Theoretical foundations of fixed production assets. Characteristics of the fixed assets of the enterprise What characterizes the production assets

2.2.1. Characteristics of production assets

The means of labor (machines, equipment, buildings, vehicles) together with the objects of labor (raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, fuel) form the means of production. Expressed in value terms, the means of production are the production assets of enterprises. Distinguish between fixed and working capital.

The main production assets are the means of labor involved in the production process for a long time and retaining their natural form. Their cost is transferred to the finished product in parts, as the consumer value is lost.

Circulating assets are those means of production that are entirely consumed in each new production cycle, fully transfer their value to the finished product and do not retain their natural form during the production process.

Along with production, there are non-productive fixed assets - social property. These are residential buildings, children's and sports institutions, canteens, recreation centers and other objects of cultural and community services for workers that are on the balance sheet of enterprises and do not have a direct impact on the production process.

2.2.2. Classification, structure and evaluation of fixed production assets

Depending on the production purpose, fixed assets are divided into groups:
- buildings - industrial buildings, warehouses, offices, garages, etc.;
- structures - roads, flyovers, fences and other engineering and construction structures that create the necessary conditions for the implementation of the production process;
- transmission means - power lines, communications, pipelines;
- machines and devices - power machines and equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and control devices and laboratory equipment, computer technology;
- vehicles - all types of vehicles, incl. interfactory, intershop and intrashop;
- instruments;
- production equipment and accessories;
- household inventory;
- other fixed assets.

These groups form the active and passive parts of fixed production assets. The active part includes transmission devices, machinery and equipment, the passive part includes buildings, structures, vehicles that are not directly involved in the production process, but are a necessary condition for it.

The ratio between individual groups and parts of fixed production assets characterizes their structure, which is of great importance in the organization of production. The structure with the highest specific gravity of the active part is the most efficient.

The structure of fixed production assets is influenced by factors such as specialization and concentration of production, features of the production process, the level of mechanization and automation, the geographical location of the enterprise, etc.

There are several types of valuation of fixed assets.

The initial cost of fixed assets is the sum of the costs for the manufacture or acquisition of funds, their delivery and installation.

The replacement value is the value of funds at the time of their last revaluation.

The residual value is the difference between the original or replacement cost of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.

Residual value is the cost of selling worn-out and discontinued fixed assets (for example, the price of scrap).

2.2.3. Reproduction of fixed production assets

Fixed assets located at the enterprises gradually wear out. Distinguish between physical and moral depreciation.

Physical wear and tear means the material wear and tear of fixed production assets under the influence of the labor process, the forces of nature (erasing of working bodies, corrosion of metal parts and structures, rotting of wooden parts, weathering, etc.).

The physical deterioration of fixed production assets is directly dependent on the load, quality of care, level of organization of production, qualifications of workers and other factors. It is determined by the ratio of the actual and standard service life of fixed assets. For a more accurate determination of depreciation, a survey of the technical condition of fixed assets is carried out.

The obsolescence of fixed production assets is understood as their inconsistency with the modern level of technology, a decrease in the technical and economic feasibility of their operation.

In order to compensate for the depreciation of fixed assets and to accumulate the necessary funds for the reproduction and restoration of fixed assets, a system of depreciation is used.

Depreciation is a monetary compensation for the depreciation of fixed assets. Depreciation charges are one of the elements of production costs and are included in the cost of production.

The amount of depreciation deductions, expressed as a percentage of the initial (book) value of each type of fixed assets, is called the depreciation rate and is calculated by the formula:

where F p(b)- initial (book) cost of fixed assets;
F l- liquidation value of fixed assets;
T sl- the service life of fixed assets.

The annual amount of depreciation deductions for the renovation of fixed assets is calculated by multiplying the average annual cost of fixed production assets by the corresponding depreciation rates and correction factors for them, taking into account the specific operating conditions of certain types of labor tools.

The amount of depreciation deductions is determined three methods: uniform, uniformly accelerated and accelerated (when 2/3 of the initial value of fixed assets is transferred in the first three years, and then the remainder is evenly transferred).

There are various forms of simple and extended reproduction of fixed assets.

Forms of simple reproduction - repair (current, medium, capital and restoration), modernization of equipment (improvement of it in order to prevent technical and economic aging and increase technical and operational parameters to the level of modern production requirements) and replacement of physically worn out and technically obsolete means of labor.

Forms of expanded reproduction of fixed assets:
- technical re-equipment (at a qualitatively new level) of an existing enterprise;
- reconstruction and expansion;
- New construction.

2.2.4. Production capacity of the enterprise

The production capacity of the enterprise is the maximum possible annual (daily, shift) output of products (or the volume of processing of raw materials) in the nomenclature and assortment, subject to the fullest use of equipment and production facilities, the use of advanced technology and the organization of production. To measure production capacity, natural and conditionally natural meters (tons, pieces, meters, thousands of conditional cans, etc.) are used.

There are three types of power:
- design (provided by the construction or reconstruction project);
- current (actually achieved);
- backup (to cover peak loads).

When determining the current capacity, the input (at the beginning of the year), output (at the end of the year) and average annual capacity of the enterprise are calculated.

The average annual capacity of the enterprise is calculated by the formula:

where M n.h.- capacity at the beginning of the year;
M input.- power input during the year;
M sb.- retired power;
n 1, n 2- the number of months from the moment of commissioning or disposal of capacity, remaining until the end of the year.

The amount of power depends on many factors: the amount of installed equipment, the technical standard of productivity of the leading equipment, the possible fund of equipment operation time and the use of production areas throughout the year, the range, assortment and quality of manufactured products, the standards for the duration of the production cycle and the labor intensity of manufactured products (services performed) etc.

The production capacity of the enterprise is determined by the capacity of the leading production shops, sections or units, i.e. by the capacity of the leading industries.

In general, the production capacity of the leading workshop can be determined by the formula:

or ,

where a- equipment productivity per hour;
T- annual fund of working time of the equipment, hour;
m- average annual number of equipment;
t- the complexity of manufacturing a unit of production, hour.

2.2.5. Efficiency of reproduction and use of fixed assets and production capacities

To characterize the reproduction of fixed assets, the following indicators are used:

The main indicators of the use of fixed production assets are:
1) the coefficient of extensive use of equipment - is determined by the ratio of the actual number of hours of operation of the equipment to the number of hours of its operation according to the plan;
2) shift ratio of equipment operation - the ratio of the total number of machine days worked per day to the number of installed equipment;
3) the coefficient of intensive use of equipment is determined by the ratio of the actual performance of the equipment to its technical (passport) performance;
4) the coefficient of integral use of equipment is equal to the product of the coefficients of intensive and extensive use of equipment and comprehensively characterizes its operation in terms of time and productivity;
5) return on assets - an indicator of output per one hryvnia of the average annual cost of fixed production assets;
6) capital intensity - the value, the return of capital productivity. It shows the share of the cost of fixed production assets attributable to each hryvnia of output. Return on assets should tend to increase, and capital intensity - to decrease;
7) capital-labor ratio is determined by the ratio of the average annual cost of fixed production assets to the average number of industrial and production personnel of the enterprise for the year.

The enterprise also calculates the coefficient of development of the design capacity and the utilization factor of the current capacity.

The main directions for improving the use of fixed assets and production capacities are: reducing equipment downtime and increasing the coefficient of its shift; replacement and modernization of worn out and obsolete equipment; introduction of the latest technology and intensification of production processes; rapid development of newly commissioned capacities; motivation for the effective use of fixed assets and production capacities; development of the joint-stock form of management and privatization of enterprises, etc.

2.2.6. Working capital of the enterprise

Along with the main production assets, circulating production assets participate in the production process.

Working capital includes:
- production stocks - raw materials, auxiliary materials, purchased semi-finished products, fuel, containers, spare parts for equipment repair, wearing low-value tools, as well as household equipment;
- work in progress - objects of labor that are in production at different stages of processing in the divisions of the enterprise;
- semi-finished products of own production - objects of labor, the processing of which is fully completed in one of the divisions of the enterprise, but subject to further processing in other divisions of the enterprise;
- deferred expenses, which include costs for the preparation and development of new products, rationalization and invention, as well as other costs incurred in this period, but which will be included in the cost of production in the next period.

The ratio between individual groups, elements of revolving funds and their total volume, expressed in shares or percentages, is called the structure of revolving funds. It is formed under the influence of a number of factors: the nature and form of organization of production, the type of production, the duration of the technological cycle, the conditions for the supply of fuel and raw materials, etc.

On average, at industrial enterprises in Ukraine, the share of inventories in the total volume of working capital is about 70%, and work in progress and semi-finished products of own production - 25%.

The main condition for the formation and use of working capital is their regulation.

Consumption rates are considered to be the maximum allowable absolute values of the consumption of raw materials and materials, fuel and electrical energy for the production of a unit of output.

Rationing the consumption of certain types of material resources provides for the observance of certain scientific principles. The main ones should be: progressiveness, technological and economic feasibility, dynamism and ensuring the reduction of standards.

When establishing norms and standards for the planned year, it is recommended to use the experimental-statistical and calculation-analytical method.

When analyzing the work of an industrial enterprise, various indicators are used beneficial use material resources:
- indicator (coefficient) of the output of finished products from a unit of raw materials;
- indicator of consumption of raw materials per unit of finished product;
- coefficient of use of materials (the ratio of the net weight or mass of the product to the standard or actual consumption of structural material);
- coefficient of use of the area or volume of materials;
- the level of waste (losses), etc.

Common sources of saving material resources are: reducing the specific consumption of materials; weight reduction of products; reduction of losses and waste of material resources; use of waste and by-products; recycling; replacement of natural raw materials and materials with artificial ones, etc.

In parts, as the consumer value is lost.

Along with production, there are non-productive fixed assets - social property. These are residential buildings, children's and sports institutions, canteens, recreation centers and other objects of cultural and community services for workers that are on the balance sheet of enterprises and do not have a direct impact on the production process.

Depending on the production purpose, fixed assets are divided into groups:

Buildings - industrial buildings, warehouses, offices, garages, etc.;
- structures - roads, flyovers, fences and other engineering and construction structures that create the necessary conditions for the implementation of the production process;
- transmission means - power lines, communications, pipelines;
- machines and devices - power machines and equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and control devices and laboratory equipment, computer technology;
- vehicles - all types of vehicles, incl. interfactory, intershop and intrashop;
- instruments;
- production equipment and accessories;
- household inventory;
- other fixed assets.

There are several types of valuation of fixed assets.

The initial cost of fixed assets is the sum of the costs for the manufacture or acquisition of funds, their delivery and installation.

The replacement value is the value of funds at the time of their last revaluation.

The residual value is the difference between the original or replacement cost of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.

Residual value is the cost of selling worn-out and discontinued fixed assets (for example, the price of scrap).

Cost of production assets

The cost of fixed production assets (hereinafter referred to as OPF) is usually transferred to finished products over a very long period. This period, in some cases, may cover several production cycles. For this reason, the organization of accounting for the BPF is carried out in such a way that at one time it is possible to reflect both the preservation of the original form and the loss of value over time. In this scenario, one of the most important indicators is the average annual cost of OPF.

Types of cost of fixed production assets

Before proceeding to the consideration of the formula for calculating the cost of OPF, we will consider the types of cost of OPF. It is important to distinguish between such types of cost of the OPF as initial, residual and replacement.

First of all, you need to consider the initial cost, which reflects the cost of obtaining fixed assets. It is also important to remember that it does not change.

The initial cost of the OPF coming from the capital investment of certain enterprises can be determined by adding together the various costs incurred by production, such as the cost of equipment and installation work, transportation costs and others.

In turn, the replacement cost refers to the cost of acquiring such funds in modern conditions. In order to determine the replacement cost, it is necessary to revaluate fixed assets using indexation, as well as resorting to direct recalculation, according to available market prices, documented.

And, of course, we cannot but consider the residual value, which corresponds to the replacement value, which must be reduced by the amount of wear.

When determining the average annual cost of fixed assets, it is necessary to take into account the fact of their depreciation and amortization. The fact is that when funds are in the process of production for a long time, they easily give in to physical and moral deterioration. Speaking of physical wear and tear, we mean the loss of the original qualities of the means of labor. The level of material wear can be different, it depends on various factors, such as, for example, the degree of operation of the BPF, the level of personnel qualification, the level of aggressiveness of the environment, and others. To keep fixed assets intact, these factors must be taken into account.

As we have already said, funds can also be subject to obsolescence. What would that mean? The so-called obsolescence is the result of the fact that certain types of OPF are sometimes depreciated even before they are completely obsolescent.

Obsolescence can be of two types, conditionally they are called the first and second. The first of them is caused by the fact that production reduces the cost of the fixed assets themselves in the industries in which they are produced. Such depreciation cannot lead to losses, since it is the effect of increasing savings. The second type of obsolescence arises as a result of the emergence of such types of OPF, which have greater productivity.

The last thing worth mentioning when talking about OPF is depreciation. Depreciation refers to the process in which the value of the OPF is transferred to manufactured products in order to create a specially depreciated cash fund for the complete renovation of fixed assets.

What you need to know to determine the cost of production assets

First of all, in order to calculate the average annual cost of the OPF, it is necessary to have data on the balance sheet. At the same time, they should cover not only indicators for the entire year, but also separately for each month of the year. In addition, you also need to know the calculation formula, which we will talk about in more detail.

