Transfer of technologies and their sale. Technological Transfer – Technological Transfer Center – National Research University Higher School of Economics. For germplasm recipients

The involvement of the results of scientific and technical research in the activities of enterprises in the real sector of the economy is one of the key areas for the growth of the Russian economy, ensuring the implementation of Russia's national interests. Realization of the potential of the scientific and technical complex of the country is aimed at increasing the gross domestic product, creating new production capacities, increasing productivity and labor quality. The commercialization of technologies in developed countries is the foundation of global competitiveness, which actualizes the need for significant efforts to support and develop the production of knowledge, high technologies and innovations in various fields of activity. One of the locomotives for the development of innovations is scientific activity as a basis for the development of knowledge and the creation of high technologies.
In world practice, the formation of an infrastructure to support innovation is carried out within a number of organizational forms, such as technopolises, zones for the development of new and high technologies, science and technology parks, innovation and technology centers and technology commercialization centers, business incubators. At the same time, the state implements a policy that stimulates the transfer and commercialization of science-intensive developments and technologies, regulating the creation and efficient functioning such associations in accordance with the state vector of economic development.
The management of the results of scientific and technological activities in Russia is based on the existing experience of a command-administrative planned economy, when the mandatory transfer of technology to the recipient was based on the effective use of scientific and technological potential in industry, not focused on commercial goals related to the transformation of the result of scientific and technological activities into a commercially successful one. product and making a profit.
The basis of technology transfer in the USSR was the patent system, which was aimed at assessing the patentability of inventions, actually filing patent applications, obtaining registration certificates, and was never focused on finding partners and buyers of products. Most modern science-intensive, high-tech enterprises still have such a system, therefore, despite the technical / technological exclusivity and market demand, the result of scientific research - the developed technology can be protected as intellectual property, but not used in the real economy.
In the economic literature, the term "commercialization of technologies" is often used in conjunction with another concept - "technology transfer", the essence of which is their implementation (use), and the content and specific feature - the relationship that develops between economic entities (creators and/or owners and consumers). ) in the process of market exchange. The commercialization of developments is aimed at obtaining a commercial result and starts from the moment the prospects for the commercial use of a new development are identified and ends with the implementation of the development (technology, product obtained with its help or service rendered) on the market and obtaining a commercial effect. The following seven forms of commercialization of scientific and technical developments are distinguished, which are most implemented in the activities of a science-intensive enterprise (Table 4).
Table 4
Forms of commercialization of the results of scientific and technical research

No. p \ p
	Implementation in own production	Independent implementation of the production and sale of products based on the object of intellectual property (development) as part of the development of innovative activities of the enterprise
	Assignment of exclusive right (sale of rights)	The process of alienation-appropriation of an intellectual product and ownership rights to it
	Transfer of rights to use (licensing)	It is carried out on the basis of a license agreement, under which one party (the licensor) grants the right to the scope, nature and period of use of rights in relation to the IP object to the other party (licensee), which pays the appropriate remuneration in the form of royalties, lump-sum payments
	Franchising	It is carried out under a commercial concession agreement, when one party (the franchisor), for a fee, provides the other (the franchisee) with the opportunity to use a set of its exclusive rights in business activities
		Lease of science-intensive products with intellectual property components in a certain territory used for commercial or industrial purposes by the lessee while retaining ownership rights for the lessor
	Engineering	Provision on the basis of a contract of a complex of certain types of engineering and technical services related to research, design, construction, commissioning, development of new technological processes at the customer's enterprises, with the improvement of existing production processes
	Industrial cooperation	The conclusion of an agreement on industrial cooperation, within the framework of which a long-term community of interests is created between the parties - an effective scientific, industrial and technological exchange based on the coordination of interests

In general, despite the differences in approaches, the following stages of the commercialization process can be distinguished:

formation and promotion of a commercial offer;
protection of rights to objects of intellectual property - the results of scientific and technical activities;
obtaining benefits from the results of research activities.

The formation and promotion of a commercial offer is based on marketing research, business planning and advertising and information support. In Europe and the United States, most marketing research is carried out by third parties in collaboration with commercialization units, while the unit itself focuses more on business planning and advertising and information support - on promoting a commercial proposal, as an activity that is directly related to obtaining a response from market, involving parties interested in the commercialization of the development.
The stage of protection of rights to intellectual property objects can be divided into identification of objects and directly ensuring the protection of rights. In Europe and the United States, work to ensure the protection of intellectual property rights is carried out with the involvement of third-party specialists, companies, while the work of the division is more focused on internal communications and identification of intellectual property objects, which allows analyzing a larger number of patents and technological innovations and forming a balanced portfolio of objects organization's intellectual property.
The main result of the activities of the divisions is to obtain benefits from the use of intellectual property through licensing, the creation of innovative enterprises, attracting investments to create new technologies and other objects based on the organization's knowledge system. As a rule, the focus of the work of divisions in Europe and the United States is focused on small and medium-sized businesses, the research needs of large companies, and to a lesser extent on the work of various foundations and organizations that provide support in the form of grants.
According to the above, technology commercialization is a process in which the results of research and development (R&D) are transformed into products and services on the market based on the active exchange of ideas within the development and transfer of technological innovations. The results of commercialization can be obtained in the form of a return on investment in R&D, an increase in production volumes, an increase in the quality of products / services, and a reduction in the cost of production. Technology commercialization is driving the creation of new and modernization of existing industrial sectors.
Commercialization is, first of all, building a business based on the results of scientific research, in which technology authors, owners, and investors participate. For scientists, technology transfer can also serve as a tool for finding and attracting additional funds to continue their scientific research. For investors, it is a tool for creating a business that generates stable financial flows. Commercialization of technologies (research and development) is any activity that is aimed at creating income from the use of the results of scientific research, scientific competencies.
As a result of the foregoing, the commercialization of scientific developments and technologies is unambiguously associated with the innovation process, innovation activity, during which a scientific result or technological development is realized with a commercial effect, which brings innovation to the consumer in the form of technology, license, development, and researchers - funding for further work and projects. .
The logical chain "science - technology - money" within the framework of the implementation of the innovation process from start to finish requires a relationship with the market, since technological transfer can only be carried out if the scientific result or technology is in demand. At the same time, the commercialization process is associated with a high degree of risk, which requires the use of a project approach - investment design.
An innovative project within the framework of technology transfer is considered as a set of interrelated activities aimed at achieving the set goals within a given time, with an established budget, when developing a new technology / product / service, taking into account its market demand and compliance with industry standards and requirements. As part of the evaluation of an innovative project, it is required to justify the effectiveness of investments - to develop a business plan for the project in order to obtain predictive data on the economic and social indicators characterizing the project, the volume of required financial investments, the profit received and the return on the project.
The key factors of technology commercialization are considered to be:

innovation: technology, product, service - its level, competitive advantages, market demand;
resources: technological, labor, material, financial;
management: the presence of a project manager, a project management strategy, the ability to assemble and organize a team, the ability to organize interaction with investors, buyers, suppliers.

The following goals for the implementation of scientific and technical developments focused on the subsequent commercialization of technologies are distinguished (Table 5).
Technology commercialization has the following features:

elevated level risk and uncertainty, difficulties in assessing the economic effect of innovations, limited rationality of economic agents in the process of commercialization;
high specificity of technologies as a commodity, combined with a one-time nature of transactions;
the need to form a new sales market, demand for innovative products, or enter a new market, or change the consumer segment;
asymmetry of information among the participants of the exchange in the market of ideas;
complexity of specification, protection of rights to the object of market relations - intellectual property;
accelerating the pace of commercialization of R&D results, reducing technology life cycles;
a large number of participants in the process and the increasing interdependence between them;
the prevalence of relational contracts between intellectual property owners and companies that use research results in production;
high transaction costs in the commercialization of technologies.

