Scientific research work (R&D) – these are scientific developments related to the search, research, experiments in order to obtain new knowledge, test hypotheses, establish patterns, scientific justification of projects.
R&D performance is regulated by the following normative documents: GOST 15.101-98 "Procedure for performing research", GOST 7.32-2001 "Making a report on research", STB-1080-2011 "Procedure for performing research, development and experimental technological work to create scientific and technical products ”, etc. (Appendix 10).
Distinguish fundamental, search and applied R&D.
As a rule, fundamental and prospecting works are not included in the product life cycle, however, on their basis, ideas are generated that can be transformed into applied research projects.
Basic research can be divided into "clean" (free) and targeted.
"Pure" basic research- this is research, the main purpose of which is the disclosure and knowledge of unknown laws and regularities of nature and society, the causes of phenomena and the disclosure of connections between them, as well as an increase in the amount of scientific knowledge. In "pure" research there is a freedom to choose the field of research and methods of scientific work.
Targeted basic research are aimed at solving specific problems using strictly scientific methods based on the available data. They are limited to a certain area of science, and their purpose is not only to understand the laws of nature and society, but also to explain phenomena and processes, in a more complete understanding of the object under study, and expanding human knowledge.
This fundamental research can be called goal-oriented. They retain the freedom to choose their methods of work, but unlike the "clean" basic research there is no freedom to choose the objects of research, the area and purpose of the research are tentatively set (for example, the development of a controlled thermonuclear reaction).
Basic research conducted by academic research institutes and universities. The results of fundamental research - theories, discoveries, new principles of action. The probability of their use is 5 - 10%.
Exploratory research cover works aimed at studying the ways and methods of practical application of the results of fundamental research. Their implementation presupposes the possibility of alternative directions for solving an applied problem and the choice of the most promising direction for its solution. They are based on the known results of fundamental research, although as a result of the search, their main provisions may be revised.
The main purpose of exploratory research- the use of the results of fundamental research for practical application in various fields in the near future (for example, the search and identification of the possibilities of using a laser in practice).
Exploratory research can include work on the creation of fundamentally new materials, metal processing technologies, the study and development of scientific foundations for the optimization of technological processes, the search for new drugs, analysis of the biological effect on the body of new chemical compounds etc.
Exploratory research has varieties: exploratory research of a wide profile without a special application to a particular production and of a narrowly focused nature for solving problems of specific industries.
Search work is carried out in universities, academic and industry research institutes. In certain sectoral institutes of industry and other branches of the national economy specific gravity search work reaches 10%.
The probability of practical use of exploratory research is about 30%.
Applied Research (R&D) are one of the stages of the life cycle of creating new types of products. These include research that is carried out with the aim of the practical use of the results of fundamental and exploratory research in relation to specific problems.
The purpose of applied research is to answer the question “is it possible to create a new type of product, materials or technological processes based on the results of fundamental and exploratory research, and with what characteristics”.
Applied research is carried out mainly in industry research institutes. The results of applied research are patentable schemes, scientific recommendations proving the technical feasibility of creating innovations (machine tools, devices, technologies). At this stage, a market target can be set with a high degree of probability. The probability of practical use of applied research is 75 - 85%.
R&D consists of stages (stages), which are understood as a logically substantiated set of works that have independent significance and are an object of planning and financing.
The specific composition of the stages and the nature of the work performed within their framework are determined by the specifics of the research work.
According to GOST 15.101-98 "Procedure for performing research", the main stages of research are:
1. Development of technical specifications (TOR)- selection and study of scientific and technical literature, patent information and other materials on the topic, discussion of the data obtained, on the basis of which an analytical review is made, hypotheses and forecasts are put forward, customer requirements are taken into account. Based on the results of the analysis, research directions and ways of implementing the requirements that the product must satisfy are selected. Reporting scientific and technical documentation for the stage is drawn up, the necessary performers are determined, a technical assignment is prepared and issued.
The following types of information are used at the stage of development of technical specifications for R&D:
· object of study;
· A description of the requirements for the research object;
· A list of functions of the object of research of a general technical nature;
· A list of physical and other effects, patterns and theories that can be the basis of the principle of operation of a new product;
· Technical solutions (in predictive research);
· Information about the scientific and technical potential of the performer of research work;
Information about production and material resources research work performer;
· marketing research;
· Data on the expected economic effect.