The formula itself can be represented as follows:

X=R+(AxM)/12 - /12

Let us analyze in more detail the necessary indicators that are contained in this formula:

X is an indicator of the average annual cost of OPF;
R is an indicator of the initial cost of the OPF (available at the beginning of the year);
A is an indicator of the value of the introduced funds;
M is the number of months of functioning of the introduced BPF;
D - liquidation value indicator;
L is the number of months of functioning of retired BPFs.

So, when you have all the necessary data, you can start the calculations, for this you need to follow the following algorithm of actions:

1. First of all, it is necessary to determine the size of the initial cost of the OPF, which falls at the beginning of the year. When determining this value, as we have already said, various production costs are taken into account. Further, to obtain an indicator at the beginning of the current year, it is necessary to correct the initial cost of the OPF by the amount of their depreciation;
2. After receiving the necessary information on the initial cost, you can proceed to the calculation of the cost of fixed assets. It is important to keep in mind that when entering objects, it is necessary to take into account their initial cost, at the same time, when withdrawing, one must take into account the value accepted on the balance sheet in the current month. By editing the amount you received after calculating the amount of the input cost and the amount of the output cost during the year in the first step, you can get the original value that falls at the end of the year;
3. Next, use the formula to calculate the average annual cost of the OPF.

Production assets of the enterprise

Fixed assets are the most significant component of the property of the enterprise and its non-current assets.

Fixed assets (in valuation, fixed assets, fixed capital) are tangible assets used as means of labor that operate in an unchanged natural form over a long period of time and lose their value in parts.

Fixed assets are fixed assets expressed in terms of value. Fixed assets are labor instruments that are repeatedly involved in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, and their value is transferred to the manufactured products in parts as they wear out.

Fixed production assets (OPF) operate in the field material production, repeatedly involved in the production process, wear out gradually, and their value is transferred to the manufactured product in parts as it is used. They are replenished through capital investments.

Non-productive fixed assets - residential buildings, children's and sports facilities, other cultural and community facilities that are on the balance sheet of the enterprise. Unlike OPF, they do not participate in the production process, their value disappears in consumption. They are reproduced at the expense of the national income.

The role of fixed assets in the labor process is determined by the fact that in their totality they form the production and technical base and determine the ability of the enterprise to produce products, the level of technical equipment of labor. The accumulation of fixed assets and the increase in the technical equipment of labor enrich the labor process, give it a creative character, and raise the cultural and technical level of society.

According to the current classification, OPFs consist of the following groups:

1) land plots and objects of nature management, owned by the enterprise on the basis of property rights;
2) buildings;
3) structures;
4) transmission devices;
5) machinery and equipment;
6) measuring and control instruments, devices and laboratory equipment;
7) computer technology;
8) vehicles;
9) tools and devices with a service life of more than 12 months;
10) production and household inventory;
11) on-farm roads;
12) capital investments for land improvement and leased buildings, premises, equipment and other objects related to fixed assets.

Physical depreciation of fixed assets. The fixed assets involved in the production process gradually lose their original characteristics due to their operation and natural wear. Physical wear and tear is understood as the loss of their original qualities by the means of labor.

The level of physical depreciation of fixed assets depends on:

Initial quality of fixed assets;
- degree of their exploitation;
- the level of aggressiveness of the environment in which fixed assets operate;
- level of qualification of service personnel;
- timeliness of scheduled preventive maintenance, etc.

Accounting for these factors in the work of enterprises can significantly affect the physical condition of fixed assets.

A number of indicators are used to characterize the degree of physical depreciation of fixed assets.

The shelf life of fixed assets can also be determined on the basis of the coefficient of physical depreciation:

Kgf = 100 - Kif.

All these formulas assume uniform physical depreciation of fixed assets, which does not always coincide with reality.

Moral depreciation of fixed assets. Along with physical depreciation, fixed assets undergo obsolescence (depreciation). The essence of obsolescence lies in the fact that the means of labor depreciate, lose their value until they are physically worn out, until the end of their physical service life.

Obsolescence manifests itself in two forms.

The first form of obsolescence is that there is a depreciation of machines of the same design that were produced before, due to the reduction in the cost of their reproduction in modern conditions.

The second form of obsolescence consists in the depreciation of old machines, which are still physically fit, as a result of the appearance of new, more technically advanced and productive ones, which replace the old ones.

At each enterprise, the process of physical and obsolescence of fixed assets must be controlled. The main goal of this management is to prevent excessive physical and obsolescence of fixed assets, especially their active part, as this can lead to negative economic consequences for the enterprise. Management of this process occurs through the implementation of a certain policy of reproduction of fixed assets.

Depreciation of fixed assets. Depreciation is the process of transferring the value of the depreciated part of fixed assets to products created, work performed, services rendered. In accordance with the standards, part of the cost of fixed assets is included in production costs or production costs.

The depreciation system is based on its reproductive function. It is a source of funds for the intended purpose. The safety of this function should be ensured both by its volume, determined taking into account inflation, and by the intended use. The first condition can be met with a timely change in depreciation rates and current indexation of the cost of fixed assets, the second - with the storage and use of depreciation funds in bank accounts.

The objects for depreciation are the fixed assets of enterprises operating both in the sphere of material production and in the non-production sphere.

The amount of depreciation is the amount of depreciation of fixed assets, expressed in monetary terms, for a certain period. It is determined on the basis of the book value for each type of fixed assets, taking into account the commissioning of new ones and the disposal of worn ones, as well as the established depreciation rates as a percentage.

The depreciation amount is calculated using the formula:

A \u003d F * n / 100,
where F is the book value of fixed assets;
n - depreciation rate.

The depreciation rate is the percentage of depreciation deductions for each type of fixed assets for a certain period.

In this case, the cost of fixed production assets according to the latest revaluation data or their initial cost is taken as the book value:

N \u003d A / T * F,
where T is the standard service life;
A - the total amount of depreciation accrued for the standard service life, rubles;
Ф - the initial cost of fixed production assets, rub.

A new aspect in the policy of depreciation is the introduction of the right of accelerated depreciation for organizations and households. With the introduction of accelerated depreciation, the rate of annual depreciation increases by no more than 2 times and must be agreed upon in the prescribed manner. The right to accelerated depreciation applies only to machinery, equipment and vehicles put into operation after 01/01/1991 with a standard service life of more than three years. Accelerated depreciation does not apply to vehicles whose standard service life is set depending on the actual load (for example, for cars - on the actual mileage). There are other restrictions as well. In case of violation of the established procedure for the application of accelerated depreciation, additionally accrued amounts are excluded from production and distribution costs. This approach is due to the fact that accelerated depreciation, on the one hand, leads to an increase in the cost of products (works), and on the other hand, underestimates the profits of organizations, which leads to a decrease in the amount of taxes levied, respectively, and the revenue side of the budget, and this in the conditions of the budget deficiency is undesirable.

In economics, fixed assets of an enterprise are usually taken into account in cost units. Recall that fixed assets in their monetary terms are called fixed assets.

Evaluation of fixed assets of an enterprise can be carried out: at the initial (book) value, replacement and residual value.

The initial cost of fixed assets is the cost consisting of the costs of their construction (construction) or acquisition, including the costs of their delivery and installation, as well as other costs necessary to bring the given facility to a state of readiness for operation as intended.

With long-term use of the OF, especially in conditions of high inflation rates, the initial cost of the OF ceases to correspond to its real assessment. Therefore, in order to eliminate the distorting influence of the price factor, an assessment of fixed assets is used at their replacement cost, i.e., at the cost of their production or acquisition under the conditions and at prices of a given year.

The replacement cost of fixed assets is the cost of their reproduction in modern conditions. The magnitude of the deviation of the replacement cost of fixed assets from their original value depends on the rate of acceleration of scientific and technical progress, the level of inflation, etc. Timely and objective revaluation of fixed assets is very important, primarily for their simple and expanded reproduction.

In conditions of inflation, the revaluation of fixed assets at the enterprise allows:

Objectively assess the true value of fixed assets;
- more correctly and accurately determine the costs of production and sale of products;
- more accurately determine the amount of depreciation charges sufficient for simple reproduction of fixed assets;
- objectively set sales prices for fixed assets and rent (if they are leased out).

The residual value is the difference between the original or replacement cost and the depreciation amount, that is, this is that part of the value of fixed assets that has not yet been transferred to manufactured products.

Evaluation of fixed assets at their residual value is necessary, first of all, in order to know their qualitative condition, in particular, to determine the coefficients of suitability and physical depreciation and to draw up a balance sheet.

The valuation of fixed assets is necessary for their accounting, analysis and planning, as well as for determining the volume and structure of capital investments.

To calculate the economic efficiency of the use of fixed assets, the assessment of funds at their average annual cost is usually used.

The technical condition of fixed assets (OS) has a great influence on the efficiency of their use, it is characterized by a system of indicators, the most important of which are as follows.

The coefficient of technical suitability (Kg) characterizes the degree of suitability of fixed assets for operation: Kg \u003d Residual value of fixed assets / Initial cost of fixed assets at the reporting date.

Depreciation coefficient of fixed assets (Kizn) shows the degree of depreciation of fixed assets: Kizn \u003d Amount of depreciation of fixed assets / Initial cost of fixed assets at the reporting date.

Fixed asset disposal ratio (Kv): Kv = Amount of retired fixed assets / Cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the reporting period.

The fixed assets renewal coefficient (Cobn) shows the share of newly received fixed assets in their total cost at the end of the reporting period: Cobn = Amount of received fixed assets / Cost of fixed assets at the end of the reporting period.

Fixed asset renewal term (Tobn): Tobn = Cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the reporting period / Amount of received fixed assets for the period.

The OS compensation coefficient (Kcomp) reflects the intensity of the process of replacing OS that have left the production process with new means of labor. Kcomp \u003d Cost of retired fixed assets / Cost of incoming fixed assets.

In addition, generalizing indicators of the enterprise's security with the main production assets are calculated, which include capital productivity, capital intensity, capital-labor ratio.

The return on assets shows the size of production per 1 ruble of the average annual cost of fixed assets.

Fo \u003d OP / OF,

Where OP is the volume of production,
OF - the average annual cost of fixed assets.

Machine output (Mo) characterizes the efficiency of using the active part of the OS.

Mo \u003d OP / OFact,

Where ОFact is the average annual cost of machinery and equipment.

Capital intensity (Femk) - an indicator of return on capital productivity.

It shows the size of the OS per 1 ruble of products produced or sold:

Femk \u003d OF / OP.

Capital-labor ratio (FC) characterizes the size of production assets per one worker of industrial personnel: FC = Average annual cost of production equipment / Average number of workers on the longest shift.

The successful functioning of fixed assets depends on how fully the extensive and intensive factors for improving their use are implemented. An extensive improvement in the use of funds implies that, on the one hand, the operating time of the existing equipment in the calendar period will be increased, and on the other hand, the share of the operating equipment in the composition of all equipment available at the enterprise will be increased.

The most important areas for increasing the operating time of the equipment include:

1) reduction and elimination of intra-shift downtime of equipment by improving the quality of repair maintenance of equipment, timely provision of the main production with labor, raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products;
2) reduction of whole-day downtime of equipment, increase in the ratio of shifts of its work. An important way to increase the efficiency of the use of fixed assets is to reduce the amount of surplus equipment and quickly involve uninstalled equipment in production.

Intensive improvement in the use of fixed assets implies an increase in the degree of utilization of equipment per unit of time. An increase in the intensive loading of equipment can be achieved by modernizing existing machines and mechanisms, establishing the optimal mode of their operation.

The intensity of the use of fixed assets is also increased by:

Technical improvement of labor tools and improvement of production technology;
- elimination of "bottlenecks" in the production process;
- reduction of terms of achievement of design productivity of equipment;
- improvement of the scientific organization of labor, production and management;
- use of high-speed methods;
- improvement of qualification and professional skills of workers.

The property of the enterprise is also working capital - assets, which are a combination of working capital and circulation funds in value form. These are the funds needed by the enterprise to create inventories in warehouses and in production, for settlements with suppliers, the budget, for paying wages, etc.

Under the composition of working capital understand the totality of elements that form working capital. The division of working capital into working capital and circulation funds is determined by the peculiarities of their use and distribution in the areas of production and its sale.

The circulating production assets of an enterprise include a part of the means of production (production assets), the material elements of which are spent in the labor process in each production cycle, and their value is transferred to the product of labor entirely and immediately.

The working capital of an enterprise consists of 3 parts:

production stocks;
- work in progress and semi-finished products of own production;
- deferred expenses.

Industrial stocks - objects of labor prepared for launch into the production process; they consist of raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, fuel, purchased semi-finished products and components, containers and packaging materials, spare parts for the repair of fixed assets.

Work-in-progress and semi-finished products of own manufacture - objects of labor that entered the production process: materials, parts, products that are in the process of processing or assembly, as well as semi-finished products of their own manufacture, not fully completed by production in some workshops of the enterprise and subject to further processing in other workshops.

Deferred expenses are intangible elements of working capital, including the costs of preparing and developing new products that are produced in a given period (quarter, year), but are attributed to products of the future period.

