Bush. Frequent deviations from the rule (the inflexibility of Russian male surnames ending in a consonant sound) are observed in cases where the surname is consonant with the name of an animal or inanimate object (Goose, Belt), in order to avoid unusual or curious combinations, for example: “At Mr. Goose”, "Citizen Belt". Often in such cases, especially in official business speech, they keep the surname in initial form(cf .: train with Stanislav Zhuk) or make changes to this type of declension, for example, retain a fluent vowel in the forms of indirect cases (cf .: highly appreciate the courage of Konstantin Kobets).
5. Surnames are not inclined to -ago, -ako, -yago, -yh, -them, -ovo: Shambinago, Plevako, Dubyago, Red, Long, Durnovo. Only in vernacular are there forms like “at Ivan Sedykh”.
6. Foreign surnames ending in a vowel (except for unstressed -and I, with a preceding consonant) are not declined, for example: Zola's novels, Hugo's poems, Bizet's operas, Punchini's music, Shaw's plays, Salman Rushdie's poems.
Often Slavic (Polish and Czech) surnames are also brought under this rule. -ski And -s: opinions of Zbigniew Brzezinski (American public and political figure), Pokorny's Dictionary (Czech linguist). However, it should be borne in mind that the tendency to transfer such surnames in accordance with their sound in the source language (cf. the spelling of the Polish surnames Gliński, Leszczynska - with the letter b front sk) is combined with the tradition of their transmission according to the Russian model in writing and declension: works by the Polish writer Krasiński, performances by the singer Ewa Bandrowska-Turska, a concert by the pianist Czerny-Stefanska, an article by Octavia Opulska-Danetska, etc. To avoid difficulties in the functioning of such surnames in the Russian language, it is advisable to arrange them according to the pattern of the declension of Russian male and female surnames in -sky, -sky, -th, -th. Polish combinations are inclined similarly, for example: Home Army, Home Army, etc.
From surnames to stressed -but only Slavic ones incline: The writer Mayboroda, the philosopher Skovoroda, the films of Alexander Mitta.
Non-Russian surnames on unstressed -oh, -i(mostly Slavic and Romanesque) are inclined, for example: the work of Jan Neruda, the poems of Pablo Neruda, the works of the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Campanella's utopianism, Torquemada's cruelty, a film starring Giulietta Mazina; but movies with Henry Fonda and Jane Fonda. Finnish surnames also do not decline to -a: a meeting with Kuusela. Foreign surnames do not decline to -ia, for example: Heredia's sonnets, Gulia's stories; in -iya - they are inclined, for example: the atrocities of Beria.
Fluctuations are observed in the use of Georgian, Japanese and some other surnames; compare: aria performed by Zurab Sotkilava, Okudzhava's songs, Ardzinba's government, 100th anniversary of the birth of Saint-Katayama, policy of General Tanaka, works by Ryunosuke Akutagawa. IN last years there is a clear trend towards declension of such surnames.
7. Ukrainian surnames on -ko (-enko) in fiction usually inclined, although different type declensions (as masculine or neuter words), for example: an order to the head of Yevtukh Makogonenok; a poem dedicated to Rodzyanka M.V. In the modern press, such surnames, as a rule, are not declined, for example: the anniversary of Taras Shevchenko, memories of V.G. Korolenko. In some cases, however, their variability is appropriate for introducing clarity into the text, cf.: letter from V.G. Korolenko A.V. Lunacharsky - a letter addressed to V.G. Korolenka. Wed also in Chekhov: “Toward evening, Belikov ... trudged to Kovalenki.” Surnames do not bow to -ko percussion: the Franko Theater, Lyashko's stories.
8. In compound names and surnames of Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese, the last part is inclined (if it ends in a consonant sound), for example: Choi Hen's speech, Pham Van Dong's statement, conversation with U Ku Ling.
9. In Russian double surnames, the first part is declined if it is used as a surname in itself, for example: songs by Solovyov-Sedoy, paintings by Sokolov-Skaly. If the first part does not form a surname, then it does not decline, for example: research by Grum-Grzhimailo, in the role of Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky, sculpture by Demut-Malinovsky.
10. Non-Russian surnames referring to two or more persons are put in the plural form in some cases, in the singular form in others:
1) if the surname has two male names, then it is put in the plural form, for example: Heinrich and Thomas Mann, August and Jean Picard, Adolf and Michael Gottlieb; also father and son of Oistrakhi;
- 2) with two female names, the surname is put in the singular form, for example: Irina and Tamara Press (compare the inclination of surnames to a consonant sound related to women);
- 3) if the surname is accompanied by male and female names, then it retains the singular form, for example: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Ronald and Nancy Reagan, Ariadne and Peter Tur, Nina and Stanislav Zhuk;
- 4) the surname is also put in the singular if it is accompanied by two common nouns indicating a different gender, for example: Mr. and Mrs. Clinton, Lord and Lady Hamilton; however, with combinations of husband and wife, brother and sister, the surname is more often used in the plural: husband and wife of Estrema, brother and sister of Niringa;
- 5) at the word of the spouse, the surname is put in the singular form, for example: spouses Kent, spouses Major;
- 6) with the word brothers, the surname is also usually put in the singular, for example: the Grimm brothers, the Spiegel brothers, the Schellenberg brothers, the Pokrass brothers; the same with the word sister: sisters Koch;
- 7) with the word family, the surname is usually put in the singular form, for example: the Oppenheim family, the Hoffman-steel family.
11. In combinations of Russian surnames with numerals, the following forms are used: two Petrovs, both Petrovs, two Petrovs, both Petrov brothers, two Petrov friends; two (both) Zhukovskys; two (both) Zhukovsky. Combinations of numerals with foreign-language surnames are also brought under this rule: both Schlegels, two brothers of Manna.
12. Female patronymics are inclined according to the type of declension of nouns, not adjectives, for example: Anna Ivanovna, Anna Ivanovna, Anna Ivanovna.