Additionally, the following information is used:
· Methods for solving individual problems;
· General technical requirements (standards, environmental and other restrictions, requirements for reliability, maintainability, ergonomics, and so on);
· Projected terms of product renewal;
· Proposals of licenses and "know-how" on the object of research.
2. Choosing a direction of research- collecting and studying scientific and technical information, compiling an analytical review, conducting patent research, formulating possible directions for solving the tasks set in the TK of research, and their comparative assessment, choosing and justifying the accepted direction of research and methods for solving problems, comparing the expected indicators of new products after implementation of research results with existing indicators of analogue products, assessment of the approximate economic efficiency of new products, development of a general research methodology. Drawing up an interim report.
3. Conducting theoretical, experimental research- development of working hypotheses, construction of models of the object of research, justification of assumptions, scientific and technical ideas are tested, research methods are developed, the choice of various types of schemes is justified, calculation and research methods are selected, the need for experimental work is identified, and methods for their implementation are developed.
If the need for experimental work is determined, the design and manufacture of models and an experimental sample are carried out.
Bench and field experimental tests of the sample are carried out according to the developed programs and methods, the test results are analyzed, the degree of correspondence of the data obtained on the experimental sample to the calculated and theoretical conclusions is determined.
If there are deviations from the technical specification, then the experimental sample is revised, additional tests are carried out, if necessary, changes are made to the developed schemes, calculations, technical documentation.
4. Registration of research results- preparation of reporting documentation on the results of research, including materials on the novelty and expediency of using the results of research, on economic efficiency. If positive results are obtained, then scientific and technical documentation and a draft technical assignment for experimental design work are developed. The compiled and executed set of scientific and technical documentation is presented to the customer for acceptance. If private technical solutions are new, then they are drawn up through the patent service, regardless of the completion of the preparation of all technical documentation. The head of the topic, before presenting the research work to the commission, draws up a notice of its readiness for acceptance.
5. Subject acceptance- discussion and approval of the research results (scientific and technical report) and the signing of the customer's act of acceptance of the work. If positive results are obtained and an acceptance certificate is signed, then the developer transfers to the customer:
An experimental sample of a new product accepted by the commission;
Acceptance test reports and acts of acceptance of the prototype (model) of the product;
Calculations of the economic efficiency of using the development results;
The necessary design and technological documentation for the manufacture of an experimental sample.
The developer takes part in the design and development of a new product and, along with the customer, is responsible for the achievement of the guaranteed performance of the product.
Comprehensive research and development work according to a specific target program allows not only to solve a scientific and technical problem, but also to create a sufficient reserve for more efficient and high-quality development work, design and technological preparation of production, as well as significantly reduce the amount of improvements and the time frame for creating and mastering a new technology.
Experimental and design developments (R&D). The continuation of applied research is technical developments: experimental design (ROC), design and technological (PTR) and design (PR) developments. At this stage, new technological processes are developed, samples of new products, machines and devices, etc. are created.
The development work is regulated by:
STB 1218-2000. Development and launch of products for production. Terms and Definitions.
STB-1080-2011. "The procedure for the implementation of research, development and experimental technological work to create scientific and technical products."
TKP 424-2012 (02260). The procedure for the development and launch of products for production. Technical Code. The provisions of the technical code apply to work on the creation of new or improved products (services, technologies), including the creation of innovative products.
· GOST R 15.201-2000, System of product development and launching into production. Products for industrial and technical purposes. The procedure for the development and launch of products for production.
· And others (see Appendix 10).
The purpose of the development work is the development of a set of working design documentation in the volume and quality of development, sufficient for the production of a certain type of product (GOST R 15.201-2000).
Experimental design work for its purposes is a consistent implementation of the results of previously conducted applied research.
Development work is mainly carried out by design and engineering organizations. The tangible result of this stage is drawings, projects, standards, instructions, prototypes. The probability of practical use of the results is 90 - 95%.
Main types of work that are included in the ROC:
1) preliminary design (development of fundamental technical solutions of the product, giving a general idea of the principle of operation and (or) the device of the product);
2) technical design (development of final technical solutions that give a complete picture of the product design);
3) design (design implementation of technical solutions);
4) modeling, pilot production of product samples;
5) confirmation of technical solutions and their design implementation by testing models and prototypes.
Typical stages OCD are:
1. Technical task - the initial document, on the basis of which all work is carried out to create a new product, developed by the manufacturer of the product and agreed with the customer (main consumer). Approved by the leading ministry (whose profile the product under development belongs to).