Circulating production assets in their movement are also associated with circulation funds serving the sphere of circulation. Circulation funds include finished products in warehouses, goods in transit, cash and funds in settlements with consumers of products, in particular accounts receivable.

The ratio between the individual elements of working capital, expressed as a percentage, is called the structure of working capital.

According to the sources of formation, working capital is divided into own and borrowed (bank loans, accounts payable (commercial credit) and other liabilities).

There are indicators of consumption of material resources and indicators of the level of useful use of material resources.

The total consumption of material resources is the consumption of individual types or material resources taken together for the implementation of the entire production program.

Material consumption (Me) - the ratio of the cost of material costs (Mz) to the volume of manufactured products in value terms (OP).

Me = Mz / OP.

Material output (Mo) is the inverse indicator of material consumption. Material output - the ratio of the volume of output in value terms to material costs.

Mo \u003d OP / Mz.

The effective use of working capital is characterized by three main indicators.

The turnover ratio is determined by dividing the volume of sales of products in wholesale prices by the average balance of working capital at the enterprise:

Ko \u003d Rp / CO,

Where Ko - the turnover ratio of working capital, turnover;
Rp - volume of sold products, rub.;
SO - the average balance of working capital, rub.

The turnover ratio characterizes the number of turnovers made by working capital for a certain period (year, quarter). An increase in the number of revolutions leads either to an increase in output by 1 ruble of working capital, or to the fact that a smaller amount of working capital is required for the same volume of production.

Working capital utilization factor (Kz), inverse to the turnover ratio, characterizes the amount of working capital spent on 1 ruble of sold products.

Kz \u003d CO / Rp.

The duration of one turnover (T) in days is found by dividing the number of days in the period by the turnover ratio.

The shorter the duration of the turnover of working capital or the greater the number of cycles they make with the same volume of products sold, the less working capital is required, the more efficiently they are used.

The effect of accelerating the turnover of working capital is expressed in the release (reducing the need for them) in connection with the improvement of their use. There are absolute and relative release of working capital.

The absolute release reflects a direct reduction in the need for working capital.

Relative release reflects the change in both working capital and the volume of products sold. To determine it, you need to calculate the need for working capital for the reporting year based on the actual sales turnover for this period and the turnover in days for the previous year. The difference gives the amount of funds released.

In modern conditions, the primary task of the enterprise is to accelerate the turnover of working capital.

This is achieved in the following ways:

At the stage of creating inventories - the introduction of economically justified norms of reserves; bringing suppliers of raw materials, semi-finished products, components closer to consumers; widespread use of direct long-term connections; complex mechanization and automation of loading and unloading operations in warehouses;
- at the stage of WIP - acceleration of scientific and technical progress (introduction of advanced equipment and technology, especially waste-free and low-waste); development of standardization, unification, typification; improvement of forms of organization of industrial production; improving the system of economic incentives for the economical use of resources; increase specific gravity products in high demand;
- at the stage of circulation - the approach of consumers of products to its manufacturers; improvement of the settlement system; increase in the volume of products sold due to improved marketing work through direct communications, early release of products; careful and timely selection of shipped products by batches, assortment.

Use of production assets

Improving the use of fixed assets contributes to an increase in output, an increase in labor productivity, a reduction in cost and an increase in profits, in addition, the process of updating fixed assets is accelerated and losses from the use of obsolete equipment are reduced.

To assess the use of fixed assets, the main (generalizing) and private indicators of production assets are used.

Key indicators reflect the final result of the use of fixed assets.

These include:

return on assets,
profitability of production assets,
capital intensity,
production capacity utilization factor.

To assess the use of machinery and equipment, indicators are used:

The coefficient of extensive use of equipment,
The coefficient of intensive use of equipment,
Integral coefficient of equipment utilization,
Shift coefficient.

To characterize the use of production space, the following indicators are used:

Output of products per 1m2 of production area,
the coefficient of employment of the production area of the equipment.

The main directions for improving the efficiency of the use of fixed assets are:

Technical improvement and modernization of equipment;
improving the structure of fixed assets by increasing the share of machinery and equipment;
increasing the intensity of the equipment;
optimization of operational planning;
advanced training of employees of the enterprise.

Revolving production assets

Circulating production assets are objects of labor (raw materials, basic materials and semi-finished products, auxiliary materials, fuel, containers, spare parts, etc.); means of labor, items and tools with a service life of not more than 12 months; work in progress and deferred expenses. Circulating production assets enter production in their natural form and are consumed in the process of manufacturing products and transfer their value to the created product.

Circulation funds are the funds of the enterprise invested in stocks of finished products, goods shipped but not paid for, as well as funds in settlements and cash on hand and in accounts. Circulation funds are associated with servicing the process of circulation of goods and do not participate in the formation of value, but are its carriers.

The movement of circulating production assets and circulation funds is of the same nature and constitutes a single process, which makes it possible to combine circulating production assets and circulation funds into a single concept - working capital. After the end of the production cycle, the manufacture of finished products and its sale, the cost of working capital is reimbursed as part of the proceeds from the sale of products (works, services), which creates the possibility of a systematic resumption of the production process through a continuous circulation of enterprise funds.

Industrial stocks are objects of labor prepared for launch into the production process; consist of raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, fuel, fuel, purchased semi-finished products and components, containers and packaging materials, spare suits for the current repair of fixed assets.

Work-in-progress and semi-finished products of own production are objects of labor that have entered the production process: materials, parts, assemblies and products that are in the process of processing and assembly, as well as semi-finished products of their own manufacture, not completely finished by production in some workshops of the enterprise and subject to further processing in other workshops this enterprise.

Deferred expenses are intangible elements of working capital, including expenses incurred in this reporting period, but related either due to economic content or, according to established accounting and planning practice, to future periods. For example, these are the costs of preparing and developing new products that are produced in a given period, but are included in the cost of products in the future period (costs for designing and developing technology for new types of products, for reinstalling equipment, etc.).

Cash and securities are the most liquid part of working capital. Cash includes money on hand, on settlement, current, currency and other accounts. Securities constituting short-term financial investments include securities of other enterprises, government bonds and securities issued by local governments.

Accounts receivable is an important component working capital. Accounts receivable is understood as various types of debt to this enterprise of individuals and legal entities. There are the following types accounts receivable: settlements with debtors for goods and services; settlements with debtors on bills received; settlements with subsidiaries; advances given to suppliers and contractors and other types of receivables. The tasks of receivables management are: determining the risk of insolvency of buyers, calculating the forecast value of the allowance for doubtful debts, as well as providing recommendations on working with actually or potentially insolvent buyers.

The ratio of individual elements of working capital in their total value is called the structure of working capital.

Structures of working capital at different enterprises are different.

The largest part of the working capital of industrial enterprises is inventory (75-85%), the share of deferred expenses (9%).

The total structure of working capital is dominated by funds placed in the sphere of production (more than 70% of all working capital).

Production assets indicators

The final efficiency of the use of fixed production assets is characterized by a number of indicators that differ in economic characteristics and units of measurement. Depending on the economic nature, they are divided into generalizing (synthetic) and private (analytical), and according to meters - into cost and natural.

General indicators include the following indicators: capital productivity, capital intensity, sold products, profitability, relative savings in fixed assets, increase in production volume, increase in labor productivity, reduction in production costs and costs for the reproduction of fixed assets, increase in the service life of labor tools.

However, on the basis of a generalizing indicator, it is impossible to analyze the degree of use of elements of fixed assets that have different meanings in the production process. Therefore, in practice, private (analytical indicators) are used, which primarily include technical and economic indicators of the use of production equipment.

These include the coefficients:

Depreciation of fixed assets;
- retirement of fixed production assets;
- updates;
- use of equipment inventory;
- use of the production capacity of the enterprise; change of equipment;
- extensive and intensive loading of equipment, etc.

For a comprehensive analysis and identification of reserves for increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, a system of general (generalizing) and private (additional) indicators is used.

Generalizing indicators characterize the use of the entire set of fixed production assets.

These include:

Capital productivity - output for 1 rub. the average annual cost of fixed production assets;
- capital profitability - the amount of profit per 1 rub. the average annual cost of fixed production assets;
- the degree of use of production capacity.

General (generalizing) indicators are intended for a general assessment of the use of the entire set of fixed assets. Additional indicators characterize the use of the main active part of fixed assets (equipment) or the use of fixed assets of individual divisions of the enterprise.

These include:

Coefficient of extensive and intensive use of equipment;
- production output per 1 m2 of production area (casting shops);
- output of products from 1 m2 of the hearth of the furnace;
- removal of products from 1 m2 of the ore body area (exploitation factor);
- use of certain types of equipment.

The volume of homogeneous products can be determined in physical terms, and heterogeneous products in terms of money or standard hours. With monetary indicators, the volume of production can be calculated as gross, marketable or sold products.

Sold products characterize the actual return of funds invested in the main industrial and production assets.

Commodity (gross) production characterizes a more complete return with the security of sales.

Comparing the rate of return on assets in the reporting year with the same indicator for the previous year, changes are established in one direction or another. A positive assessment should be in the event that the return on assets increases.

Quantitative assessment of the influence of factors on capital productivity. The return on assets indicator, being a generalizing indicator, expresses the relationship between the means of labor and the volume of output.

The return on assets index is influenced by factors, the main of which are:

Structure and condition of fixed assets;
- structure of production;
- range and quality of products;
- the level of cooperation and combination of production, etc.

Therefore, when comparing the use of fixed industrial assets in terms of capital productivity, it is necessary to consider and take into account the influence of all the above factors in order to draw correct conclusions about the degree of use of fixed assets.

Part of production assets

Working capital - that part of production assets, the material elements of which are spent in each production cycle, and their value is transferred to the product entirely and immediately.

Working capital includes inventories, work in progress and semi-finished products, prepaid expenses.

Circulation funds - part of the capital, which is intended to serve the sphere of circulation. These include finished products in stock, goods in transit, receivables (what the company owes).

This is the part of the capital, the deficit of which has to be faced very often. Without working capital, capital can "dead." After all, it is working capital that is created for the formation of stocks, settlements with suppliers and subcontractors, with the budget, and for the payment of wages.

According to the sources of formation, working capital is divided into own, equated to own (for example, unpaid wages), borrowed (other people's money).

In relation to working capital, the leading requirement is cost minimization or efficiency.

In the process of movement, working capital makes a "circulation", which begins with their advance payment in cash - for the formation of inventories and other purposes, ends with the release during the sale of goods. Circulating assets successively pass from the monetary form to the commodity form, to settlements, and, finally, again to the money received from the sale of goods. Working capital advanced by commercial enterprises and organizations is used to purchase goods, packaging, low-value and wearing items, for the costs associated with the purchase, transportation, storage and sale of goods. The allocation of funds for the formation of circulating production assets and circulation funds allows us to consider working capital as an independent object of planning and accounting. The value of the working capital of the enterprise should be, first of all, sufficient to ensure the continuity of the processes of circulation of cash, material resources and all activities of the enterprise. This requires the availability of sufficient working capital at all stages of production and sale. The amount of working capital should be maintained at the minimum required level, which follows from the requirements of the savings regime.

Material consumption of products - the cost of raw materials, materials and other material resources per unit of output. Reducing material consumption reduces the cost of production and the cost of developing raw materials industries.

Commercial organizations must use working capital expediently and efficiently. This implies, firstly, the safety of own working capital, the inadmissibility of reducing their amount at the disposal of the enterprise. A necessary condition for the safety of own working capital is the cost-effective operation of the enterprise. Secondly, working capital (own and borrowed) must be used for specific purposes and in the amount provided for by the financial plan. Thirdly, working capital should be used efficiently, i.e. plans must be carried out with a minimum amount of working capital.

The effectiveness of the use of working capital can be assessed in terms of the rate of their turnover, i.e. turnover. The turnover of funds invested in certain types of stocks or costs is understood as the transition to the next stage of the cycle. So, for cash, the turnover is not their receipt, but advance payment for purchased goods and other needs; for commodity stocks, the turnover is a release or shipment; for shipped goods, the turnover is characterized by the receipt of revenue. In general, for the entire mass of working capital, including normalized ones, the turnover is the completion of the circuit upon receipt of proceeds.

To characterize the rate of turnover of working capital, an indicator is used that expresses the value of the average duration of turnover in days, and is calculated by dividing the amount of investments of working capital (normalized or all) by the value of the average daily turnover. In the calculation of turnover, data on the amount of working capital for the asset of the balance sheet are used.

When calculating the turnover rate of all working capital, cash balances on the current account are excluded from their amount. This is primarily due to the fact that the acceleration of turnover may be accompanied by the release of funds stored in the current account. If we calculate the turnover with the inclusion of the current account balance in the amount of working capital, then the actual acceleration of turnover may not be detected. In addition, as noted, on the current account, a significant part of the balance is made up of amounts that are not related to working capital.

The turnover rate (in this case, the average duration of one turnover per period) is calculated as the ratio of the average balance of working capital (for example, inventory) to the average daily sales in a certain period and is measured in days of turnover. To characterize the rate of turnover of funds, in some cases, the indicator of the turnover ratio is used, which determines the number of turnovers during the corresponding period. The acceleration of turnover is of great importance because it creates the opportunity to ensure the continuity of production and sales with a smaller amount of working capital.