Table 5
Objectives of scientific and technical research for technology transfer

No. p / p	Purpose of R&D
	Conducting R&D commissioned by manufacturing companies	In this case, scientists and / or research teams receive additional income by selling their competencies, knowledge; turning them into a form useful for the customer (helping him solve the problems/difficulties that have arisen)
	Conducting new scientific research funded by state or international programs/funds in their priority areas	A feature of such projects is that the R&D customer is not a specific enterprise, but the state (society), which intends to benefit from these studies. This benefit can be expressed both in the country taking a leading position in some scientific field, and in achieving competitive advantages for the national economy. As in the first case, the additional income received by a scientific organization / team is associated with the implementation of a commissioned scientific research
	Creation of new high-tech companies (businesses)	This is the most common form of a "commercialization project". It consists in the fact that a new company is created to produce a product based on the use of R&D results. A distinctive feature of such projects is their riskiness, associated primarily with the nature of innovative products.
	Sale of a license (rights to use R&D results)	In this case, the scientific organization will be able to receive payment for the exploitation by third parties (companies) of the knowledge/technologies that it has developed and is their owner (legally, the property right must be protected, for example, by a patent)

The listed characteristics of the commercialization process require the formation of a system of institutions as the basis for the intensity and effectiveness of technology commercialization, which will reduce the risks of uncertainty of innovative entrepreneurship, increase the degree of interaction between economic agents, the degree of compliance with intellectual property rights, and reduce the cost of commercialization. The main institutions that promote the commercialization of technologies are presented in Table. 6.
To date, Russia has created a number of tools to support technology transfer, improved the conditions for conducting innovative activities - Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies, Russian Venture Company, Special Economic

Table 6
Institutional Framework for Technology Commercialization

Institute		Tools
Institute of Intellectual Property Rights	The regime for securing rights to the results of intellectual activity, the level of development of norms (formal and informal), the effectiveness and availability of control over their observance, the value of the corresponding transaction costs	Legislation
Incentives for innovation, demand for innovative products	Compensates for the risks and complexity of innovative projects, contributes to the formation of a market for science-intensive and high-tech goods, increases the attractiveness of using new technologies in production	Direct state participation (financing of projects and formation of an order for high-tech products). Indirect support for the development of research results in production, the implementation of technical regulation, the level of innovative culture - public support for innovative entrepreneurship
Mechanisms for ensuring cooperation between the scientific and business sectors	Access to advanced technologies and highly skilled workforce, reduction of time and financial costs for the development and mastering of innovative products, etc.	Implementation of support programs for joint projects, creation of innovative clusters, provision of financial incentives for cooperation, informal contacts between scientists and entrepreneurs, level of trust between economic agents
Infrastructure environment for technology commercialization	Infrastructure organizations: venture and seed funds, technology transfer centers, innovation networks, technology parks, organizations providing marketing, consulting and other services to high-tech companies	Legislative, regulatory and methodological support for the activities of infrastructure organizations
Regulatory support for commercialization	Norms and rules that fix incentives for innovation and cooperation between the scientific and business sectors - provisions of civil, administrative, labor law, etc., defining the framework for the functioning of participants in the innovation process	Legal Framework

technology-innovation zones, technology transfer centers, technology parks and business incubators, federal targeted research and development programs are being implemented, the Skolkovo innovation center is operating, attention has been paid to tax incentives and legal regulation of scientific and technical activities, etc. a number of unresolved problems, including: the lack of economic incentives for technology commercialization among many entrepreneurs, weak state support for the development of R&D results and demand for high-tech goods, unpopularity and high transaction costs of innovative entrepreneurship; low degree of partnership between scientific organizations, universities and entrepreneurs, weak focus of the scientific sector on the final result - meeting the needs of the market, imperfection of the innovation infrastructure.
As a result, the level of innovative activity of companies in Russia is much lower than in advanced countries (Tables 7, 8). The tables show research spending by country and the number of patent applications filed. Russia's spending is half that of the global level of spending and four times lower than the cost of the country that occupies the first place - Israel. At the same time, in terms of the number of patent applications, Russia is among the top ten countries with the largest number of applications, which indicates the existing potential Russian science, under-realized due to insufficient funding and underdeveloped infrastructure for technology transfer and innovation.

Table 7
Expenditure on scientific research, % of GDP

The country
World-class

Finland


Germany

Netherlands

Great Britain

Table 8
Number of patent applications

The country



North Korea
Germany

End of table 8

The country

Great Britain

Attention should also be paid to the statistics of indicators that characterize the level of innovative activity and the cost of scientific and scientific and technical research in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In table. Figures 9 and 10 present an analysis of the growth rates of expenditures on technological innovations in the Russian Federation and subjects, with the allocation of federal cities - Moscow and St. Petersburg. It should be noted that there is no clear upward/decreasing trend in technological innovation costs and sharp drops and rises associated with ongoing projects and their completion. A comparison of spending on innovation in general and in the field of small business shows that the share of small enterprises in Russia accounts for from 0.06 to 5.24% of the cost of technological innovation, with a low level in Moscow, the highest figure is presented in the Southern Federal District and the North Caucasian Federal District, separated from it.
Table 9
Costs for technological innovations of organizations by constituent entities of the Russian Federation

	2009, mln rub	2010, mln rub	2010/ 2009,%	2011, mln rub	2011/ 2010,%	2012, mln rub	2012/ 2011,%
the Russian Federation
Central Federal District
Moscow city

St. Petersburg
Southern Federal District

Volga Federal District
Ural federal district
Siberian Federal District

Table 10
Expenses for technological innovations of small enterprises by subjects of the Russian Federation

			Oud. weight of small businesses
the Russian Federation
Central Federal District
Moscow city
Northwestern Federal District
St. Petersburg
Southern Federal District
North Caucasian Federal District
Volga Federal District
Ural federal district
Siberian Federal District
Far Eastern Federal District

Another indicator is the level of innovation activity, showing specific gravity enterprises carrying out technological innovations in the total volume of surveyed enterprises and organizations - fig. 1. In the first place are the cities of federal significance - St. Petersburg and Moscow, then the Volga Federal District.

Rice. 1. Innovative activity of organizations by constituent entities of the Russian Federation

Among the main directions public policy in the innovation economy, as part of stimulating scientific and technical developments and technology transfer, we single out:

indirect stimulation of innovation - an increase in tax, customs, non-financial benefits for companies conducting research and organizations involved in the commercialization of third-party developments;
direct financing of high-tech industries, increasing the innovative activity of state-owned companies, including on the basis of public-private partnership, which is an effective tool for state participation in significant projects;
support for private companies acquiring high-tech technologies, products and services by providing preferential credit terms and government guarantees;
introduction and maintenance of quality and manufacturability standards for products in various industries in accordance with the concept of sustainable development;
assistance in the formation of a system of interaction between research organizations and institutions and the real sector of the economy based on the creation of an infrastructure for cooperation and partnership on the basis of backbone centers - the formation of industrial clusters, technology platforms;
creating and supporting the development of technology commercialization infrastructure;
ensuring reliable protection of intellectual property, finalizing legislative support in this area to reduce the level of transaction costs arising from the consolidation, transfer of rights to intangible assets.

In 2005 the Delegation of the European Commission to Russian Federation within the framework of the EuropeAid project “Science and Commercialization of Technologies”, approved a list of commercialization centers that were supported to achieve the goals of creating and developing technology transfer infrastructure, including: Tomsk Regional Center for Technology Transfer, Regional Center for Commercialization of Scientific Research Results of the Russian Federation on the basis of the Institute of Physics and Technology. A. F. Ioffe, Far East Regional Center for the Commercialization of Scientific and Technical Results, Regional Scientific and Educational Center for Technology Commercialization, Regional Center for Technology Transfer in the Stavropol Territory, Rostov Center for Technology Transfer.
Commercialization centers provide their clients with services that allow them to practically earn income from the exploitation of the results of research and development. The Russian Technology Transfer Network (RTTN) was established in 2002 on the initiative of two innovation centers from Obninsk and Koltsovo. Now it unites more than 90 innovation centers from 40 regions of Russia and the CIS countries, specializing in the field of technology transfer (Fig. 2). The network is a tool of the national and regional innovation infrastructure that makes it possible to effectively disseminate technological information and search for partners for the implementation of innovative projects.
The network is developing as a distributed structure based on the adapted European technology transfer methodology, which allows technology transfer at the international level. The RTTN network is coordinated by the NP Russian Technology Transfer Network, which since 2008 has been an official member of the world's largest European Business Support Network Enterprise Europe Network, which allows you to coordinate a block of services for Russian and European companies on transnational technology transfer and disseminate technological information and find potential partners in 50 countries of the world - members of the network.