In the terms of reference, the purpose of the future product is determined, its technical and operational parameters and characteristics are carefully justified: performance, dimensions, speed, reliability, durability and other indicators due to the nature of the future product. It also contains information about the nature of production, conditions of transportation, storage and repair, recommendations for the implementation of the necessary stages of development of design documentation and its composition, feasibility study and other requirements.
The development of technical specifications is based on the completed research work, marketing research information, analysis of existing similar models and their operating conditions.
When developing TOR for R&D, information is used that is similar to that for the development of TOR for R&D (see above).
After agreement and approval, the terms of reference is the basis for the development of a draft design.
2. Preliminary design consists of a graphic part and an explanatory note. The first part contains fundamental design solutions that give an idea of the product and the principle of its operation, as well as data that determine the purpose, main parameters and overall dimensions. It gives an idea of the future design of the product, including general arrangement drawings, functional blocks, input and output electrical data of all nodes (blocks) that make up the general block diagram.
At this stage, documentation for the manufacture of models is developed, their manufacture and testing are carried out, after which the design documentation is corrected. The second part of the draft design contains the calculation of the main design parameters, a description of the operational features and an approximate schedule of work on the technical preparation of production.
The layout of the product allows you to achieve a successful layout of individual parts, find more correct aesthetic and ergonomic solutions, and thereby speed up the development of design documentation at subsequent stages.
The tasks of the draft design include the development of guidelines for ensuring at the subsequent stages of manufacturability, reliability, standardization and unification, as well as drawing up a list of specifications of materials and components for prototypes for their subsequent transfer to the logistics service.
The draft design goes through the same stages of coordination and approval as the technical task.
3. Technical project is developed on the basis of an approved draft design and provides for the implementation of the graphic and calculation parts, as well as clarification of the technical and economic indicators of the product being created. It consists of a set of design documents containing the final technical solutions that give a complete picture of the device under development and the initial data for the development of working documentation.
In the graphic part of the technical project, drawings of the general view of the designed product, assemblies in the assembly and main parts are provided. Drawings must be agreed with technologists.
V explanatory note contains a description and calculation of the parameters of the main assembly units and basic parts of the product, a description of the principles of its operation, the rationale for the choice of materials and types of protective coatings, a description of all schemes and the final technical and economic calculations. At this stage, in the development of product variants, a prototype is manufactured and tested. The technical project goes through the same stages of coordination and approval as the technical task.
4. Working draft is a further development and specification of the technical project. This stage is divided into three levels: development of working documentation for a pilot batch (prototype); development of working documentation for the installation series; development of working documentation for serial or mass production.
The result of the R&D is a set of working design documentation (CDD) for launching a new type of product into production.
Working design documentation (WDC)- a set of design documents intended for the manufacture, control, acceptance, delivery, operation and repair of the product. Along with the term "working design documentation", the terms "working technological documentation" and "working technical documentation" are used with a similar definition. Working documentation, depending on the scope of use, is subdivided into production, operational and repair design documentation.
Thus, the result of R&D, in other words, scientific and technical products (STP) is a set of RKD. Such a set of design documentation may include:
The actual design documentation,
Software documentation,
· Operational documentation.
In some cases, if it is provided for by the requirements of the technical assignment, technological documentation may also be included in the composition of the working technical documentation.
The various stages of R&D, as they are performed, should contain their characteristic results, such results are:
· Technical documentation based on the results of preliminary design;
· Models, experimental and prototypes made in the course of the development work;
Test results of prototypes: preliminary (PI), interdepartmental (MI), acceptance (PR), state (GI), etc.
Similar information.
The main research topics of the Expert-Analytical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences:
Research Performance Standards (R&D)
What is R&D?
Research work (R&D) is an activity, the purpose of which is to obtain new or deepen existing scientific knowledge and achievements in a particular field.
- 1. Planning (choosing a topic, drawing up a work plan, etc.).
- 2. Formulating a hypothesis, choosing a method for testing it, collecting data, analyzing data, confirming or refuting a hypothesis. (in Western sources the greatest attention is paid to this stage).
- 3. Creation of the R&D text based on the results of clauses 1 and 2.
- 4. Publication of the results of work in scientific journals, participation in conferences, seminars.
- 5. Public protection.