Profitability of production assets

The profitability of production assets characterizes the amount of profit attributable to each ruble of production assets:

Rpf \u003d OP / (OSav + ObSav),
where:
Rpf - profitability of production assets,
OP - operating profit,
OSav - the average annual cost of fixed assets,
ObSav - the average annual balance of working capital.

The indicator of profitability of production, as well as other indicators of profitability, can be calculated both from gross profit (before taxation) and from net profit (after taxes). It is possible to calculate the profitability indicators of individual industries (by workshops, sections, or by types of products).

The indicator shows the real profitability from the use of fixed assets in the production process. Indicators for calculating the profitability of fixed assets are taken from the financial statements.

The level of profitability of production assets is the higher, the higher the profitability of products (the higher the return on assets of fixed assets and the rate of turnover of working capital, the lower the costs per 1 ruble of production and unit costs for economic elements (labor tools, labor materials)).

Return on assets of production assets

Return on assets is a financial ratio that characterizes the efficiency of using the organization's fixed assets. Return on assets shows how much revenue falls on the unit cost of fixed assets.

It should be canceled that the return on assets indicator itself does not indicate the efficiency of the use of production assets, but only shows how the volume of products received from the sale (i.e., revenue) correlates with the cost of the organization's means of labor. It is possible to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the use of production assets by comparing the rate of return on assets in dynamics over a number of years, or by comparing it with the same indicator for other, similar enterprises in the same industry.

The return on assets index is calculated according to the following formula:

Return on assets = Revenue / Fixed assets

For a more accurate calculation, the value of fixed assets should not be taken at the end of the period, but as the arithmetic average for the period for which the proceeds are taken (i.e., the sum of the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the period and the end of the period, divided by 2). Some sources recommend using the historical cost of fixed assets. However, in the financial statements (Balance sheet) the residual value of fixed assets is indicated, therefore, this assessment is often used in calculations. At its core, the return on assets can be attributed to the turnover indicators (along with the turnover of inventories, receivables and other assets). Turnover indicators (coefficient) are always calculated as the ratio of revenue to certain assets or liabilities.

Normal value

The return on assets ratio does not have a generally accepted normal value. This is due to the fact that the indicator is highly dependent on industry characteristics. For example, in capital-intensive industries, the share of fixed assets in the assets of the enterprise is large, so the ratio will be lower. If we consider the rate of return on assets in dynamics, then the growth of the coefficient indicates an increase in the intensity (efficiency) of the use of equipment.

Accordingly, in order to increase the return on assets, it is necessary either to increase revenues when using existing equipment (increase the efficiency of its use, produce products with greater added value, increase the time of equipment use - the number of shifts, use more modern and productive equipment), or get rid of unnecessary equipment by reducing thus its value is in the denominator of the coefficient.

Structure of production assets

There are production (species), technological and age structure of fixed assets.

The production structure is the ratio of various groups of fixed production assets in terms of material and natural composition in their total average annual value.

The production (species) structure of fixed production assets in various industries is not the same. In some industries, the share of the active part of fixed assets is larger and the share of their passive part is smaller, while in other industries it is vice versa. For example, the share of buildings in the total value of fixed assets is highest in light and Food Industry(44%), structures - in the fuel industry (58%), transmission devices - in the electric power industry (32%), machinery and equipment - at the enterprises of the machine-building complex (45% and more).

An important indicator of the production structure of fixed assets is the share of the active part in their total value. This is due to the fact that the volume of output, production capacity and other economic indicators of the enterprise's work largely depend on the value of the active part of fixed production assets. Therefore, increasing its share to the optimal level is one of the ways to improve the production structure of fixed production assets.

The technological structure of fixed production assets characterizes their distribution among the structural divisions of the enterprise as a percentage of their total value. It can be represented, for example, as the share of certain types of machine tools in the total number of machine tools available at the enterprise.

The age structure of fixed production assets characterizes their distribution by age groups (up to 5 years; from 5 to 10 years; from 10 to 15 years; from 15 to 20 years; over 20 years). Average age equipment is calculated as a weighted average. Such a calculation can be carried out both for the enterprise as a whole and for individual groups of machines and equipment. If the share of old equipment increases, then the number of physically worn-out elements of fixed assets increases, and this leads to an increase in repair costs, an increase in operating costs, and a deterioration in product quality.

In addition to those listed above, other factors also influence the structure of fixed production assets, including:

Production volume;
specifics of the enterprise;
acceleration of scientific and technical progress;
level of automation and mechanization;
the level of specialization, cooperation, combination and diversification of production;
climatic conditions and geographical location, etc.

Analysis of production assets

The volume of output depends on many factors that can be grouped into three main groups:

Factors related to the availability, use of labor means, i.e. main industrial and production Funds (funds);
factors related to the provision of labor objects (material resources) and their use;
factors related to the availability, movement and use labor resources.

The analysis should study and measure the influence of these factors on the volume of output. At the same time, the influence of each group of factors (resources) is determined ceteris paribus, i.e., it is assumed that the factors related to other groups acted as intended.

Consider the first group of factors (resources) that affect the volume of output. Other things being equal, the volume of production will be the greater, the greater the amount of fixed assets and the better their use.

The main sources of information for the analysis of fixed assets are: f. No. 5 of the annual report "Appendix to the balance sheet", inventory cards for accounting for fixed assets, acts of acceptance and transfer of fixed assets, invoices for the internal movement of fixed assets, acts of acceptance and transfer of repaired, reconstructed, modernized fixed assets.

Fixed assets (funds) are the means of labor used to manufacture products or to service the production process.

The analysis should begin with a study of the structure of fixed assets, i.e. the ratio of various groups of fixed assets in the total amount of their value.

It is necessary that the share of their active part in the structure of fixed assets should increase, i.e. working machines and equipment that directly affect the objects of labor, i.e. for materials. At the same time, the return on the use of fixed assets increases.

Then you should check how the fixed assets are updated, and calculate the following indicators:

The coefficient of renewal of fixed assets;
Retirement rate of fixed assets;
OF growth factor.

These coefficients should be calculated for several periods and trace the dynamics of renewal, disposal and growth of fixed assets.

Then it is necessary to study the age composition of the equipment, which is very important for characterizing the technical condition of fixed assets. For this purpose, the equipment is grouped according to the service life.

This grouping shows the share of new equipment, the return on the use of which is the highest, the share of equipment with an average service life, as well as the percentage of obsolete labor tools.

The condition of fixed assets is also expressed by their wear and tear coefficients.

Comparison of these indicators over several years shows trends in their change (it should be borne in mind that the renewal and disposal rates are calculated for a given period, and the wear and tear rates are calculated at the beginning and end of the period).

Technological level of equipment

It is necessary to study the technological level of the equipment.

For this, the equipment is divided into the following groups:

1. equipment with manual control;
2. partially mechanized simple equipment;
3. fully mechanized simple equipment;
4. partially automated equipment;
5. fully automated equipment;
6. automated and programmable equipment;
7. flexible, automated and programmable equipment.

In the process of analysis, the technological level of equipment is expressed by the following indicators:

The level of mechanization of machinery and equipment is the total cost of equipment of types 2 - 7 divided by the total cost of equipment of types 1 - 7.
- The level of automation of machinery and equipment is the total cost of equipment types 4 - 7 divided by the total cost of equipment types 1 - 7.
- The level of complex automation of machinery and equipment is the total cost of equipment types 5 - 7 divided by the total cost of equipment types 1 - 7.

Maintenance indicators for machinery and equipment

The level of mechanization of labor is the number of workers servicing mechanized equipment divided by the total number of production workers.

The level of labor automation is the number of workers servicing automated equipment divided by the total number of production workers.

Analysis of the use of fixed assets

Having analyzed the state of fixed assets, we proceed to the analysis of their use. The most common indicators of the use of fixed assets are: capital productivity, capital intensity and capital-labor ratio.

Equipment usage rates

After studying the general indicators of the use of fixed assets, it is necessary to consider the use of equipment as the most active part of fixed assets, on which output mainly depends.

Extensive use of equipment can also be characterized by the coefficient of extensive use of equipment.

The ratio of extensive use of equipment is the actual number of machine hours worked by the equipment divided by the base (planned) number of machine hours worked by the equipment.

Keks \u003d Actual equipment operation time, hour / Equipment operation time according to the norm, hour

Having considered the extensive use of equipment, let's move on to studying its intensive use, i.e. usage but performance. It is analyzed by comparing the actual indicators of product removal for one machine-hour (machine-hour) with the planned ones, with the indicators of previous periods, as well as with the indicators of other enterprises of a related profile for groups of the same type of equipment.

The use of equipment by productivity can be characterized by the coefficient of intensive use of equipment.

The coefficient of intensive use of equipment is the actual average output per machine hour worked divided by the baseline (planned) average output per machine hour worked.

Integral use of equipment, i.e. simultaneously in time and productivity, expressed by the coefficient of integral use of equipment, which is defined as the product of the coefficients of extensive and intensive use of equipment.

In conclusion of the analysis carried out, it is necessary to generalize the reserves for increasing output associated with fixed assets.

These reserves can be:

Commissioning of uninstalled equipment;
increase in shift work of equipment;
elimination of the causes of extra-scheduled whole-shift and intra-shift downtime of equipment;
reduction of the planned loss of equipment operation time;
implementation of organizational and technical measures aimed at reducing the time spent on equipment operation for the production of a unit of output.

Depreciation of production assets

The circulation of fixed assets includes 3 phases depreciation, depreciation and compensation. Depreciation and amortization occur in the process of production use of fixed assets, and compensation - as a result of their creation and restoration. In process of use elements of means of work physically wear out, their technical properties worsen. The so-called mechanical wear sets in, as a result of which the means of labor lose their ability to participate in the manufacture of products. In other words, their use value decreases. Fixed assets are subject to physical wear and tear, not only due to their productive use, but also under the influence of the forces of nature. Both in the process of functioning and during inactivity, under the influence of atmospheric conditions, gradual, destructive actions of natural metabolism, metal corrosion and wood decay occur, i.e., individual parts of fixed assets are deformed and destroyed. Means of labor can also fail as a result of such extraordinary circumstances as fires, floods, earthquakes and other natural disasters.

The amount of physical depreciation of fixed assets depends on the quality of their manufacture, technical parameters laid down in the process of creation and predetermining durability. In addition, the level of physical depreciation of fixed assets depends on the degree of their utilization in the process of productive use. The greater the shift of equipment operation and the more intensive its workload in time and power, the higher the level of wear. Along with this, wear depends on the skill level of workers, compliance with appropriate operating conditions, protection from adverse environmental conditions, quality of care and timeliness of repairs.

Along with physical wear and tear, the means of labor are subject to obsolescence, in which machines and equipment that are still quite suitable for their material condition become unprofitable in operation compared to new, more efficient models of equipment. There are two forms of obsolescence. The first, when as a result scientific and technological progress, causing the growth of labor productivity in industries that produce the means of production, machines of this kind are produced at a lower cost. When the production of new, cheaper machines becomes mass-produced, the cost of existing instruments of labor with similar technical characteristics decreases. After all, in every this moment the value of commodities is determined not by individual expenditures, but by the amount of socially necessary labor time for their production. New machines of a similar design are produced cheaper and therefore transfer a smaller share of the cost to the finished product, which makes them more efficient in operation and stimulates the early replacement of old models of equipment.

The second form of obsolescence is a decrease in the cost of functioning means of labor as a result of the introduction of new, more progressive and economical technology into production. New machines can be more productive, i.e., more products can be produced per unit of time. Changes in quality characteristics and consumer properties of products are possible. One of the advantages of new equipment may be the provision of opportunities for the introduction of more advanced technology, which will save material resources and improve working conditions. An increase in the efficiency of new models of equipment can also be the result of saving production space, better reliability and efficiency in operation, greater maintainability, etc. As a result, the operation of old machines becomes unprofitable, which necessitates their early replacement.

The use of obsolete, although physically not yet worn out equipment leads to a relative increase in production costs, hinders the improvement of technological processes. A problem arises: incur losses from the early replacement of obsolete labor tools and get savings from the introduction of more advanced technology or operate obsolete equipment until its cost is completely written off, but at the same time lose the possibility of increasing production efficiency in the future. As a rule, comparisons testify in favor of early replacement of machines in order to technically improve production, the effect of which far exceeds the losses before the early write-off.

If the basis of physical wear is the influence of material factors external environment and internal metabolic physical and chemical processes that destroy the materials from which the means of labor are created, then the basis of both forms of obsolescence is scientific and technological progress. It predetermines both the cheapening of the means of labor and the emergence of new types of equipment and products. In accordance with the nature of the causes, the loss of use value and the value of means of labor as a result of physical and moral depreciation is carried out differently. If physical wear and tear occurs, as a rule, evenly as fixed assets are used or the gradual impact of the forces of nature, then due to the uneven scientific and technological progress, certain types of means of labor are subject to obsolescence unevenly. Thus, it has the greatest impact on the active part of fixed assets, since changes in the designs of machinery and equipment are more dynamic compared to the improvement of the structures of buildings and structures. The impact of obsolescence is uneven in various sectors of the national economy. It is especially noticeable in industries that determine scientific and technological progress. The second form of obsolescence has the most significant impact in the first period of the introduction of new technology, as innovations become widespread, its impact gradually decreases.