Rice. 2. Russian technology transfer network

Consider, in terms of technology commercialization, the 15-year experience of the Novosibirsk Technopark, established in 1996 in the form of a state scientific institution. Currently, the Executive Directorate is implementing the concept of a distributed technology park in the form of structural and autonomous innovation and technology centers created on a territorial and sectoral basis together with partner organizations: universities, foundations, regional administrations and other stakeholders. Autonomous innovation centers receive support from the technopark management and co-founder organizations. The main tasks of the technopark:

assistance to small business in the scientific and technical sphere;
support for innovative programs and projects;
commercialization of intellectual property;
business incubation;
transfer of knowledge, science-intensive developments and technologies.

In total, 80 small and medium-sized innovative enterprises are located on the premises of the Novosibirsk Technopark with its structural and autonomous subdivisions. About 30% of science-intensive companies that started working in the technopark in the late 1990s have grown into sustainable companies. Currently, 24 firms with 500 employees are located at the site of the Executive Directorate in the Kalininsky district of Novosibirsk, including 15 firms working in the development and provision of technical services for enterprises in the raw materials, transport and communication sectors of the Siberian Federal District.
An integral element of the technology transfer infrastructure is research organizations, including those from the higher education system, for the effective operation of which it is necessary to carry out the optimal organization of the commercialization process, since technological inventions and discoveries or even innovations that correspond to a higher technology readiness must be transformed into useful product or process, according to user needs.
Modern high-tech companies are looking for ways to grow their business. Successful penetration into new markets in a rapidly changing world is facilitated by a focus on continuous product cost reduction and the use of an optimal strategy for developing new products. The creation of a new generation of products, as a rule, is carried out on the basis of a new technological platform, which is understood as fundamentally new idea and some underlying technology that could inspire and support a whole new line of derivative products. New platform products combine significant improvements specifications and lower costs compared to previous generation products.
New products are targeted primarily at new customers, providing current users with a path to backtrack on old technology. As new product platforms are developed to meet future consumer demands, companies bear a high risk of developing unproven technologies or new designs. Moreover, high-tech companies, due to the high uncertainty and dynamism of their industries, find it quite difficult to predict the trends in their markets over time, which increases the uncertainties of developing products for these future markets.
At the same time, consumers cannot see the world through the eyes of technologists, adequately evaluating the solutions and new opportunities offered by the new technology. Technology always offers more possibilities than can be immediately recognized and commercialized. The range of possible situations for technology commercialization ranges from matching the potential of a new technology to an existing market to the need to create a new market. In the first case, the risk and uncertainty inherent in improving technology and creating a new product are negligible. On the contrary, if a new market or even a business is to be created, the risks and difficulties are high, and the process of commercialization requires special perseverance and insight.
The success of modern large corporations is increasingly determined by their ability to manage changes, including the dynamic synergy of new areas of technology application and, accordingly, the rapid growth of the potential of a new technology, while constantly reducing the costs of this technology or product. The ability to connect technology and market in a rapidly changing and uncertain environment is key to the future prosperity of a particular business, requiring high company agility.
Technology transfer is a process based on an accurate and reliable assessment of the development commercialization potential. Usually, the initiator of the transfer (the author or owner of the technology) has an inflated idea of the value of the invention, so the first step in the transfer should always be a technology audit. The choice of evaluation criteria is determined by the purpose of the audit and varies depending on the industry, region and specific conditions. external environment. Technological audit involves determining the technical level achieved by the object of transfer and assessing compliance with development trends in the industry, assessing the level of patent protection and patent purity.
The difference between the concepts is as follows:
1) the commercialization of technology implies the obligatory receipt of profit and is not necessarily associated with the connection of third parties (except for the source of the technology and the end user);
2) technology transfer implies the obligatory transfer of technology to the recipient, who carries out its development, but this is not necessarily related to the extraction of profit by both the source of the technology and its recipient (for example, in environmental technologies) .
The assessment of the potential for commercialization and technology transfer is usually carried out according to five parameters:

Reasonable cost of commercial development.
Possibility to obtain a family of products or applications.
Market presence.
Competitive advantages.
Availability of industrial development.

This should take into account the readiness of the technology for transfer, the existence of a group capable of assisting in the development or transfer of the technology, the worthiness of the technology from the point of view of the market, the reasonableness of the terms of commercial development, the availability of buyers of the technology/license.
Typically, technologies are compared in a matrix form based on a score. The completed assessment matrix of technologies submitted by the customer for audit allows calculating the sum of points characterizing the potential for commercialization and transfer, and determining the final assessment. The result of the audit is a summary of assessments for all technologies, on the basis of which a recommendation is made about the preference for transferring technologies that have received the highest ratings, and in some cases a recommendation about the preferred transfer or commercialization strategy.
Experts analyze technologies in two important dimensions - in terms of necessity and sufficiency - factors that affect the fundamental possibility of technology transfer and factors of the transfer process in terms of its facilitation or complication.
Specialists also highlight the specifics of the external and internal environment of the developer and recipient. The properties of technology that are close in meaning are the properties of the specificity of the external and internal environment of the enterprise - the higher the specificity of the external environment and firm specificity, the lower the stability of the technology, the less opportunities for its transfer. This characteristic is close to the term "suitability" introduced by E. Grant and M. Gregory in relation to industrial technologies. Suitability, according to them, means the degree to which the production process matches the characteristics or abilities of the recipient.
The property "accessibility" characterizes the possibility of acquiring or transferring this technology. It is related to who initiates the transfer - the host, the developer or another person. If the initiator is also a developer, then the accessibility of the technology is maximum, since not only documentation is transferred, but also knowledge specific to this technology. On the contrary, accessibility is minimal for technologies that are not disclosed by the developer and are protected as a trade secret (know-how). In this case, the transfer becomes almost impossible.
The characteristic of complexity is not clearly defined today. In general, it is defined as the skill level required to use and transfer a given technology. The more complex the technology, the higher the skill level required to use and transfer it. The property of integrity in relation to industrial technologies characterizes the relationship of technology with other technologies.
An assessment of the possibility of technology transfer can be carried out using a synthesized matrix (Table 11).
Table 11
Linear model of technology transfer

Process	Study		Development		Spreading
Location	University, public, private research laboratories	Laboratories: universities, state, industrial	Industrial laboratories R&D	Enterprises and research organizations	Manufacturing and service establishments, shops, markets
Performers, laboratory technicians	Scientists in laboratories supported by technical staff	Scientists, laboratory engineers supported by technical staff	Scientists, engineers designing, manufacturing, testing prototypes	Production managers, skilled workers, assembly line workers	The same, but at a large number of enterprises; sales staff, users
Output results	Scientific knowledge, ideas, science articles	Patents, scientific articles	Patents, drawings, specifications	New products and processes	Wide availability of products and processes
		Technology

Experts have proposed the following technology selection algorithm:

Technology accessibility assessment.
Assessment of the level of specificity of the environment:

specifics of the external environment;
specifics of the internal environment (specifics of the company);

Assessing the complexity of technology and its susceptibility to reverse engineering (reverse technical analysis).
Assessing the relative importance of technology.
Technology Integrity Assessment.
Definition of the technology life cycle stage.