R&D is an important component and a necessary condition for the training of qualified specialists. For example, to obtain a PhD or Doctor of Science degree, you must independently complete your research work. The scientific community believes that in the conditions of the information society and the constant updating of knowledge, the ability to quickly navigate the flow of information, analyze, highlight what is needed, conduct independent research and prove their effectiveness in practice are very important and useful skills.
Standard stages of research work
Despite the different directions and areas of research, R&D has one common basic structure and is carried out in stages.
- Stage I: definition of the problem and formulation of the topic.
- Stage II: goal setting and hypothesis.
- Stage III: work with literature, including search necessary material and its analysis.
- Stage IV: preparation of the theoretical part of the work.
- Stage V: conducting an experimental study.
- Stage VI: registration of work. Summarizing.
- Stage VII: announcement of results (public defense, publications in scientific journals, participation in conferences, etc.).
Accordingly, different chapters of scientific work are written at different stages. For example, for a Ph.D. thesis, a structure of 3 chapters is adopted. The first chapter includes work on the first three stages, the second chapter includes the 4th and 5th stages of work, the third - the sixth. Public defense is carried out separately from the scientific work itself, and for its conduct one more research work is being done - under the general name "dissertation author's abstract".
Routine Research Tasks
Scientific work is carried out under the guidance of an experienced specialist in this field (scientific advisor). It has specific tasks:
Commercial R&D
It should be noted that R&D is now not only scientific research in its purest form. Often, the results of research and development work are of purely practical importance - for example, research work on planning projects for a particular area in Moscow is a working material of the Research Institute of the General Plan of Moscow, and research work on the assessment of a building is almost 90% of the work of appraisers (building appraisal reports) ... We carry out research and development in the field
Why ordering a test is easier than doing it yourself
Solving control problems on their own often causes difficulties, especially if a student is studying exact sciences: mathematics, physics, astronomy. A test is one thing, where the correct answer is often chosen intuitively. And it is quite another to carry out a written decision, which shows the logic of reasoning, the ability to stay within the framework of the discipline, the ability to experiment and general intellectual abilities.
What difficulties do you face when doing research on your own?
The implementation of research and development work is associated with the creation of theoretical and practical parts. They are quite voluminous. In the first part, the student shows how good he is in theory, and in the second, he applies knowledge in practice. Both parts should be logically related.
In the scientific community, not only the ability to discover new things is appreciated, but also to analyze the results obtained using various methods: statistical, factorial, cluster and regression analysis, etc. You need to think globally, have a good understanding of the topic and look into the future.
Research work is carried out in the form of a control, abstract, report or project. Each of the types requires taking into account the special requirements of the teacher and educational institution, features of the subject and design.
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How to avoid difficulties with research and development?
Difficulties with writing and formatting research work can be avoided if you turn to Studently experts for help.
They have enough knowledge and skills to quickly and efficiently cope with a large volume of work. It doesn't matter if it's practice or theory. They not only record the results, but also evaluate and organize them.
Topic 2. Stages of research work
Stages of research work. Feasibility study (TEO) of the topic. Justification of the relevance and significance of the work for the industry and the national economy of the country. Methods of solution, tasks and stages of research. Estimated (potential) economic effect. Estimated social outcomes. Feasibility study approval. The purpose of theoretical research. Substantiation of a physical model, development of a mathematical model. Analysis of preliminary results. Methodical instructions to conduct an experiment. Experimental work plan. Introduction of fundamental and applied scientific research into production. State tests.
Federal Law "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy" dated 23.08.1996 N 127-FZ (current edition, 2016)
Types of research and development and their main stages
Scientific research can be divided into fundamental, exploratory and applied.
Types of research work
| Research types | Research results |
| Fundamental R&D | Expansion of theoretical knowledge. Obtaining new scientific data on the processes, phenomena, patterns that exist in the research area; scientific foundations, methods and principles of research |
| Search R&D | Increasing the amount of knowledge for a deeper understanding of the subject being studied. Development of forecasts for the development of science and technology; discovery of ways to apply new phenomena and patterns |
| Applied research | Resolution of specific scientific problems for creating new products. Obtaining recommendations, instructions, calculation and technical materials, methods. Determination of the possibility of carrying out R&D (development work) on the subject of research |
As a rule, fundamental and search work is not included in the product life cycle. However, on their basis, ideas are generated that can be transformed into R&D projects.
Applied R&D is one of the stages of the product life cycle. Their task is to answer the question: is it possible to create a new type of product and with what characteristics?