Wear is not the same as wear. All created fixed assets, both active and inactive, are subject to depreciation, regardless of their participation in the production process (production and non-production). Wear is an objectively existing phenomenon. Wear is an economic process, a reflection of wear and tear in economic reality. Wear and tear, or economic depreciation, is a process of loss of value by means of labor. The cause of wear can be both physical and moral wear and tear.

Wear is the basis of depreciation. Depreciation is reimbursed not in the process of forming the depreciation fund, but during its subsequent use to replace obsolete equipment and during major repairs and modernization.

Depreciation charge - the part of the cost that is transferred to the product. Its movement is included both in the process of production and in the process of circulation. A cash depreciation fund is the financial result of the accumulation of successively carried out depreciation deductions. It is formed only after the sale of finished products.

Depreciation can be defined as the process of gradually transferring the value of the means of labor to the value of the finished product. Depreciation deductions are that part of the value of the means of labor, which in each new circulation of the funds of enterprises, as they wear out, is separated and continues to move as part of the new value, first in the form of work in progress, then as part of the cost of finished products, and after its sale is accumulated in the reserve fund funds intended for reimbursement of advanced costs in fixed assets. Thus, the difference between depreciation and depreciation of fixed assets is clearly outlined. If depreciation is the loss of use value, and hence the value of the means of labor, then depreciation means the process of transferring value to the finished product. Both processes, despite their differences, are inseparable as two sides of one and the same phenomenon. Therefore, depreciation deductions, reflecting the value of the transferred value, at the same time show the degree of depreciation of fixed assets.

Depreciation of production assets

Depreciation of fixed assets is determined and accounted for by buildings and structures, transmission devices, machinery and equipment, vehicles, production and household equipment, working livestock, perennial plantations that have reached operational age, intangible assets. Depreciation of fixed assets is determined for a full calendar year (regardless of the month in which they were purchased or built in the reporting year) in accordance with established standards.

Depreciation is not carried out in excess of 100% of the value of fixed assets. Accrued depreciation in the amount of 100% of the cost of objects (items) that are suitable for further operation cannot serve as a basis for writing them off due to complete depreciation.

There are two types of wear - physical and moral.

Physical wear is a change in the mechanical, physical, chemical and other properties of material objects under the influence of labor processes, forces of nature and other factors. In economic terms, physical wear and tear is the loss of original use value due to wear, dilapidation and obsolescence.

Physical wear is due to the following factors:

1) Operational - associated with the production and consumption of fixed assets.
2) The influence of natural forces, which are expressed in corrosion, weathering, leaching of materials, etc.

Obsolescence is manifested in the loss of economic efficiency and expediency of using fixed assets before the expiration of the period of complete physical deterioration.

Obsolescence is of two types:

The first type of obsolescence consists in the fact that the means of labor lose part of their value as a result of a reduction in the cost of reproducing similar ones. In essence, it represents the difference between the original and replacement cost.
- The essence of the second type of obsolescence is to reduce the cost of fixed assets, as a result of the emergence of more economical and productive machinery and equipment.

Partial obsolescence is a partial loss of consumer value and the value of the machine. Its ever-increasing dimensions may serve as a reason to use this machine in other operations where it will still be quite effective.

Complete obsolescence is a complete depreciation of the machine, in which its further use is unprofitable.

The hidden form of obsolescence implies the threat of depreciation of the machine due to the fact that the task for the development of new, more productive and economical equipment has been approved.

Active fixed production assets

According to the specifics of the functions performed, there are:

1) active fixed (production) assets;
2) passive fixed (production) funds.

Active fixed (production) assets directly affect the product being produced, determine the scale of its production and the level of labor productivity of workers. These include machines, equipment, tools.

Passive fixed (production) assets create the necessary conditions for the labor process. These include buildings, structures, transmission devices, etc.

The ratio of certain types of fixed (production) assets makes up their structure, which is characterized by the share of the value of a particular type of fixed (production) assets in their total volume. The ratio between the active and passive part of fixed assets depends on the characteristics of the technological process.

The cost of fixed assets (with the exception of land plots) as physical and/or obsolescence is transferred in parts to the cost of manufactured products and is reimbursed from the sales proceeds. The economic mechanism for the gradual transfer of the value of fixed assets to finished products and the formation of a fund of funds to replace worn-out equipment is called depreciation.

The fund formed at the enterprise to replace worn-out equipment is called the depreciation fund. The depreciation fund is formed at the expense of depreciation deductions, which are carried out during normative term. The normative period is understood as the period for which the book value of the depreciable object is fully transferred to the costs of production and distribution.

Material and production funds

The main production assets include those means of labor that, being in the sphere of material production, are directly involved in the production of material goods (machinery, equipment, etc.), create conditions for the implementation of the production process (industrial buildings, structures, electrical networks, pipelines, etc.). etc.), serve to store and move objects of labor.

In addition to fixed production assets, fixed assets of industry also include fixed non-production assets, which include such non-production facilities (residential buildings, kindergartens and nurseries, schools, hospitals and other healthcare and cultural facilities) that are under the jurisdiction of industrial enterprises. enterprises (they do not directly, but indirectly affect the production process). Here we consider only the main production assets.

The main production assets of industry are the means of labor that participate in many production cycles, while retaining their natural form, and their value is transferred to manufactured products in parts as they wear out.

The fixed assets of industry occupy an important place in the national wealth. The share of industry in the main production assets of the national economy is more than 48%.

Increase in fixed production assets

One of the most important tasks of the development of industry is to ensure production primarily by increasing its efficiency and making fuller use of on-farm reserves. For this, it is necessary to use fixed assets and production capacities more rationally.

The increase in the volume of industrial production is achieved due to:

1) commissioning of new fixed assets and production capacities;
2) improving the use of existing fixed assets and production capacities.

The growth of fixed assets and production capacities of industry, its branches and enterprises is achieved through new construction, as well as reconstruction and expansion of existing enterprises.

Reconstruction and expansion of existing factories and plants, being a source of increasing the fixed assets and production capacities of enterprises, at the same time make it possible to make better use of the production apparatus available in industry.

The decisive part of the increase in production in the industry as a whole is obtained from the existing fixed assets and production capacities, which are several times higher than the new funds and capacities commissioned annually.

Improving the use of existing fixed assets and production capacities of industrial enterprises, including newly commissioned ones, can be achieved through:

Increasing the intensity of the use of production capacities and fixed assets;
- increase the extensiveness of their load. A more intensive use of production capacities and fixed assets is achieved primarily through the technical improvement of the latter.

The practice of industrial enterprises shows that there is a process of increasing the unit capacity of equipment:

In machine tools, machines and assemblies, the most critical parts and assemblies are hardened;
- the main parameters of production processes (speed, pressure, temperature) increase;
- not only the main production processes and operations are mechanized and automated, but also auxiliary and transport operations, which often hinder the normal course of production and the use of equipment; obsolete machines are modernized and replaced by new, more advanced ones.

The intensity of the use of production capacities and fixed assets is also increased by improving technological processes; organization of continuous-line production based on the optimal concentration of production of homogeneous products; selection of raw materials, their preparation for production in accordance with the requirements of a given technology and the quality of products; ensuring uniform, rhythmic work of enterprises, workshops and production sites, carrying out a number of other measures to increase the speed of processing objects of labor and ensure an increase in production per unit of time, per piece of equipment or per 1 sq. m of production area.

The intensive way of using the fixed assets of existing enterprises, consequently, includes their technical re-equipment, increasing the rate of renewal of fixed assets. The experience of a number of industries shows that the rapid technical re-equipment of existing factories and plants is especially important for those enterprises where there is a more significant depreciation of fixed assets.

Improving the extensive use of fixed assets implies, on the one hand, an increase in the operating time of existing equipment in a calendar period (during a shift, day, month, quarter, year) and, on the other hand, an increase in the number and proportion of existing equipment in the composition of all equipment available at the enterprise and in its production link.

The increase in the operating time of the equipment is achieved due to:

A) constantly maintaining proportionality between the production capacities of individual groups of equipment at each production site, between the shops of the enterprise as a whole, between individual industries within each industry, between the rates and proportions of development of industries and the entire national economy;
b) improving the care of fixed assets, compliance with the envisaged production technology, improving the organization of production and labor, which contributes to the proper operation of equipment, preventing downtime and accidents, the implementation of timely and high-quality repairs, reducing equipment downtime in repair and increasing the overhaul period;
c) carrying out measures that increase the share of basic production operations in the cost of working time, reduce seasonality in the work of enterprises in a number of industries, and increase the shift work of enterprises.

It is known that in enterprises, in addition to existing machine tools, machines and units, part of the equipment is under repair and reserve, and part is in stock. The timely installation of uninstalled equipment, as well as the commissioning of all installed equipment, with the exception of the part that is in the planned reserve and repair, significantly improves the use of fixed assets.

When solving the problem of increasing the shift ratio of equipment, it is necessary, first of all, to keep in mind that the main equipment at many engineering enterprises is not fully used, mainly due to a shortage of labor.

The creation of large industrial associations has a significant impact on the successful solution of the problem of improving the use of fixed assets, production capacities and the growth of labor productivity. At the same time, it is necessary to pay more attention to the development of specialization in production and the technical re-equipment of existing enterprises, the withdrawal from these enterprises of products unusual for their profile, the creation of specialized industrial facilities in small and medium-sized cities gravitating towards large industrial centers, where there are labor reserves.

When pursuing a course towards the development of specialization of existing enterprises, it should be borne in mind that this simplifies their production structure, frees up labor from auxiliary and service departments, thereby completes the second shifts of the main shops and increases the shift ratio.

The most important condition for increasing the number of shifts is the mechanization and automation of production processes, and primarily in auxiliary industries, as this allows people to be transferred from heavy non-mechanized work to skilled work in the second shift.

The accelerated pace of mechanization of lifting, transport, loading and unloading and warehouse work in the ninth five-year plan is the basis for eliminating the existing disproportion in the level of mechanization of the main and auxiliary production at industrial enterprises, releasing a significant number of auxiliary workers, ensuring the replenishment of the main shops with labor, increasing the shift ratio of work enterprises and expansion of production at existing enterprises without additional involvement of labor. In large cities with a labor shortage, solving the problem of improving the use of fixed assets and production capacities of existing enterprises by reconstructing, expanding, mechanizing and automating production, improving the organization of production and labor is of particular importance.

An important reserve for increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets and production capacities of operating enterprises lies in reducing the time of intra-shift downtime of equipment, which at a number of industrial enterprises reaches 15-20% of the total working time.

Improving the use of fixed assets and production capacities depends to a large extent on the qualifications of personnel, especially on the skill of workers servicing machines, mechanisms, units and other types of production equipment.

The creative and conscientious attitude of workers to work is an important condition for improving the use of fixed assets and production capacities.

It is known that the level of use of production capacities and fixed assets largely depends on the perfection of the system of moral and material incentives. An analysis of the technical and economic indicators of industrial enterprises operating under the new conditions of planning and economic incentives indicates that a new economic mechanism, including the introduction of fees for production assets, the revision of wholesale prices, the use of a new indicator to determine the level of profitability, the creation of incentive funds at enterprises , contribute to the improvement of the use of fixed production assets.

Any set of measures to improve the use of production capacities and fixed assets, developed at all levels of industrial management, should provide for the growth of production volumes, primarily through a more complete and efficient use of on-farm reserves and through a more complete use of machinery and equipment, increasing the shift ratio , elimination of downtime, reduction of terms of development of newly commissioned capacities, further intensification of production processes.

Material incentives for workers are of great importance in improving the utilization of fixed assets and production capacities.

The results of the work of enterprises show that many of them, using the funds of the production development fund, among which depreciation deductions are very significant, replace obsolete equipment, introduce new equipment, improve the organization of production and labor, achieving significant success in increasing labor productivity, reducing costs and improving quality. production and production profitability.

Types of production assets

All production assets of the enterprise are divided into 2 groups:

1. basic;
2. negotiable.

There are also circulation funds - these are finished products and current cash, that is, everything that is manipulated daily.

Fixed production assets are material resources that meet the following requirements:

1. repeatedly participate in the production process for a long time (more than a year);
2. practically do not change their material form;
3. transfer their value to products in parts as they wear out, throughout the entire service life in the form of depreciation.

OPFs include:

Building;
structures;
equipment;
transport, etc.

OPF in the communications industry is approximately 90% of all production assets. In other industries up to 75%.

Current assets are material resources that meet the following requirements:

1. participate in only one production cycle (letters);
2. are completely consumed or lose their original form (gasoline);
3. transfer their value to the finished product (service) immediately, that is, they are fully included in the price of the goods.

Working capital includes low-value (worth up to 15 tax-free minimums) and quickly wearing out (service life up to 1 year), raw materials, materials, fuel, stationery, etc.

Working capital is 5..10%.

Valuation of production assets

Valuation of fixed assets is an assessment of the value of assets (property, buildings, fixed assets), also referred to as “official valuation”, since it is most needed during taxation, privatization, lease and redemption of property values, their accounting, as well as in the formation prices for sale.

The practice of conducting valuation activities proves that accounting, valuation of fixed assets is the most effective tool for managing an enterprise and its property. Determination of the organization's current assets helps to optimize the asset management policy, ensures the sustainability of current production activities, increases the investment attractiveness of the company, and also provides the best opportunities for competent management of production and financial risks. Ultimately, the valuation of fixed assets is the best indicator of a company's competitiveness in its market.