Historically, the following models of the innovation process have developed (Table 12).
Table 12
Generations of technology transfer models

Name		Characteristic
Linear	1955 - mid-1960s	The technology push-model. A simple linear-sequential process with an emphasis on the role of R&D and an attitude to the market only as a consumer of technological production activity. Reaction to market signals is weak
Linear with focus on the market	Late 1960s - early 1970s	Linear-sequential model, with an emphasis on the importance of the market (need pull model), to the needs of which R&D responds. The innovation process of this generation is driven by the need
Conjugate	1970s - mid 1980s	Linear-sequential model with an emphasis on the relationship of technological capabilities with market needs (coupling model)
Japanese (excellence)	Mid 1980s - present	Emphasis on the parallel activities of integrated groups and external horizontal and vertical links. Parallel work on the idea of groups of specialists in several directions. The approach speeds up the solution of tasks, which is important for a quick entry into the market. The solution of problems according to the model is facilitated by a form of personnel training based on the release of not individual engineers, but a complete team of specialists who are ready both to create a new company and to work in large corporations.
strategic networks		Strategic integration and establishing links (strategic networking model). New functions are added to the parallel process. R&D is carried out using the latest information systems, the Internet, etc. Innovators exchange electronic data with partners, suppliers and, to a large extent, with consumers

In conclusion, it should be noted that in the modern period of globalization of the economy in the world, the role of scientific research, the creation and implementation of new technologies, mechanisms and methods of sustainable economic development is increasing. One of the main components of economic development is technology transfer, and the degree of participation of countries in this process largely determines the possibilities of their technological progress and competitiveness. In Russia, an active interest in technology transfer today is associated not only with the improvement of market relations in the economy, but also with the country's entry into the World Trade Organization. For the development of the country's economy, it is necessary to increase the pace of transfer of unique and advanced technologies, to attract financial resources to enhance innovation. At the same time, the introduction of innovations at enterprises should be put on a systematic basis, which will make it possible to create and develop an effective infrastructure for commercialization and technology transfer.

Technology transfer- this is the dissemination of scientific and technological knowledge of an applied nature regarding processes, production methods and innovative products within the industry, between industries and between countries, which includes the commercialization of scientific developments, that is, the transfer of new technology (innovation) to commercial use, as well as the dissemination of already existing technologies.

Transfer and commercialization of technologies are relatively independent processes and can exist separately from each other. However, they can also be related in the case when, as a result of technology transfer, there is an opportunity for successful commercialization.

The term is used in different transcriptions

- In the francophone (transfer, with the letter "t" at the end) - used in the professional vocabulary of bank employees;

- in English (transfer, without the letter "t" at the end) - used in science and science business (technology transfer).

Technology how the object of transfer can in some cases be a specific object of an objective type, which in itself is not a technology as such. However, certain skills and abilities, this or that technology (production, application or implementation) are necessarily associated with the corresponding object, therefore the nearest term for interpretation is not to the established production content, but to its direct translation - knowledge about the craft, or rather, information in various forms, including the methods of its practical use.

According to Article 1 of the Law of Ukraine "On state regulation of activities in the field of technology transfer" T ransfer technology is the transfer of technology, which is formalized by concluding an agreement between individuals and / or legal entities, which establishes, changes or terminates property rights and obligations regarding the technology and / or its components.

The first acts of technology transfer are considered to be university staff development programs Agriculture and industry that American universities have been running since the middle twentieth century

Types of technology transfer:

Non-commercial transfer - most commonly used in the field of scientific research of a fundamental and applied nature, is accompanied by insignificant expenses, can be supported by the state or take place on the basis of personal or interdepartmental contacts.

Transfer of a commercial nature prevails in the sphere of production and international economic activity.

chief criterion for choosing one or another scheme for the implementation of the transfer is the availability and selection of professional staff. So, in the absence of trained personnel in the field of transfer in the institution (source of technology), it is advisable to involve a qualified intermediary. At the same time, the costs associated with attracting an intermediary will be compensated by the level of organization of the transfer process, which may consist not only in professional legal support of the contract, but also in more favorable financial terms of the contract.

Types of technology transfer by method of implementation

Direct technology transfer- the process of technology transfer from the owner directly to the enterprise - the manufacturer of the final product. Inventors or specialists of the relevant technology transfer unit, which is created at a scientific institution, can directly participate in such a process.

The conditions for research and development in the field of science and technology, which provide for the receipt by research teams or individual researchers of an appropriate result in solving a specific problem within a certain period, are regulated contracts for the performance of research, development and technological work.

Under the contract for the performance of research, development and technological work, the contractor-performer undertakes to carry out research stipulated by the customer's assignment, develop a sample of a new product and design documentation for it, new technology, and the like, and the customer undertakes to accept the work performed. The content and timing of the main stages of work are determined calendar plan which forms an integral part of the contract. On the basis of relevant contracts, scientific research and development for the needs of the state, including government orders, can also be carried out.

The norms on contracts for the performance of research, development or technological work in Ukraine are regulated by Civil Code among the contract type contracts, however, a number of factors should be taken into account in their conclusion.

1) object of the contract is the creation of a new or processing of an existing thing, or the performance of other similar work, while under a contract for the performance of research or development work the achieved result is scientific research, that is, the results of intellectual creativity;

2) in contract type contracts the risk of accidental destruction of the subject of the contract or the inability to complete the work is borne by the contractor, and in contracts for the performance of research, development and technological work The risk of failure to achieve the result of the work rests with the customer. The creative nature of the work is taken into account, in the performance of which it is not always possible to guarantee success.

Indirect technology transfer technology transfer process, one of the key participants of which is a third-party organization - an intermediary between the technology source and the enterprise.

In this case, the technology transfer mechanism will be the conclusion agreements on intermediary services in the field of transfer with a specialized company.

Provider of innovations is an intermediary activity in the field of technology transfer, which involves the involvement of specialist providers in the commercialization of innovative developments through consulting support, venture financing and innovative business design in order to promote innovative products to the market.

Taking into account the differences between scientific institutions in different regions of Ukraine in terms of the power of scientific potential and the concentration of industrial production, it is advisable to use US experience in organizing a direct transfer through technology transfer centers in major scientific and industrial centers.

Indirect transfer, that is providing innovations with the participation of professional intermediaries (German experience), can be used in regions with low scientific potential and concentration of industries.

According to State Statistics Committee of Ukraine the number of technologies transferred by domestic enterprises starting from 2006 is steadily decreasing; number of acquired technologies in 2009-2010 decreased by 458 units The main part of the technologies was acquired by equipment, a significant share in the form of research and development results and under contracts for the acquisition of rights to patents, licenses for the use of inventions, industrial designs, utility models and agreements for the purchase of know-how. Acquisition of technology was also recorded along with the targeted recruitment of qualified specialists. Over a period 200-2007 nearly 40% of the total volume of new technologies necessary for the modernization of the domestic industry was acquired outside of Ukraine, of which 29% - patents and licenses, 10,6% - results of research and development, 52% - new technologies, "know-how", 42,8% - equipment. In some years, these figures were even significantly higher. Thus, domestic enterprises do not support their own science, but, in fact, finance foreign innovators. Almost a fifth of the scientific potential of Ukraine works for foreign orders.

Beginning with 70-8-ies of the XX century., in technically developed countries, various forms of joint research work have begun to actively spread, which are primarily aimed at ensuring major technological breakthroughs. The solution of such problems requires the implementation of complex R&D programs, significant financial, material, technical and human resources.