The procedure for conducting research and development is regulated by GOST 15.101-98.
The specific composition of the stages and the nature of the work performed within their framework are determined by the specifics of the research work.
The stages of scientific research and their summary.
Any specific research can be presented in the form of a series of stages.
1. Choice of research topic.
2. Determination of the object and subject of research.
3. Determination of goals and objectives.
4. The wording of the title of the work.
5. Development of a hypothesis.
6. Drawing up a research plan.
7. Work with literature.
8. Selection of subjects.
9. The choice of research methods.
10. Organization of research conditions.
11. Conducting research (collecting material).
12. Processing of research results.
13. Formulation of conclusions.
14. Registration of work.
Each stage has its own tasks, which are often solved sequentially, and sometimes simultaneously.
Choosing a research topic... Scientific research always presupposes the solution of a scientific problem. Lack of knowledge, facts, inconsistency of scientific ideas create the basis for scientific research. The formulation of a scientific problem involves:
Finding out the existence of such a deficit;
Awareness of the need to eliminate the deficit;
Formulation of the problem.
It is preferable to investigate those problems in which a person is more competent and which are related to his practical activities (sports, educational, organizational, teaching or technical, etc.). At the same time, the proposed topic must be assessed from the point of view of the possibility of conducting an experiment, i.e. the presence of a sufficient number of subjects for the formation of experimental groups (experimental and control), research equipment, the creation of appropriate conditions for the process in the experimental group, etc.
Help in choosing a topic can be provided by viewing catalogs of defended theses, review publications in special scientific and methodological periodicals.
The topic should be relevant, i.e. useful to meet the scientific, social, technical and economic needs of society.
Definition of the object and subject of research. An object research is process or phenomenon, which are selected for study, contain a problem situation and serve as a source of information necessary for the researcher. (Technological process, management task, social issues of employees).
However, it is recommended to formulate the object of research not infinitely broadly, but so that the circle of objective reality can be traced. This circle should include item as the most important element, which is characterized in direct relationship with other constituent parts of a given object and can be unambiguously understood only when compared with other aspects of the object.
The research subject is more specific and includes only those connections and relationships that are subject to direct study in this work.
From what has been said it follows that object is what is being investigated, and the object is what is scientifically explained in this object. Exactly item research defines the research topic. For example: “The effect of adding cumin essential oil for the expiration date(or: taste) sausage (Hungarian sausage) ».
Determination of the goal and objectives... Based on the object and subject, you can begin to define the goal and objectives of the study. The goal is formulated briefly and extremely accurately, meaningfully expressing the main thing that the researcher intends to do, what end result he aspires to. The purpose of research within the framework of term papers and theses may be the development of recipes for new products, new methods for determining the components of food products, the introduction of new components into food products, the development of recipes for functional nutrition, etc.
The goal is concretized and developed in the research objectives.
Several tasks are set, and each of them, in a clear formulation, reveals the side of the topic that is being studied. When defining tasks, it is necessary to take into account their mutual relationship. Sometimes it is impossible to solve one problem without first solving another. Each task must have a solution reflected in one or more conclusions.
The first task, as a rule, is associated with the identification, clarification, deepening, methodological substantiation of the essence, structure of the object under study.
The second is related to the analysis of the real state of the research subject.
The third task is related to the transformation of the subject of research, i.e. identifying ways and means of increasing the efficiency of improving the studied phenomenon or process (for example, developing an experimental technique for introducing a new component).
Fourth - with an experimental test of the effectiveness of the proposed transformations.
Objectives should be formulated clearly and concisely. As a rule, each task is formulated in the form of an instruction: "Study ...", "Develop ...", "Reveal ...", "Install ...", "Justify ...", "Determine ..." "," Check ... "," Prove ... ", etc.
Work title wording... Having determined the topic and specific tasks, having specified the object and subject of research, one can give the first version of the wording of the title of the work.
It is recommended that the title of the work be formulated as briefly as possible, exactly in accordance with its content. It must be remembered that the title should reflect the subject of the study. The title of the work should not contain vague formulations, for example: "Analysis of some issues ...", as well as stamped formulations such as: "To the question of ...", "To study ...", "Materials to ..." ...
It is not easy to find a complete and concise formulation right away. Even in the course of research, new, better names may appear.