Thus, the assessment of fixed assets of the enterprise has a direct impact on its financial performance and market stability. As a result, the more correct and reliable the assessment is, the greater the chances of making the right decisions in strategic planning.

Fixed assets are means of labor that repeatedly and even regularly participate in the production activities of the company, while retaining their original purpose and form, but gradually wearing out. However, they transfer some of their value to the products or services they produce.

The valuation of fixed assets takes into account only those funds that have a life of more than one year and have a value above 100 minimum wages.

Fixed assets are divided into:

Production assets - are direct participants in the manufacture of products or the provision of services (vehicles, transmission devices, equipment or devices);
Non-production assets - do not take a direct part in the process of manufacturing products, but provide comfort, convenience and provide additional opportunities for servicing the company's personnel (residential buildings, clinics, sanatoriums, etc.).

We can distinguish the following grouping of fixed assets:

1. Buildings - objects necessary to ensure production activities (buildings of workshops and production laboratories, warehouses, etc.);
2. Structures - objects that create conditions for the implementation of the production process (tunnels, roads, etc.);
3. Vehicles and equipment - working machines, measuring devices, computers, wagons, motorcycles, carts, etc.;
4. Transmission devices - devices for the transmission of liquid and gaseous substances (gas networks, heating networks), devices for the transmission or generation of electricity;
5. Tool - cutting, pressing, sealing, etc. This also includes devices for mounting and fastening. This group does not include special tools and equipment;
6. Household inventory - these are cabinets, hangers, safes, duplicators, etc.;
7. Production equipment - items to facilitate and create comfort in production operations (work tables, fences, fans, etc.);
8. Other fixed assets are various library funds, museum valuables. It also includes everything that is of cultural or intangible value.

The share of various groups of fixed assets in their total cost to the organization is the overall structure of fixed assets. For example, machinery and equipment (about 60%) and buildings (about 27%) will occupy the main share at machine-building enterprises.

Depending on how strongly the fixed assets affect the objects of labor and the production capacity of the enterprise, they are grouped into active and passive. The active part in the assessment of fixed assets includes equipment and machinery, tools and vehicles. All other groups belong to the passive part - their value is also great, since they create normal and comfortable conditions for the work of the organization.

What types of valuation of fixed assets exist:

1. Full initial (inventory) is the cost of putting fixed assets into production activities, which expresses in monetary terms all the costs of acquiring, delivering and installing equipment or processes for the construction of a building. Valuation of fixed assets - historical cost minus depreciation and net cost of fixed assets, which are not transferred to manufactured products (non-depreciated cost). It is defined as the difference between the full original inventory value and the amount of depreciation on a specific date;
2. A full replacement valuation of fixed assets at a certain date allows you to determine the cost of replacing fixed assets. This indicator is determined using the index of new market prices and data on the cost of similar products, according to which the replacement cost of the aggregate price change coefficients is already determined. This value shows the costs of creating or acquiring previously acquired or already created fixed assets;
3. Evaluation of fixed assets at residual value minus depreciation, calculated according to existing norms of depreciation and adjustment factors, the estimated cost of defects that arose during the long-term operation of fixed assets, which led to the loss of its main qualities. It can also be determined based on wear as determined by experts in the field;
4. Valuation of fixed assets relative to market value is the determination of the price that a buyer will be willing to pay when acquiring the fixed assets of a company in accordance with a previously agreed contract of sale. The market valuation of fixed assets consists of their profitability, the current level of inflation and other market factors;
5. The liquidation evaluation of fixed assets is carried out, as a rule, by the liquidation commission of the company subject to liquidation after bankruptcy by the decision of the founders or participants, as well as on the grounds specified by law Russian Federation;
6. The balance valuation of the organization's fixed assets is reflected in the organization's balance sheet. It is a mixed valuation of fixed assets, since part of the inventory items is listed on the balance sheet at replacement cost, and fixed assets that were introduced later are accounted for at their full cost. Balance valuation can be full or residual (minus depreciation). The latter, together with other property of the company, is subject to property tax.

Accounting and evaluation of fixed assets is carried out in kind and cost (cash) equivalent.

Accounting for fixed assets in physical terms is useful for determining the technical composition of the balance of equipment and for studying the level of its wear, necessary deadlines updates, as well as the calculation of the company's production capacity. Accounting and evaluation of fixed assets in kind is based on passport data of the equipment and workplaces of the enterprise.

Monetary valuation of fixed assets of the enterprise is necessary in order to determine their total value from the entire structure, determine depreciation, as well as to assess the economic efficiency of the use of fixed assets.

Industrial production funds

Industrial production fixed assets are directly involved in the production process. However, not all types of these fixed assets play the same role in it. Thus, machines, power and production equipment are directly used in the production process as tools of labor. Buildings and structures create the necessary conditions for the implementation of the production process. Vehicles contribute to the continuity of the production process.

Industrial-production fixed assets are directly involved in the production process: they either serve it or create favorable conditions for its normal course. The participation of various types of fixed assets in the production process is not the same, their impact on the course and results of production is also not the same, hence the different periods of their life, the degree of wear and tear, the size of annual depreciation charges.

Industrial production fixed assets differ in the nature of their participation in the production process.

Industrial production fixed assets are directly involved in the production process: they either serve it or create favorable conditions for its normal course. The participation of various types of fixed assets in the production process is not the same, their impact on the course and results of production is also not the same, hence the different periods of their life, the degree of wear and tear, the size of annual depreciation charges.

Industrial and production fixed assets are classified as follows:

1) buildings,
2) buildings,
3) transmission devices,
4) machinery and equipment, including: machinery and equipment (of which automatic), working machinery and equipment (of which automatic), measuring and control instruments and laboratory equipment,
5) computer technology,
6) vehicles (vehicles),
7) tools,
8) production and household inventory and accessories,
9) household inventory,
0) working and productive livestock,
11) perennial plantations,
12) quality investments for land improvement (without structures),
13) other fixed assets. Land plots, as well as mineral deposits, forest and water lands provided to enterprises and organizations, are taken into account only by their area.

At present, industrial and production fixed assets of a machine-building plant are divided into the following main groups:

1) buildings;
2) structures;
3) transmission devices;
4) power machines and equipment, including automatic ones;
5) working machines and equipment, including automatic ones;
6) measuring and regulating instruments and devices and laboratory equipment, including automatic ones;
7) vehicles (vehicles);
8) tools;
9) production and household equipment, accessories, etc.

Due to the fact that industrial and production fixed assets have a decisive influence on the results of the production and economic activities of enterprises, it is necessary to analyze in more detail their composition and structure, as well as the changes that have taken place over the year. To do this, you need to compare the value and share of individual groups of industrial and production fixed assets at the end of the year with the corresponding indicators at the beginning of the year.

When calculating according to this formula, fixed assets include all industrial and production fixed assets, both owned and leased, with the exception of the cost of objects that are mothballed or leased for temporary use. When calculating the return on assets for the base year, the input and disposal of fixed assets, as well as their availability at the beginning and end of a particular period, should be shown according to the annual report. The volume of newly introduced fixed assets in long-term planning is taken in accordance with the plan and schedule for their commissioning, and the volume of retired fixed assets - in accordance with the schedule for their retirement and replacement.

In terms of cost effectiveness, the indicators are ranked in ascending line: industrial and production fixed assets in general, growth of funds, capital investments. Meanwhile, other things being equal, the ratios of efficiency levels should have had a different sequence. Since capital investments are directed mainly to the creation of new, more progressive and efficient technical means of production compared to those created earlier, the indicators of capital intensity and, accordingly, incremental capital intensity should be higher in terms of efficiency than the average capital intensity.

The amount of investment in the fixed production assets of a chemical enterprise determines the degree of technical equipment of the labor of its employees. When analyzing, it must be taken into account that not all industrial and production fixed assets are equally connected with the production process, although they have a direct impact on the volume of output, their effect in the production process is different. Of these, working machines and technological equipment are used as tools of labor. Power machines and various other production equipment, vehicles, transmission devices, special technological equipment, weight measuring instruments and others contribute to the implementation of the production process, the rhythmic release of products. Industrial buildings and structures, production equipment and other fixed assets of a similar purpose provide the conditions for the normal conduct of the technological process. Non-production fixed assets listed on the balance sheet of the main activity of an enterprise (association) have only an indirect effect on the production process.

For reference, fixed assets are allocated for which depreciation is not charged. Information on the actually accrued depreciation for full restoration and overhaul, as well as on the cost of overhaul, is given for the following groups: industrial fixed assets (including buildings, machinery and equipment), industrial fixed assets of other industries and non-productive fixed assets. This data is used to analyze and control the level of depreciation rates and their compliance.

The USSR and the union republics are set at 1 million rubles. their book value. The total volume of funds for a ministry, a department of the USSR, and a union republic includes all fixed assets—industrial and production fixed assets, non-productive fixed assets of other industries—in accordance with the current system of planning and accounting.

To get an idea of the provision of certain areas of the activity of an industrial enterprise with fixed assets, to establish the correct amount of depreciation deductions, fixed assets must be divided into certain groups. In accounting practice, a fixed nomenclature of elements of fixed assets is adopted. The classification is based on the sign of the appointment of fixed assets.

The fixed assets of industrial enterprises are divided primarily into two large groups:

1) industrial and production fixed assets;
2) non-productive fixed assets.

Renewal of production assets

Indeed, it is obvious that objects with reliable, non-depreciated fixed assets are able to withstand disasters much more successfully in emergency situations and are much less likely to turn out to be a source of emergency danger than objects with fixed assets that have exhausted their resources. Therefore, a capital-intensive measure of renewal of fixed production assets, along with its main economic purpose - a quantitative and qualitative rise in production - is a significant economic mechanism for managing emergency risks.

Let's consider some concepts related to this area of activity.

The main production assets (fixed assets of production) are long-term used means of production that are involved in production for many cycles and have long depreciation periods. Fixed assets include industrial buildings, structures, machines, equipment, appliances, tools, i.e. physical capital. The volume of fixed assets is calculated in monetary terms, in the form of their value.

The need to update fixed assets is due to the natural processes of depreciation of fixed assets of production, their depreciation. Depreciation - the depreciation of fixed assets calculated in monetary terms in the process of their application, production use. Depreciation is at the same time a means, a method, a process of transferring the value of worn-out means of labor to the product produced with their help.

In addition to physical wear and tear, the main means of production can become morally obsolete. Obsolescence of fixed assets - aging and depreciation of fixed assets due to the fact that their technical and technological indicators are increasingly lagging behind the growing world level.

High depreciation (physical) and obsolescence of the main production equipment at Russian enterprises leads not only to their low productivity and non-competitiveness, but also causes a high level of accidents of this equipment, low production safety. The objective trends associated with an increase in man-made hazards in Russia were exacerbated by the economic crisis that the country has recently experienced. This crisis has led to a slow pace of reconstruction of production, delays in repairs and replacement of obsolete equipment, unsatisfactory state of accident prevention and elimination systems, deterioration in the level of training and a decrease in the qualifications of specialists and personnel. The main reasons for the low level of industrial safety and high performance accidents in the country are the inefficiency of the economy, the weak financial and economic situation of many enterprises, depreciation of fixed assets in all sectors of the economy and their slow renewal. This trend of rapid depreciation and aging of fixed assets still persists. In general, depreciation of fixed assets in Russia is 40.6%, and machinery and equipment - 57%. A particularly difficult situation has developed in the chemical, petrochemical, and oil refining industries, where depreciation of equipment reaches 80-85%, and in some industries - 100%. Gross violations of the established requirements for its repair, postponement of repairs without proper technical justification, unreasonable replacement of routine repairs with simplified ones are allowed. All this was confirmed by the assessment of the state of technical safety of a number of objects in the coal, mining, metallurgical industries, which showed that most of the industries in these industries do not meet the required level of safety.

Against the background of large-scale depreciation of fixed production assets in the country's industry, serious problems have accumulated in the state of housing and communal services (HCS), threatening a sharp increase in the number of emergencies in many regions of the Russian Federation, especially in winter period. The unpreparedness for the winter of housing and communal services, primarily the fuel and energy complex, as well as the lack of necessary fuel supplies and material and technical means every year create a critical situation that significantly affects the safety of the population and its quality of life. The low efficiency of providing the necessary resources in these areas creates serious negative social, economic and environmental consequences. In other seasons, heat losses in the housing and communal services networks when delivered to consumers reach 20-30%, which is equivalent to the loss of 80 million tons of standard fuel per year. Economic objects also bear tangible economic losses from interruptions in energy supply and low quality of supplied energy carriers.

This situation persists because entrepreneurs and business leaders in difficult economic conditions cannot renew funds and at the same time are forced to cut costs. In the absence of legal restrictions, they do so primarily at the cost of security.

In addition, observed in last years the low level of utilization of existing production capacities is also a destabilizing factor, as it overstates the cost of production and diverts financial resources from the reproduction cycle.

However, underutilized capacity at first glance can be considered as a reserve. However, the moral and physical deterioration of a significant part of the production equipment, its resource consumption and outdated technologies used here are currently the main obstacle to the possible involvement of free capacities for the production of competitive products. According to available estimates, no more than 10% of unused capacities can be involved in this process.