Comparative analysis of common European innovation and scientific programs

Program	Purpose of the program	Concerned circles	Structure	Mechanisms	Financing	Period
Framework Program	Building a Knowledge Based Society	Authorities, research institutes, universities, large enterprises, etc.	EC Council	"Cooperation" "Potential" Appendix Appendix	Centralized funding
European technological platforms	Determining the environment for long-term strategic research programs	National industrial research managers society	Unofficial forums	Mobilization of public and private sources of funding	Mainly from stakeholders
Are common technological initiatives	Tool implementation strategic research programs	Industry of the Member States of the European Union, private banks	Legal entity, public-private partnership	Implementation of long-term private and public partnership	National and European public funds
EUREKA program	Cooperation on innovation in international markets	Authorities, research institutes, universities enterprises, etc.	EUREKA Secretariat	Regular projects Cluster projects	Each country finances its part of the project.
EUREKA clusters	Development a commercial exploitation strategic technologies key	Industry of EUREKA member countries, authorities, universities, research institutes, etc.	Designed legal	Projects united by a common goal on the basis of self-organization	Industry of member countries
EUROSTART program	Support for market-oriented international R&D projects	Market-oriented enterprises that perform research	Legal entity as part of the EUREKA secretariat	Projects prepared according to EUREKA rules	decentralized finance
COST program	International cooperation in the field fundamental sciences	Research institutes, universities	COST Secretariat	Conducting scientific research, conferences and seminars	Centralized funding from the EC

Ukraine is a member EUREKA (European Research Coordination Agency) programs,

designed to promote the promotion of scientific and technical developments in all areas of the latest technologies on the market; strengthening competitiveness in the European and world markets; development of international cooperation.

The maximum attention in the field of innovation and technology transfer today is attracted by neurocomputers, information and biotechnologies.

Main perspective directions of modern development of neurocomputer technologies neural network expert systems, DBMS with the inclusion of neural network algorithms, image processing, dynamic systems control and signal processing, financial management, virtual reality. More than 300 companies, among which Intel, IBM and Motorolla.

Main tasks

Control of credit cards using neural network technologies;

A system for detecting hidden substances using a system based on thermal neurons and using a neurocomputer on custom-made digital neurochips. Similar company system SAIC already in operation at many airports USA when examining luggage to detect drugs, explosives, nuclear and other materials;

Automated control system for the safe storage of nuclear products.

Applied tasks

Aerospace image processing (compression with recovery, segmentation) signal processing. First of all, this is a class of problems related to the forecasting of time; dependence forecasting of financial indicators; forecasting the reliability of electric motors; predicting the power of nuclear power plants and predicting the reliability of power supply systems on aircraft - control systems for dynamic objects. This is one of the most promising areas of application of neurocomputers. V USA and Finland are working on the use of neurocomputers to control chemical reactors. The development of a neurocomputer to control the mobile installation of a hypersonic aircraft is considered promising.

Neural network expert systems. Examples of the implementation of specific neural network expert systems are the system for selecting air maneuvers during air combat and the medical diagnostic expert system;

Neurochips and neurocomputers. This direction allows you to create unique supercomputers based on the existing element base. Neural network architectures, in comparison with others, lead to the activation of the use of new technological directions for the implementation of neurosystems on plastic, optoelectronic and optical neurocomputers, molecular neurocomputers and nanoneuroelements. v andInformation technology, IT, information and communication technologies (Information and

- Communication Technologies, ICT) - a set of methods, production processes and software and hardware integrated for the purpose of collecting, processing, storing, distributing, displaying and using information in the interests of its users. (The processes of searching, collecting, transferring, storing, accumulating, replicating information and procedures for accessing it).

v Biotechnologies (Biors/voAoyia, from Greek bios - life, techne - art, craftsmanship and logos - word, teaching) - the use of living organisms and biological processes in production. Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary field that emerged at the intersection of biological, chemical and technical sciences. The development of biotechnology is associated with the solution of global problems of mankind - the elimination of shortages of food, energy, mineral resources, the improvement of public health and the quality of the environment.

9th years of the twentieth century. are distinguished by the rapid development of international scientific and technical cooperation of firms and the growth of scientific and technical strategic alliances.

Intercompany scientific and technical cooperation - long-term association of firms of various sizes among themselves and / or with universities on the basis of an agreement on the joint financing of R&D. Such cooperation is aimed at solving long-term commercial problems associated with the global dissemination of new technology, shortening the development and development of projects, and faster promotion of new products to the market. In our time, almost all industrial companies in developed countries are intensifying intercompany ties.

Main forms of intercompany cooperation cooperation agreements in separate types scientific activity- "joint scientific, technical and production activities"; V Acquisition agreements for innovative small businesses (venture firms) large companies in order to obtain new technologies; V agreements on the distribution of R&D costs between firms. This form develops in the form of technical cooperation, exchange and transfer of technologies, know-how (non-proprietary technological solutions), production and technological experience, training of technical personnel, installation and adjustment of equipment, etc.;

- creating clusters- concentration in the geographical region of interconnected enterprises and institutions within the boundaries of a separate region. Clusters cover a significant number of various types of business structures that are important for competition, namely: suppliers of special equipment, new technologies, services, infrastructure, raw materials, additional products, etc. In addition, many clusters include authorities and other institutions - such as universities, standardization centers, trade associations that provide education, specialized retraining, information, research and technical support;

- agreements on the distribution of responsibility between the founding companies of the consortium.

Science and technology strategic alliances (STA)- these are stable associations of firms from different countries among themselves and with scientific institutions, state laboratories on the basis of an agreement on the joint solution of scientific and technical problems.

Main areas of interaction within the framework of scientific and technical strategic alliances joint research and development; mutual exchange of scientific achievements; mutual exchange of production experience; training of qualified personnel.

The main motives for creating strategic alliances are

The rapid development of technologies and the reduction of the life cycle of goods, technological processes and, accordingly, the reduction of time for R&D;

Rising cost of research in high-tech industries and, accordingly, the distribution of costs between firms for joint R&D;

Gaining access to the scientific and technological achievements of partners in the alliance;

The distribution of the risk of failure in the case of joint R&D;

Increased efficiency and profitability.

There are several types of international strategic alliances. The most common are consortiums, joint ventures, joint scientific, technical and industrial activities (keiretsu). Scientific and technical alliances are horizontal(firms in the same industry) and vertical(firms in different industries). The alliance is managed either by one of the leading members or by a specially created coordinating committee.

UDC 330.341.1

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: ESSENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

National research university « graduate School Economics”, Moscow, Russian Federation, Lecturer at the Department of Corporate Information Systems, PhD student of the PHD Program in World Economy at the US University “York University”, e-mail: [email protected]

The essence of the concept of "technology transfer" is investigated and the analysis of the definition of the concept by different authors is carried out. Proposed own concept of "technology transfer". The relationship between technology transfer and technology commercialization is revealed. The main stages of technology transfer are formulated. A mechanism for the phased separation of the innovation process and technology transfer has been drawn up.

Key words: technology transfer; stages of technology transfer; information transfer; innovative development; innovation process.

Taking into account world trends, Russia has declared its intention in innovative development. The consequence of this was increased attention to the process of creating and implementing innovations. In this chain, the transfer of technology from the scientific sphere to the production one, i.e., the mechanism of technology transfer, is of particular relevance. Despite a significant amount of theoretical scientific research and accumulated last years practical experience, the state of effective implementation of technology transfer requires the adoption of important decisions that would provide common approaches to this process from idea to practical result. In particular, it is necessary to develop a common opinion on the definition of the content of the term "technology transfer" and the difference between this concept and the concepts of "information transfer", "commercialization of technology". It is also important to identify the stages of technology transfer in the process of creating an innovation. The scientific study of this issue is especially relevant today and will allow a better understanding of the process of technology transfer.

To date, there are a significant number of publications of both domestic and foreign scientists, which deal with the theory and methodology of technology transfer and commercialization. In particular, this topic is the object of research in the works of O.F. Andes-

Rosova, S.A. Belous-Sergeeva, P.G. Izhevsky, O.V. Kamyanskaya, S.N. Katsura, A.N. Lyashenko, V.P. Solovyova, V.V. Titova, L.I. Fe-dulova and others. But despite this, there is no consensus on the understanding of technology transfer.