Developing a hypothesis... A hypothesis is a scientific assumption that requires experimental verification and theoretical justification, confirmation. Knowledge of the subject of research allows you to put forward a hypothesis. All hypotheses are divided into descriptive and explanatory. The first describes the relationship between the investigated quality and the result. experimental activities(for example: essential oils have antimicrobial activity - it can increase the shelf life by suppressing pathogenic microorganisms;) secondly - explanatory - internal conditions, mechanisms, causes and effects are revealed.
Sources for developing a hypothesis can be a generalization of experience, an analysis of existing scientific facts and further development of scientific theories. Any hypothesis is considered as an initial outline and a starting point for research, which may or may not be confirmed.
Drawing up a research plan... The research plan is a planned program of action, which includes all stages of work with the definition of calendar dates for their implementation. A plan is necessary in order to properly organize the work and give it a more purposeful character. In addition, he disciplines, makes him work in a certain rhythm.
In the process of work, the original plan can be detailed, supplemented and even changed.
Working with literature... The place of this stage of work is determined conditionally, since in reality work with literature begins in the process of choosing a topic and continues until the end of the study. The effectiveness of working with literary sources depends on the knowledge of certain rules for their search, the appropriate method of study and note taking. A "literary source" means a document containing any information (monograph, article, abstracts, book, etc.).
Selection of the investigated... Any research is ultimately comparative.
You can compare the results of the experimental system (sausage) i.e. the system in which the new component was used, with the results of the control system (in which the usually accepted recipe was stored for comparison).
You can also compare the results of "today's" research with the results that were obtained earlier (for example, the same material - a sausage product, with the addition of dry cumin or other essential oils)
Finally, you can compare the results obtained on this model with those standards that exist in Food Industry.
It is known that any research is carried out on a relatively small number of models. At the same time, conclusions are drawn in relation to all similar systems (all sausages of the same type). This transfer of experimental results is based on the statistical law of large numbers. The objective operation of this law makes it possible to use the sampling method in statistics, in which not all units of a particular population are studied, but only a selected part of them. In this case, the generalized characteristics of the selected part (sample population) apply to the entire population (general population). The main requirement for the sample is that it should reflect the features of the general population as much as possible (i.e., be representative - representative).
Using the sampling method, each experimenter solves two problems: what select as investigated and how you have to choose them.
Choice of research methods... Research method is a way of obtaining collection, processing or analysis of data. Various methods of scientific knowledge from other fields of science and technology are widely used in research. On the one hand, this phenomenon can be considered positive, since it makes it possible to study the issues under study in a comprehensive manner, to consider the variety of connections and relationships, on the other hand, this diversity makes it difficult to choose methods that correspond to a specific study.
The main guideline for the choice of research methods can serve as its tasks. . It is the tasks assigned to the work that determine the ways of their solution, and, therefore, the choice of the appropriate research methods. In this case, it is important to select such methods that would be adequate to the originality of the studied phenomena.
In the practice of research in the food industry, aimed at solving various problems, the following methods are most widely used:
Analysis of scientific and methodological literature, documentary and archival materials;
Poll (conversation, interview and questionnaire);
Control tests (testing);
Expert assessment;
Observation;
Experiment;
Methods of mathematical processing.
The listed groups of methods are closely related to each other. They cannot be applied in isolation. For example, to conduct an observation or experiment, you must first obtain information about what is already in practice and theory, that is, use the methods of analysis of scientific and methodological literature or a survey. The factual material obtained in the process of research will not be reliable without methods of mathematical processing.
The essence of any experiment is a combination of several of the listed methods.
Organization of research conditions... The organization of the experiment is associated with the planning of its conduct, which determines the sequence of all stages of work, as well as with the preparation of all conditions that ensure a full-fledged study. This includes preparing the appropriate environment, raw materials, instruments, means, instructing assistants, planning observation, choosing experimental and control groups, evaluating all the features of the experimental base, etc.
For a successful experiment, certain conditions are necessary: the presence of a base (----), the appropriate inventory (-----). The question of the place of the experiment in practice, especially at the initial stage, is most often decided on the basis of a personal agreement of the experimenter (for example, the technology director of the company). In all cases, for the experiment, permission must be obtained from the head of the organization in which the experiment is supposed to be carried out.
Conducting research... At this stage of work, using the selected research methods, the necessary empirical (experimental) data are collected to test the hypothesis put forward.
Initial, intermediate and final research provides for obtaining indicators using methods of collecting current information, and conducting classes ensures the direct implementation of the intended process (the use of new tools, methods, etc.).