All these difficulties and shortcomings of production and the economy as a whole, associated with the depreciation of fixed assets, their obsolescence, low rates of renewal, high accident rates, lead, in addition to stagnation or decline in production, to the economic, technological, scientific and technical backwardness of Russia from developed countries.

Therefore, with a general interest in raising production and the level of technogenic safety, it is necessary to normalize the process of reproduction and renewal of fixed assets. The reproduction of fixed assets creates the necessary conditions for both the initial maintenance of production and the further development of the economy, the elimination of technological backwardness. Renovation of fixed assets on the basis of scientific and technological achievements, having made the production process more efficient, at the same time make it safer.

The renewal of fixed assets, the reconstruction of the most important factor of production - the main means of production, can be represented in the form of simple and expanded reproduction. Simple reproduction is the constant renewal of fixed assets of production in unchanged sizes and volumes. Expanded reproduction - the reconstruction of the main means of production in ever-increasing volumes.

The reproduction of fixed assets of production is associated with the reproduction cycle - the stages of states that an economic product goes through from its creation to consumption: production - distribution - exchange - consumption. The resulting income is one of the sources of reproduction.

The renewal of fixed assets, the reproduction of fixed assets of production, both simple and extended, require constant costs.

One of the sources of funds for reproduction, a tool for compensating for the depreciation of fixed assets is depreciation. Depreciation deductions represent funds allocated for repair, construction, production of new fixed assets. The amount of depreciation is included in the cost of production, the cost of production and thus goes into the price of the product. The manufacturer is obliged to carry out the accumulation of depreciation deductions, to postpone them from the proceeds for the sold products. In order to accelerate the renewal of equipment, accelerated depreciation is possible - the accrual of depreciation deductions in an amount exceeding the standard value.

The accumulated depreciation deductions form a depreciation fund in the form of funds intended specifically for the reproduction, reconstruction of worn-out fixed assets. The amount of annual depreciation deductions of an economic object is determined as a share of the initial cost of fixed production assets. The normative value of this share is called the depreciation rate.

For a real assessment of the funds necessary for reproduction, the replacement cost of fixed assets is used - the amount of costs in the form of depreciation deductions necessary to restore fixed assets worn out during the production process, calculated taking into account current prices. Due to these costs, fixed assets are renewed, the reproduction of fixed assets of production, mostly simple, takes place.

Improving the depreciation policy by introducing new depreciation legislation providing for further liberalization of depreciation capital, including through consolidation and a significant increase in depreciation rates for fixed assets, expanding the use of accelerated depreciation write-off methods practiced in the world (accelerated depreciation ).

Another source of renewal of fixed assets are investments. We will get acquainted with the essence of this form of investment in the next chapter - here we first note that investments are long-term investments in production with the aim of making a profit.

Investments that interest us in connection with the need to update fixed production assets are called investments in fixed capital. This is an investment in the fixed assets of a particular enterprise or organization. They are also called real investments, when they are long-term investments in material production, in material activities. Investments are the most important source of reproduction of the means of production, including expanded ones. Without investments in the modern economy, development is practically impossible, including in terms of improving production safety.

The importance of a speedy recovery of investment activity as an important economic lever cannot be overestimated, since many enterprises cannot produce competitive products due to obsolete fixed assets. If at the initial stage of reforms, when domestic prices were significantly lower than world market prices, domestic goods could compete in the domestic market with imported ones, at present, the production of competitive goods (primarily consumer goods) is possible only on qualitatively new equipment, using advanced technologies. . The analysis shows that, despite the ongoing investment crisis, the contribution of newly commissioned fixed assets to the production of a unit of output is increasing. Unfortunately, in the first years of the new century, the input of fixed assets exceeded their disposal only in a few sectors of the Russian economy (for example, in the fuel and energy, metallurgy), which are oriented to the external market and have stable foreign exchange earnings for development investment.

The importance of investment in ensuring the sustainability of production, its development, achieving competitiveness, improving security requires the stimulation of investment processes, special measures to attract investment. For these purposes, a favorable investment climate should be created, an investment environment should be formed and an active and correct investment policy should be implemented.

The investment climate is the economic, political, financial conditions that influence the inflow of domestic and foreign investments into the country's economy. Thanks to a favorable investment climate, the necessary investment environment arises - the conditions for investing capital created by the state and economic entities, the conditions for guaranteeing and attractiveness of investments.

The investment climate and investment environment are largely products of investment policy - an important part of the overall economic policy pursued by the state and economic entities in the form of establishing the structure and scale of investments, directions for their use, sources of receipt, carried out taking into account the need to update fixed assets of production and raising their technical level.

Creating a favorable investment climate and investment environment, ensuring reliable protection of the interests of owners is a priority not only in the medium-term strategy of the state, but also in its long-term economic policy.

It is the support of a high level of investment that makes it possible to restructure and modernize the domestic industry, increase its competitiveness, reduce excess employment, and reduce the number and scale of accidents.

Important conditions for increasing investment activity, investment motivations for various groups of economic agents are a low inflation environment, the presence in the financial market of available sources of funds for investment activities, the availability of effective mechanisms for transforming savings into investments, and low investment risks.

An important source of investment is the use of the potential of foreign investment. To attract it, it is necessary to successfully compete in the world financial markets by foreign consumers of investments, improve the domestic investment environment in order to reduce risks for foreign investors, and pursue an investment policy that contributes to the growth of the attractiveness of investments in the domestic economy.

Specific measures to help attract foreign investment include:

Legislative resolution of issues of foreign investment, free economic zones, international standardization accounting, personal security of foreign investors, etc.;
- expanding the scope of attracting foreign investment on the basis of concession agreements, production sharing agreements and investment agreements;
- development of a system of guarantees, protection and insurance of foreign investments, mortgage operations;
development of the legal basis for Russia's participation in international investment cooperation, including the conclusion of agreements on the encouragement and mutual protection of investments;
- increase in external borrowings with the expansion of the investment component in the structure of loans.

The main factors for ensuring the inflow of capital from abroad, including the former Russian, to present stage are the stabilization of the socio-economic and political situation in Russia, economic growth, the development of the legislative framework, taking into account the need for an economic amnesty.

To mobilize domestic savings and transform them into investments, it is necessary to strengthen the banking system. To do this, it is necessary to create real competition in the domestic banking sector by allowing a limited number of foreign banks to enter the domestic capital market, to create professional banking services for evaluating the attractiveness of investment projects, to stimulate the process of lending by domestic and foreign banks to the real sector of the Russian economy, to attract funds from the population to commercial banks for this. The state's own investment activity should consist mainly in financing the development of infrastructure (roads, international airports, a modern telecommunications system). Infrastructure development itself is a renewal of capital assets and contributes to increased security. But it also serves as an additional incentive for private investors.

An active depreciation and investment policy ultimately ensures the renewal of fixed assets, the reproduction of fixed assets of production.

From the point of view of the degree of readiness for renewal, the sectors of the economy can be conditionally divided into three groups:

The first group includes industries that have adapted to market conditions and whose products are in steady demand on the world market (oil, gas, timber, diamonds, etc.). The availability of investment resources in these industries for technical re-equipment, along with the possibility of attracting foreign capital, ensure the influx of modern technologies and equipment.

The second group includes industries and industries (aircraft building, rocket and space production, nuclear industry, weapons and military equipment, power engineering, heavy machine tool building, chemical fertilizer industry, biotechnology, woodworking and pulp and paper industries), whose products can enter foreign markets , but faces particularly intense competition there, and foreign investment in these industries is often subject to stringent conditions that reflect the interests of transnational corporations. To a certain extent, these industries receive direct state investments and subsidies, state support in organizing sales in foreign markets.

Renewal of the production apparatus of the third group of industries (automobile industry, transport, road, agricultural engineering, consumer electronics, chemical, light, food industries), the demand for products of which, due to their non-competitiveness, remains only in the domestic market, requires an insignificant and cautious state support and focus on the reproduction of fixed assets. The acceleration of the retirement of obsolete fixed assets in these industries is facilitated by such state regulation instruments as accelerated depreciation in combination with tax measures, protective import tariffs within the limits allowed by international standards, certification of imported products, state supervision, etc. In addition, the qualitative renewal of production should be facilitated by development of leasing (long-term lease of means of production), launching mechanisms for the transfer of technological culture from the structures of the military-industrial complex, stimulating the import of non-competing investment resources, purchasing a set of new scientific, technical, production-technological, managerial, economic information and experience in their practical application (know-how) and other measures.

In the problem of reproduction of fixed assets in the country's economy, the importance and necessity of updating fixed assets should be emphasized. utility systems life support of the population, because, as was previously taken into account, their wear, accident rate and the severity of the consequences of accidents for the population are very high, and the housing and communal services systems themselves are of low quality and unreasonably expensive.

When updating the fixed assets of the housing and communal services, it is necessary not only to reproduce them, but to modernize them on the basis of advanced production. During this modernization, new highly efficient equipment is installed, energy and heat-saving technologies are introduced, emergency stocks of material and technical resources are formed to maintain the trouble-free functioning of the housing and communal services. Since a significant number of local executive authorities do not have the means to reproduce the fixed assets of the production of housing and communal services, the state provides the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government with interest-free loans for these purposes, and selectively takes control over the preparation of housing and communal services.

As a result of the concerted efforts of the authorities of different levels in our country, every year, in order to ensure the trouble-free functioning of the housing and communal services in the autumn-winter period, the preparation of the housing stock, boiler houses, heating networks, central heating points, water pipelines, gas pipelines is carried out. In the process of this preparation, reserves of coal, liquid fuel, and financial reserves are created. Nevertheless, the basis for the trouble-free functioning of this industry is the renewal of fixed assets. Every year in our country it is planned to replace more than 10 thousand kilometers of dilapidated heating networks, 15 thousand kilometers of water supply networks, and other housing and communal services equipment. Unfortunately, these plans are not being fully implemented, which is why the housing and communal services remain a problematic industry in terms of industrial safety.

In connection with the stabilization processes in the Russian economy in recent years, its main production assets are undergoing a gradual renewal, and there is a tendency to accelerate their reproduction - both simple and extended. These positive economic phenomena already have a positive impact not only on the stabilization and growth of the economic indicators of the country's economy, but directly contribute to an increase in the level of technogenic safety of economic facilities. It can be confidently asserted that such an economic mechanism for managing technogenic risks as the renewal of fixed production assets has begun to work and bring the desired results.

Topic 3. Production assets

2. Classification, structure and evaluation of BPF
3. Reproduction of OPF
4. Enterprise production capacity
5. Efficiency of reproduction and
use of basic production
capacities

1. Characteristics of production assets

Basic production assets

present
yourself
facilities
labor,
participating
in
process
production
for a long time while maintaining
its natural form
The cost is transferred to the finished product.
parts, as the loss of consumer
cost

Non-productive fixed assets

social property
These include:
residential buildings;
children's and sports institutions;
canteens;
recreation centers and other objects of cultural and community
services to the population, which are on the balance sheet
enterprises and not providing direct
impact on the production process

2. Classification, structure and evaluation of fixed production assets

OPF are divided into groups:

OPF are divided into groups:
land plots and objects of nature management (water,
subsoil, other natural resources), owned
enterprise
on property rights;
buildings - industrial buildings, warehouses, offices,
garages, etc.;
structures - roads, flyovers, fences, etc.
engineering and construction
designs,
creating
the necessary conditions
for
implementation
process
production;
transmission means - power lines, communications,
pipelines;
machines and devices - power machines and equipment,
working machines and equipment, measuring and
control devices and laboratory equipment,
Computer Engineering;
vehicles - all types of vehicles, in
including interfactory, intershop and intrashop;
instruments;
production equipment and accessories;
household equipment, etc.

These groups form the active and passive parts of the OPF

The active part includes transmission
devices, machines and equipment, to
passive
building,
buildings,
transport
facilities,
which
not directly involved in the process
production, but are necessary
condition
The most efficient structure is the one with the most
specific gravity of the active part

By affiliation, OPF are divided into:

own, belonging to this
organization or other economic
body, and leased, located in
temporary
their use on lease

On the basis of the use of OPF can be divided into located:

in operation (operating);
in reconstruction and technical
rearmament;
in reserve (reserve);
on conservation

10. There are the following structures of the OPF:

industry;
production;
technological;
age, etc.

11.

Industry characterized
share of OPF cost by industry
industries in their total balance sheet
cost by industry;
Production - the specific weight of each
groups or elements of the OPF in their total
cost;
Technological - shares of various types
OPF within a certain group of them;
Age - the specific gravity of various
age groups of the OPF in their total cost

12.