The relevance of the topic determined the purpose of the study, which is to develop a reasonable interpretation of the concepts of the technology transfer process based on the existing author's views on determining the content of technology transfer, technology commercialization, identifying the stages of technology transfer in order to make and justify their own proposals for improving theoretical aspects in the field of innovation in Russia .

In world and domestic practice, the content of technology transfer is considered in two directions: 1) at the macro level; 2) at the micro level. In the first case, technology transfer is identified with international technology exchange, and in the second case, it is considered as a process of technology transfer from science to production at the level of research institutes, research laboratories, universities, enterprises and other organizations.

According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Article 1542), “technology transfer is the transfer of technology, which is formalized by concluding a bilateral or multilateral agreement between individuals and / or legal entities that have established

property rights and obligations regarding the technology and / or its components are changed, changed or suspended” . Thus, if we strictly follow the letter of this law, then in fact we are talking about the transfer of property rights to intellectual property objects that are components of technology, from one person - the licensor, to another person - the licensee.

Although the US legislation does not define the concept of "technology transfer", nevertheless, there are several basic definitions adopted by well-known subjects of technology transfer in the USA:

1) “the process of using technology, knowledge, know-how or equipment for a purpose that was not intended by its developers. Technology transfer may lead to its commercialization or modification of a product or process” (definition of the National Center for Technology Transfer);

2) “a process that makes it possible to use existing publicly funded knowledge, equipment or facilities to meet specific public or private needs” (definition by the Federal Consortium of Laboratories);

3) "the formal transfer of new knowledge or innovations resulting from research activities in universities and non-profit research organizations to the commercial sector for the general benefit" (definition of the Association of University Technology Managers).

Although the above definitions differ from each other, nevertheless, the main idea embedded in them is the same - this is the promotion of technology along the path to its practical use for profit or other benefit.

The development of scientific approaches to the formation of this definition by many Russian and foreign scientists and organizations has led to the conclusion that the existing definitions of the concept of "technology transfer" can be divided into two groups, namely:

1) technology transfer as a process of technology transfer from one subject to another

gomu on the terms of the agreement concluded between them at the legal level;

2) technology transfer as a technology transfer process without a specified condition regarding the existence of an agreement between the subjects of the innovation process.

In table. 1 provides more details on the proposed author's definitions of this concept.

Given in table. 1 definitions

technology transfer confirm the need to develop new approaches to clearly distinguish between the concepts of technology transfer, information transfer and technology commercialization.

Summarizing the above approaches, we believe that the process can be considered a technology transfer when the technology transfer is secured by a legal agreement. In the case where the process of transfer of technology occurs without the conclusion of a legal transaction, it can be defined as an information transfer.

V.V. Titov and A.F. Androsov liken the transfer of information with the transfer of technology, which can be seen from the author's definition of technology transfer proposed by V.V. Titov, and from the statement of A.F. Androsova: “Technology transfer should be considered as a process of interaction and exchange of information between employees over a long period of time” . This point of view is understandable, because the process of introducing technologies is long-term and consists of certain interrelated stages.

Basically, the division of the innovation process into the following stages is common: fundamental science, applied science, pilot production (development of technologies), industrial production, market entry, diffusion of innovations. However, no matter how many stages we would divide the innovation process, between each of them there is a transfer of information, and only if an agreement is signed between certain stages, there is a transfer of technology. Thus, technology transfer completes the process of information transfer in case of reinforcement from a legal point of view.

Table 1

Definition of the term "technology transfer"

Kamyanskaya O.V. , 2008 Technology transfer is an organized process of implementing and / or attracting new systematized knowledge, experience, tools and methods developed by one party to a technology agreement, the other - in order to commercialize / implement and increase the level of technological development of participants

Solovyov V.P. , 2006 In the simplest case, the term "technology transfer" can be understood as the transfer of technology, which is formalized by an agreement between two or more individuals or legal entities. As a result of this agreement, the property rights and obligations of the subjects of transfer according to the technology that is the subject of the transaction are changed

Izhevsky P.G. , 2006. Technology transfer consists in defining it as a commercial contractual process for the transfer, under certain conditions, of a factor of production - technology, which is essentially an intangible asset, the transfer is carried out both in tangible and intangible form and aims to increase the buyer's competitiveness and satisfaction commercial benefit of the seller during and after the end of the agreement

Belous-Sergeeva S.A. , 2010 Technology transfer is one of the most important parts of the innovation process and, in essence, is the implementation of the procedure for transferring new scientific and technical knowledge from the owner to the manufacturer. At the same time, the participants in the procedure enter into long-term relationships, are conditioned by a legal contract and are aimed at achieving material success from the introduction of new knowledge into production.

Fedulova L.I. , 2006. Technology transfer - the transfer of systematic knowledge about the production of products, about the application of a process or the provision of services

Lyashenko O.M. , 2009 ... we suggest that technology transfer be understood as a process that forms a system of relations between agents of social exchange regarding the transfer of economically beneficial knowledge that recipients intend to use to obtain benefits, which involves not only the transfer of information about innovation, but also its transformation into innovation with the active participation of both the source of this innovation and the recipients and end users of the product produced using this information, and requires the participants to have a complex of interdisciplinary knowledge and competencies in various fields of science

Titov V.V. , 2000. Technology transfer is, first of all, the transfer of information, both fixed, impersonal information (articles, reports, drawings, etc.), which can be conditionally called knowledge, and personal, unfixed information (and this is not only technical know-how, but also non-verbal information related to the human factor in its various manifestations)

Androsova O.F. , 2006 Technology transfer is the application of knowledge, its intended use, a particularly complex type of communication that requires coordinated actions of two or more individuals or functional cells separated by structural, cultural and organizational barriers

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Technology transfer is the process in which a technology developer makes its technology available to a commercial partner who will use it

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2001 Technology transfer is the process of disseminating commercial technology, in the form of technology transfer, which may or may not be protected by a legal contract, but involves a relationship (communication) between a person, transferring relevant knowledge, and the person who acquires it

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Technology transfer is the process by which intellectual property is converted into a physical product or process that generates commercial benefit or can be used for the benefit of society

Shown in fig. 1, the phased division of the innovation process is somewhat generalized and reflects the linear essence of the innovation implementation model, but it clearly shows at what points the nature of research and the subjects that conduct this research change.

Basically, the conclusions of technology transfer agreements between a scientist and a manufacturer are considered, i.e. technology transfer can occur between the stages: applied science - pilot production or between the stages of pilot production - industrial production, which is shown in Fig. one.

Information transfer is transformed into technology transfer at the moment of legal certification of technology transfer from the owner to the recipient. However, one cannot say

Note that this is a momentary action. Technology transfer is a process, and the conclusion and signing of an agreement is only one of the stages of this long process (Fig. 1).

In the studies of individual scientists, technology transfer is divided into commercial and non-commercial, believing that commercial transfer is “... a transfer in which the consumer (buyer) pays a fee to the owner (who may or may not be the developer) of technology in a particular in a different shape and size, on contractual terms”, respectively, non-commercial transfer does not provide for the existence of contractual conditions, and its objects are conferences, seminars, exhibitions, literature, reference books, catalogs, educational services, training, internships, etc.

Rice. 1. Phased division of the innovation process and technology transfer

We believe that such a division is not entirely correct, since the non-commercial transfer of technologies as a result of the above theses is, in our opinion, identical to the transfer of information.

An open question regarding the understanding of the process of technology transfer: where is the boundary of the relationship between technology transfer and technology commercialization? There is an opinion that technology commercialization is the final stage of technology transfer. However, some scientists believe that technology commercialization is the same as commercial transfer, that "transfer should be considered as one of the ways to commercialize" .

Our studies show the expediency of perceiving technology transfer and technology commercialization as two autonomous processes of innovation activity, which coincides with the conclusions of P.G. Izhevsky, A.N. Lyashenko, V.V. Titov. After all, they can occur both sequentially and independently of each other.