The time intervals between the initial, intermediate and final studies are extremely variable and depend on many reasons (tasks and research methods, real conditions for organizing the experiment, etc.).
The research is carried out on the basis of the general program of the experiment, programs for conducting classes in the experimental and control groups, as well as a program for conducting observations.
The program indicates the content and sequence of all actions(what, where, when and how will be carried out, observed, verified, compared and measured; what will be the procedure for measuring indicators, their registration; what equipment, tools and other means will be used; who will perform the work and what).
Processing of research results... Primary data processing. It is important to process the results of each study as soon as possible after its completion, while the experimenter's memory can suggest those details - which for some reason are not recorded, but are of interest for understanding the essence of the matter. When processing the collected data, it may turn out that they are either insufficient, or they are contradictory and therefore do not give grounds for final conclusions. In this case, the study must be continued with the required additions.
In most cases, it is advisable to start processing with the compilation of tables (pivot tables) of the data obtained.
For both manual and computer processing, the initial data is most often entered into the original pivot table. Recently, the computer has become the predominant form of mathematical and statistical processing, therefore it is advisable to enter all the signs you are interested in in the form of a decimal number in the table. This is necessary because the data format for most of the used computer programs imposes its limitations.
Mathematical data processing... To determine the methods of mathematical and statistical processing, first of all, it is necessary to assess the nature of the distribution for all the parameters used. For parameters that are normally distributed or close to normal, parametric statistics methods can be used, which in many cases are more powerful than nonparametric statistics methods. The advantage of the latter is that they allow testing statistical hypotheses regardless of the shape of the distribution.
The most important statistical characteristics are:
a) arithmetic mean
b) standard deviation
c) coefficient of variation
Based on these characteristics of the normal distribution, it is possible to estimate the degree of closeness of the considered distribution to it.
One of the most common tasks in data processing is assessing the reliability of differences between two or more series of values. In mathematical statistics, there are a number of ways to solve it. The computer version of data processing has become the most widespread today. Many statistical applications have procedures for evaluating the differences between the parameters of the same sample or different samples. With fully computerized processing of the material, it is not difficult to use the appropriate procedure at the right time and assess the differences of interest.
Formulation of conclusions... Conclusions are statements expressing in a concise form the meaningful results of the research, they in the abstract form reflect the new that was obtained by the author himself. A common mistake is that the author includes in the conclusions generally accepted in science provisions - no longer needing proof.
The solution to each of the tasks listed in the introduction should be reflected in the conclusions in a certain way.
Registration of work... The main task of this stage of work is to present the results obtained in a generally accessible and understandable form, which allows them to be compared with the results of other researchers and used in practice. Therefore, the design of the work must comply with the requirements for work sent to the press (qualification work - requirements).
An approximate list of works at different stages of research and development is given in the table.
Research stages and scope of work on them
| Research stages | Scope of work |
| Development of technical specifications (technical task) for research | Scientific forecasting Analysis of the results of fundamental and exploratory research Study of patent documentation Consideration of customer requirements |
| Choosing a direction of research | Collection and study of scientific and technical information Compilation of an analytical review Conducting patent research Formulation of possible directions for solving the tasks set in the TK R&D and their comparative assessment Selection and justification of the accepted direction of research and methods of solving problems Comparison of the expected indicators of new products after the implementation of R&D results with existing indicators analogue products Assessment of the approximate economic efficiency of new products Development of a general research methodology Preparation of an interim report |
| Theoretical and experimental research | Development of working hypotheses, construction of models of the research object, justification of assumptions |
| Identifying the need for experiments to confirm certain provisions of theoretical studies or to obtain specific values of the parameters necessary for calculations | |
| Development of experimental research methods, preparation of models (layouts, experimental samples), as well as test equipment | |
| Experiments, data processing | |
| Comparison of experimental results with theoretical studies | |
| Correction of theoretical models of the object Carrying out additional experiments if necessary | |
| Conducting feasibility studies Preparing an interim report | |
| Generalization and evaluation of research results | Generalization of the results of the previous stages of work Assessment of the completeness of the solution of problems; Development of recommendations for further research and R&D; Development of a draft TOR for R&D; Drawing up a final report; R&D acceptance by a commission |
The development of a new recipe at food industry enterprises ends with preparation normative documents(TU, STO); obtaining Certificates, Declarations; making amendments to the technological process (if required) - writing instructions, etc.