Therefore, we will formulate our own definition of technology transfer, which is as follows: technology transfer is the process of transferring technology from one individual / legal entity to another individual / legal entity on the terms determined by a legal agreement concluded between them, with the subsequent possible commercialization of this technology.

Technology transfer is designed to perform a specific task and is a rather difficult type of communication. Since technology in this context is essentially information, transfer is the dissemination of technologies through information channels of various types: from person to person, from group to group, from organization to organization.

A clear and generally accepted definition of technology transfer will provide a common vision of the process of technology transfer to all its subjects, as well as an understanding of the need to conclude a legal transaction to protect their rights. The conducted research on this issue will help to form a methodology for estimating the cost

technology in the process of its transfer at different stages of the innovation process.

The study of the problem of the essence of the concept of technology transfer allows us to draw the following conclusions:

1) according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, “technology transfer is the transfer of technology, which is formalized by concluding a bilateral or multilateral agreement between individuals and / or legal entities, which establishes, changes or suspends property rights and obligations regarding technology and / or its components”;

2) the lack of a single generally accepted approach to understanding the concept of "technology transfer" excludes the formation of a single theoretical and methodological space in matters of technology transfer;

3) technology transfer is a kind of information transfer, which must be carried out subject to the signing of a legal agreement between its subjects;

4) determination of the essential features of the technology transfer process at all stages of its implementation provides an approach to considering technology transfer and technology commercialization as two autonomous processes that can occur both sequentially and independently of each other.

In general, only a systematic and integrated approach in the approval theoretical foundations The process of technology transfer at the legislative level will allow avoiding obstacles in the way of agreements between sellers and buyers of technologies, and will ensure an increase in the efficiency of innovation activities in Russia.

1. Kamyanskaya O.V. Management of technology transfer at machine-building enterprises: Ph.D. dis. ... cand. economy Sciences. K., 2008.

2. World Intellectual Property Organization. URL: http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/documents/pharma_ licensing.html#P72_2862 (Accessed 05/22/2013).

3. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part one) dated November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended by the Federal Law dated April 6, 2011 No. 65-FZ) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 1994.

4. Titov V.V. Technology transfer. M., 2000.

5. Androsova O.F. Organizational and economic aspects of the use of technology transfer at the enterprises of the aviation industry: Ph.D. dis. ... cand. economy Sciences. K., 2006.

6. Lyashenko O.M. Methods and models of commercialization of technology transfer: Ph.D. dis. . Doctor of Economics Sciences. K., 2009.

7. Solovyov V. P. Innovative activity as a systemic process in a competitive economy (synergistic effects of innovations): monograph. K., 2006.

8. Izhevsky P.G. The effectiveness of organizational forms of technology transfer to manufacturing enterprises: autoref. dis. . cand. economy Sciences. K., 2006.

9. Belous-Sergeeva S.A. Commercialization of an intellectual product through technology transfer // Problems of development of foreign economic relations and attraction of foreign investments: regional aspect: materials of the 16th International Scientific and

practical seminar. Donetsk, 2010. S. 200202.

10. Fedulova L.I. Economic nature of technologies and technological development // Economic theory. No. 6. 2006. S. 3-16.

11. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: Transfer of technology. New York; Geneva, 2001. URL: http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//psiteiitd28.en.pdf (accessed: 05/22/2013).

12. The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. URL: http://www.csir.co.za/index.html (accessed: 05/22/2013).

13. Katsura S.N. Transfer of technologies and diffusion of innovations as elements of the regional innovation process / URL: http://www. nbuv.gov.ua/portal/soc_gum/prvs/2009_2/0646. pdf (date of access: 05/22/2013).

Received June 24, 2013

TECHNOLOGIES TRANSFER: ESSENCE AND MEANING IN DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION ECONOMICS

Evgeniy Petrovich ZARAMENSKIKH, National Research University “High School of Economics”, Moscow, Russian Federation, Lecturer of Corporative Information Systems Department, Candidate for Doctoral Degree of PHD program of World Economics of USA University “York University”, e-mail: [email protected]

The essence of the concept “transfer of technologies” is investigated and the analysis of the definition of concept is carried out by different authors. An own concept “transfer of technologies” is offered. An author exposes intercommunication between the transfer of technologies and by commercialization of technologies. The basic stages of transfer of technologies are formulated. The mechanism of stage-by-stage division of innovative process and transfer of technologies is made.

Key words: transfer of technologies; stages of transfer of technologies; transfer of information; innovative development; innovative process.

According to the official recommendations of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), technology transfer is the transfer of scientific and technical knowledge and experience for the provision of scientific and technical services, the application of technological processes, and the production of products.

At the same time, it is important to note that technology transfer is the movement of technology using any information channels from one of its individual or collective carriers to another.

It is customary to distinguish three main forms of technology transfer:

1. Internal transfer, when technology is transferred from one department of the organization to another.

2. Quasi-domestic transfer, i.e. the movement of technology within alliances, unions, associations of independent legal entities.

3. External transfer, i.e. technology diffusion process involving independent technology developers and consumers.

Technology transfer is classified according to the following criteria:

1. In the direction of technology transfer:

Vertical transfer is an interorganizational process carried out through the stages of the "research-production" cycle;

Horizontal transfer is an intraorganizational process of transferring information from one scientific field to another.

2. By the number of participants and the degree of their participation:

Active transfer - some neutral organization necessarily acts as an intermediary between the transferor and the recipient, which assumes the responsibility to help the transferor find a more profitable buyer of his technology;

Passive transfer - the technology producer himself is looking for a partner, taking all the risks of both initiating innovations and their commercial implementation.

3. Pre-production:

Imitation transfer - leading to the support of the production process without its fundamental change;

Adaptive transfer - adapting production to new technology without significant changes;

Innovative transfer - requiring a complete change of production.

Technology commercialization- this is an element of the transfer, in which the consumer (buyer) pays remuneration to the owner (who may or may not be the developer) of the technology in one form or another and in amounts determined by mutually agreed contractual terms.

The objects of commercial technology transfer are:

Industrial property objects (patents for inventions, certificates for industrial designs and utility models);

Know-how and technical experience in the form of feasibility studies, models, samples, instructions, drawings, certification, technological equipment and tools, consulting services, training;

Technical and technological knowledge.

Financing of commercial technology transfer is carried out using the following means:

1. Own resources or borrowed in the form of loans.

2. Royalty. Theoretically, it is possible to master the borrowed technology without any cash costs at the initial stage, having paid the seller on the basis of royalties (annual deductions) after mastering the production of products and receiving the necessary technological equipment, equipment and certain types of materials, components on the terms of leasing, compensation or barter transactions. However, in practice, financing of technology transfer agreements requires start-up funds amounting to 20-30% of the total cost of technology.

3. Services of risk capital banks.

4. Technology exchanges.

National and international technology exchanges can serve as a place to look for and find sources of funding. There are permanent technological exchanges, as a rule, using international technology data banks, as well as industry-specific exchanges or dedicated to pioneering areas in the development of science and technology (biotechnology, mechatronics, etc.).

5. Joint ventures.

To finance technology transfer, joint ventures are created by interested parties, in which the direct investments of one of the founders are used to commercialize the technological achievements of the other.

Non-commercial technology transfer is usually accompanied by small expenses (especially foreign exchange) and can be supported both through the state line and on the basis of corporate and personal contacts.

The objects of non-commercial technology transfer are:

Free scientific and technical information (scientific, technical and educational literature, reference books, reviews, patent descriptions, catalogs, brochures, etc.);

International conferences, symposia, exhibitions, etc.;

Education and probation of scientists and specialists on a gratuitous basis or on the basis of parity reimbursement of expenses.

There are various forms of technology transfer:

Obtaining a patent.

Registration of rights to an invention is carried out by obtaining an author's certificate or patent. The author's certificate certifies the recognition of the proposal as an invention, the priority of the invention and the authorship of the person to the invention received by him. It has a territorial effect, i.e., the invention certified by it cannot be freely and freely used in other countries, if it is not patented there.

Patent- This is a document certifying authorship and granting its owner the exclusive right to an invention. This means that no one can use the invention without the consent of the patent owner. Essentially, a patent is a title to the owner of an invention, supported by an industrial design or trademark registration. Consent to use the invention in this case is expressed by issuing (selling) a license for partial use or full transfer of patent rights.

In Russia, all issues of patent protection are regulated by the Russian Patent Office (Rospatent), which, in accordance with the Patent Law of the Russian Federation dated September 23, 1992, implements a unified policy in the field of protection of industrial property objects, accepts applications for inventions, utility models and industrial designs for consideration, carries out state registration, grants patents, publishes official information, issues patent regulations, etc.

The Patent Law determines the duration of patents, which depend on the type of industrial property submitted for state registration.

A patent for an invention is valid for 20 years from the date of receipt of the application by Rospatent. The utility model certificate is valid for 5 years. Moreover, at the request of the patent owner, it can be extended by Rospatent up to 3 years. A patent for an industrial design is valid for 10 years and can be extended for up to 5 more years.

Transfer of licenses.

The transfer of licenses is the most common method of commercial transfer of technology and is carried out in cases where the income from the sale of a license exceeds the costs of controlling the use of the license and the lost profits when giving up the monopoly on the transferred technology in this market. It should be noted that often not the newest technologies are transferred under licenses, but the so-called intermediate generation technologies.

Licensing is one of the main forms of technology trade, including deals in patents, licenses, know-how, etc.

License is a permission for individuals or organizations to use an invention protected by a patent, technical knowledge, technological and design secrets of production, a trademark, etc. The grant of a license constitutes a commercial transaction and is the subject of a sale (purchase) agreement, according to which the owner of the patent (licensor) ) issues a license to its counterparty (licensee) to use, within certain limits, its rights to patents, know-how, trademarks etc.

Know-how transfer.

know-how- the body of knowledge and skills related to the application of an industrial technology or process, is associated with trade secrets, is confidential, is an economic asset suitable for exploitation.

Know-how is a term used to denote an obligation to transfer on a commercial basis to another organization technical knowledge, experience, skills, expressed in the form of documentation, including engineering services.

A know-how transfer deal is the granting of a patent-free license.

The main differences of know-how transfer are as follows:

Great risk associated with the disclosure of the confidential essence of know-how before the conclusion of the contract and the leakage of know-how from the recipient to third parties after the conclusion of the contract;

The irreversible nature of know-how transfer;

Constantly present time factor;

Uncertainty of the period of confidentiality of know-how (rapid development of technology makes public know-how, which was secret).

Methods of payment for know-how:

Cash (lump payments and royalties or a combination of both);

Counter deliveries of goods or provision of services;

Mixed form (cash, barter, services).

Engineering.

Engineering- the process of increasing the organizational and technical level of the organization's production, ensuring the level of competitiveness of the process is not lower than the level of competitiveness of its input, by conducting research, experimental, design, technological and construction work. Engineering work can be performed by organizations independently, as well as by engineering companies.

There are three main engineering methods:

4.1. Conventional (consulting in the preparation of plans and specifications project, receiving proposals from contractors and suppliers, and in the course of the project, when the consultant is given the right to act as authorized representative customer).

4.2. Intracompany (using the customer's own staff). He carries out project management, general design and sometimes even construction. The role of consultants is limited to assisting with specific aspects of the project in which the client's personnel are not qualified or experienced.

4.3. Project management.

Collection of applications

14 days

Possibility of obtaining additional information from Bayer (NDA underway for information)

3 months

Submission of documents
Examination of applications

21 calendar day day

Evaluation of the completeness of the submitted documents and compliance with the criteria

45 calendar days

Examination of applications, selection of a list of potential recipients for Bayer
Bayer solution

30 working days

Consideration of applications, decision-making on approval or rejection of submitted applications

7 business days

Notification by the CTT of all potential recipients of the decision
Technology transfer

7 business days

Sending an offer and concluding a license agreement and NDA

6 months

The period after which the recipient provides the CTT with an information letter on the current status of implementation

30 calendar days after the end of the implementation period

The period during which the recipient submits the final report

Selection criteria

General Criteria

1. The potential recipient is not a competitor of Bayer AG on the international market

2. The potential recipient is a legal entity

3. The potential recipient does not have among the participants or shareholders persons registered and/or established in the states and territories: a) providing a preferential tax regime; b) from the FATF list of high-risk countries

4. The potential recipient has a positive business reputation: a) has not violated any rights to IP results; b) did not violate the requirements of anti-corruption legislation; c) has not violated antimonopoly laws in the last 5 years.

5. Shareholders, beneficiaries, managers of the potential recipient were not held criminally liable

6. The potential recipient has assumed the obligation to comply with the policies and internal regulations of Bayer AG in compliance with applicable law

7. There are no extraterritorial restrictions and prohibitions on the interaction of Bayer AG with the relevant potential recipient

8. The potential recipient has provided all necessary consents and approvals to participate in the relevant transfer area

9. No insolvency (bankruptcy) procedure has been introduced in relation to the potential recipient

Special Criteria

For germplasm recipients:

1. The potential recipient has its own operating programs in at least one crop where Bayer AG transfer technologies can be applied.

2. Potential beneficiary breeding programs that involve the use of transferred breeding stock are innovative, well-resourced and marketable.

For recipients of molecular selection agents:

1. The potential recipient legally has the opportunity to use the laboratory for work with markers

2. Potential Recipient has practical experience (at least 5 years) in the field of molecular breeding and in the field of building predictive models based on data applicable for crop breeding purposes

3. The potential recipient has its own operating programs in at least one crop where Bayer AG's transferred technologies can be applied.

4. Potential beneficiary breeding programs that involve the use of transferred breeding stock are innovative, well-resourced and marketable.

What does technology transfer include?

Molecular selection agents:

— List of trait and marker relationships for wheat, soybeans and corn and donor lines for each trait

culture	sign
	Yellow rust resistance (Yr5)
	Fusarium spike resistance (FHB) (Sumai-3B QTL)
	Leaf rust and yellow rust resistance (Lr34/Yr18)
	Leaf rust and yellow rust resistance - (Lr46/Yr29- Pavon parent form)
	Resistance to cereal cyst nematodes (Cre1)
	Linear rust resistance (Sr2)
	Yellow rust resistance (Yr10)
	Yellow rust resistance (Yr36)
	Brown stem rot Rbs 1,2,3 Predictive markers
	SCN RHG4 Loci marker prediction
	Phytophthora (Phytophthora) Rps6 Loci Prediction Markers
	Phytophthora (Phytophthora) Rps1 Locus marker prediction
	SCN rhg3 Loci marker prediction
	Phytophthora (Phytophthora) Rps3 Loci Prediction Markers
Corn	Resistance to Helminthosporium leaf spot (Northern Helminthosporium) (NLB) (Ht1, Race 0, Marker testing data
Corn	Kernel Body Color at Phsiological Maturity
Corn	Resistance to Helminthosporium leaf spot (Northern Helminthosporium) (NLB) (Ht2, Race 1, chr8)
Corn	Wax deletion
Corn	Kernel Cap Color

— Information on the genetic sequence for genome-wide collections of SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers of corn, soybean, rapeseed, wheat, tomato, cucumber and cabbage with current use protocols

— A strategic map for the use of molecular selection tools to increase yields through the implementation of genome-wide selection;

Collection of applications

14 days

3 months

Examination of applications

21 calendar day day

45 calendar days

Bayer solution

30 working days

7 business days

Technology transfer

7 business days

6 months

30 calendar days after the end of the implementation period

Selection criteria

What does technology transfer include?

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