Structure
OPF
not
enterprises
various
industry
the same for
industries
For example, the share of buildings in the total
OPF cost is the highest
in the light and food industries (44%);
facilities - in the fuel industry
(17%);
transmission devices - in
power industry (32%);
machines and equipment in enterprises
machine-building complex (more than 45%)

13. The structure of the OPF is influenced by the following factors:

specialization and concentration of production;
features of the production process;
level of mechanization and automation;
geographical location of the enterprise and
others

14. Types of valuation of BPF:

.
Initial
–
this
sum
costs
on the
production or purchase of OPF, their delivery
and installation;
Recovery is the cost of the OPF at the time
their last revaluation;
Residual
price
presents
yourself
difference
between
initial
or
replacement cost of the OPF and the sum of their
wear;
The salvage value is the value
sales of worn out and discontinued
OPF (for example, scrap price)

15. 3. Reproduction of OPF

16. Wear and tear

means the material wear of the BPF under the influence
labor process, forces of nature
(erasing of working bodies, corrosion of metal parts and
structures, rotting of wooden parts, weathering, etc.).
The physical wear of the BPF is directly dependent on:
loads;
quality of care;
level of organization of production;
qualifications of workers, etc.
He
determined
ratio
actual
And
standard service life of the BPF
For a more accurate determination of wear,
inspection of the technical condition of the BPF

17.

The obsolescence of the OPF is understood as their
discrepancy
contemporary
level
technology, reduction of technical and economic
expediency of their operation
In order to compensate for the wear of the BPF and
accumulation
necessary
funds
for
reproduction and recovery of OPF
used
system
depreciation
deductions (JSC)

18.

JSCs are one of the cost elements
production
And
turn on
in
composition
production cost.
The size of AO, expressed as a percentage of the original
(book) value of each type of OPF,
called
the norm
depreciation
And
calculated by the formula:
On \u003d (Fp - Fl) / Tsl
where:
Фп - initial (book) cost
OPF;
FL - liquidation value of OPF;
Tsl - service life of the OPF

19.

The annual amount of JSC for the renovation of the BPF
calculated by multiplying the average annual
the cost of OPF for the relevant norms
depreciation and correction factors for
them, taking into account specific conditions
operation of certain types of means of labor

20. The value of AO is determined by the following methods:

uniform (linear);
diminishing balance;
by the sum of the numbers of years of useful life
use;
in proportion to the output

21.

Linear method - cost write-off
object in equal amounts during the term of its
services:
where:
Aj is the amount of depreciation for the j-th year;
First - the initial cost of the OS object;
Na - depreciation rate (in%);
Tp.i - useful life of the OS object

22.

Decreasing balance method
Annual amount
AO is calculated based on
residual
cost
object,
norms
depreciation calculated over the useful life
usage, and acceleration factor:
where:
∑A - the amount of depreciation for previous years
The reducing balance method does not reduce the residual
value to zero over the useful life
use, because depreciation rate applies to
residual value

23.

The method of writing off the cost by the sum of the numbers of years
useful life (sum method
annual numbers) is also a way of accelerated
depreciation, at which the cost of the OPF
written off in an amount equal to the shares of the remaining
years in total years:
where:
∑ i - the sum of the number of years of the object's service life

24.

Proportionate write-off method
the volume of products (works) is the accrual
depreciation depending on volume
manufactured products and can be used
only
for
objects,
directly
involved in production:
where:
Of - the actual volume of products produced
for the j-th year;
It is the normalized volume of production for the entire period
equipment service

25. There are various forms of simple and extended reproduction of OPF

Forms
reproduction:
simple
repair
(current,
middle,
capital
And
restorative);
modernization
equipment
(improving it for the purpose
prevention
technical and economic
aging
And
raise
technical and operational parameters up to
the level of modern requirements
production);
replacement
physically
worn and technically
obsolete tools
Extended Forms
reproduction:
technical re-equipment
(at a qualitatively new level)
operating enterprise;
reconstruction and expansion;
New construction

26. 4. Production capacity of the enterprise

27. The production capacity of the enterprise -

the maximum possible annual (daily,
interchangeable) output (or volume
processing
raw materials)
in
nomenclature
And
assortment, subject to the most complete
use
equipment
And
production areas, applications
progressive technology and organization
production

28.

To measure production capacity
are used
natural
And
conditionally natural meters (tons, pieces, meters,
thousands of conditional cans, etc.)

29. There are 3 types of power:

design (provided by the project
construction or renovation);
current (actually achieved);
backup (to cover peak loads)

30.

When determining the current power, calculate
input (at the beginning of the year), output (at the end of the year) and
average annual capacity of the enterprise
Average annual
power
calculated by the formula:
enterprises
where:
Plural - capacity at the beginning of the year;
Minput. - power input during the year;
Msample - retired power;
n1, n2 - number of months since entry or
disposal of capacity remaining before the end of the year

31. The amount of power depends on many factors:

the number of installed equipment;
technical performance standard of the leader
equipment;
possible fund of equipment operation time
and use of production space on
throughout the year;
nomenclature,
assortment
And
quality
manufactured products;
standards
duration
production
cycle
And
laboriousness
manufactured products (services performed), etc.

32.

Production
power
enterprises
determined
on
power
leading
production shops, sections or units,
those. by the capacity of the leading industries
General production capacity
the leading workshop can be determined by the formula:
T*a*m
where:
a - equipment productivity per hour;
T - annual fund of equipment working hours, hours;
m - average annual number of equipment

33. 5. Efficiency of reproduction and use of OPF and production capacities

34. The main indicators of the use of the OPF are:

1)
extensive use factor
equipment
determined
attitude
actual
quantities
hours
work
equipment to the number of hours of its operation according to
plan
2) shift ratio of equipment operation -
the ratio of the total number of
machine-days per day to the number of installed
equipment;
3) intensive use ratio
equipment
determined
attitude
actual equipment performance
to
his
technical
(passport)
productivity;

35.

4) coefficient of integral use
equipment
equals
work
coefficients
intense
And
extensive use of equipment and
comprehensively characterizes the operation of its
in terms of time and performance;
5) return on assets - an indicator of output
products per one tenge
average annual cost of OPF;

36.

6) capital intensity - the reciprocal of
return on assets
It shows the share of the cost of the OPF,
per each tenge of issued
products
Return on assets should tend to
increase, and capital intensity - to decrease;
7) capital-labor ratio is determined
the ratio of the average annual cost of OPF
to the average number of PPP for the year

37.

Example
With a volume of marketable products of 1236 thous.
tenge and the average annual cost of OPF in 934
thousand tenge, the return on assets will be 1.32 (12,236: current
power

44. Main directions for improving the use of OPF and production capacities:

reducing equipment downtime and
increasing the coefficient of its shift;
replacement and modernization of worn out and
outdated equipment;
introduction of the latest technology and
intensification of production
processes;
rapid development of newly commissioned capacities;
motivation for the effective use of BPF
and production facilities

introduction

The transfer of the economy to market relations is dictated by the logic of the development of productive forces at the stage of transition to a free enterprise system using various forms of ownership.

The radical restructuring of industrial production on the basis of the introduction of a new economic mechanism orients the industrial organization towards the economically justified use of all elements of production. Their clear interaction with the rational structure of the means of production makes it possible to ensure the normal economic activity of enterprises. An integral part of the means of production is the fixed capital of production (fixed production assets), which occupies the highest share in the structure of the property complex. Fixed capital is directly involved in the creation of wealth and is closely related to the competitiveness of products.

For the normal operation of the enterprise, such a component as accounting and planning of fixed assets is very important. Accounting for the availability and movement of funds is necessary in order to know the situation regarding the provision of the enterprise with them, which allows it to produce products in the amount and within the time required by the market.

It is known that fixed assets wear out during operation. To compensate for the cost of fixed capital, a depreciation fund is used, which is formed from depreciation deductions received on the settlement account of an industrial enterprise after the sale of products.

This course work reveals the essence and features of fixed assets, talks about how to evaluate them. Also, a large role is assigned to depreciation of fixed assets and various methods of its calculation in conditions market economy.

1. Basic production assets

1.1. The concept and essence of the OPF

is the value of the means of labor. The main defining feature of fixed assets is the method of transferring value to the product - gradually: over a number of production cycles; parts: as wear. Depreciation of fixed assets is accounted for in accordance with established depreciation rates, the amount of which is included in the cost of production. After the sale of products, the accrued depreciation is accumulated in a special depreciation fund, which is intended for new capital investments. Thus, the one-time advanced value in the authorized capital (fund) in the part of the fixed capital makes a constant circulation, passing from the monetary form into the natural, into the commodity and again into the monetary one. This is the economic essence of fixed assets.

The main production assets of the enterprise - these are the means of labor involved in many production cycles, retaining their natural form and transferring value to the manufactured product in parts, as they wear out. The law of reproduction of fixed capital is expressed in the fact that, under normal economic conditions, its value, introduced into production, is completely restored, providing an opportunity for constant technical renewal of the means of labor. With simple reproduction, at the expense of the depreciation fund, enterprises form a new system of labor tools, equal in value to worn ones. To expand production, new investments are required, attracted additionally from profits, contributions from founders, securities issues, loans, etc. With a large scale of fixed capital used, large and largest enterprises have the opportunity to finance not only simple, but also to a large extent least expanded reproduction of the means of labor.

In terms of their economic content, fixed assets are homogeneous, but differ in their production and technical purpose, their role in production and the timing of reproduction. Therefore, for planning capital construction, calculating the amount of depreciation and depreciation rates, a classification of fixed assets is necessary. Currently, in accordance with the standard classification, the fixed production assets (fixed capital) of an industrial enterprise are divided into the following groups depending on the homogeneity of the production purpose and natural-material characteristics:

1. Building - architectural and construction objects designed to create the necessary working conditions. Buildings include production buildings of workshops, depots, garages, warehouses, production laboratories, etc.;

2. Structures - engineering and construction facilities intended for certain technical functions necessary for the implementation of the production process and not related to changes in the objects of labor. Structures include pumping stations, tunnels, bridges, etc.;

3. Transfer devices , through which various types of energy are transferred, as well as liquid and gaseous substances (oil pipelines, gas pipelines, etc.);

4. cars and equipment , including:

a) power machines and equipment designed to generate and convert energy - generators, engines, etc.;

b) working machines and equipment used directly to influence the object of labor or its movement in the process of creating products or services, i.e. for direct participation in technological processes (machines, presses, hammers, hoisting and transport mechanisms and other main and auxiliary equipment);

c) measuring and control instruments and devices, laboratory equipment, etc.;

d) computer technology - a set of tools designed to accelerate the automation of processes associated with the solution of mathematical problems, etc.; other machinery and equipment;

5. vehicles, intended for the transportation of goods and people within the enterprise and outside it;

6. Tool of all kinds and attached to machines fixtures for product processing (clamps, vise, etc.);

7. production inventory to facilitate production operations (work tables, workbenches), storage of liquid and loose bodies, labor protection, etc.;

8. Household inventory.

The composition of fixed capital does not include labor instruments that are not put into operation, low-value (cost less than the value established by law, regardless of the service life) and rapidly wearing out (with a service life of up to 1 year, regardless of cost) instrument.

In Russia, the process of inflation continues. Therefore, the absolute valuation, which characterizes the boundary, which allows one or another element of the means of labor to be attributed to fixed assets or working capital, cannot be long-term and over time it will naturally change upwards. In this regard, it is more expedient to introduce periodic adjustments (twice a year), and use the price index, which is officially published by the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, as a base. It also does not take into account long-term non-production objects that retain their natural form and lose their value in parts in the process of their consumption (buildings and structures of a non-productive nature, household equipment and equipment for residential buildings, schools, clubs, which are on the balance sheet of the enterprise).

Structure of fixed production assets is the share of each of the groups in their total value. The structure of fixed capital cannot be the same for industrial enterprises in various industries. This is due to the specifics of the industries themselves, the technical equipment of the enterprise, the level of specialization, concentration and cooperation, geographical location and other features.

Not all groups of fixed capital play the same role in the production process. If buildings and structures, as a rule, provide the conditions for production, then machines and equipment are directly involved in the creation of products. On this basis, fixed capital is divided into active and passive parts.

The active part of the OPF is the leading and serves as a base in assessing the technical level and production capacity. In general, for industrial enterprises (without taking into account industry specifics), the active part includes transmission devices, power machines and equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices. In the sectoral context, active groups are distinguished by the nature of the impact on the objects of labor and the impact on the formation of products. For mechanical engineering and metalworking enterprises, the active elements are working machines and equipment and control instruments and devices; at power industry enterprises - power equipment and transmission devices, etc.

The passive part of the OPF is auxiliary and ensures the process of operation of active elements.

The ratio of active and passive elements that has developed in industry shows that in almost all enterprises of material production, with the exception of energy, the share of the active part is lower. In general, in industry, the share of the active part is about 48%, and for industrial enterprises in the context of individual industries, it ranges from 35 to 52%. The share of the active part may differ even for similar industrial enterprises in the same industry, because their geographical location predetermines the cost of capital construction. The growth of the active part of fixed capital, especially in the most capital-intensive industries, is an economically justified phenomenon. However, in each specific case, an increase in the share of the active part should be economically justified, since the growth in the efficiency of fixed capital is ensured only if certain proportions are observed, i.e. at such a ratio, when an increase in the proportion of active elements is not accompanied by a decrease in the level of their use.

But despite all these subsectoral features, in the policy of managing to ensure high labor productivity with a minimum of costs, general, industry-independent requirements can be presented to the OPF. The latter should be formulated both at the stage of acquiring funds and during their operation. This is due to a number of objective reasons: firstly, the desire to produce what we want, and in the quantity we want, and secondly, the characteristics of fixed assets that follow from their essential characteristics,
thirdly, the desire to organize the effective operation of the BPF, i.e. to obtain a greater volume of production with a minimum cost of attracting them.

Let's look at these reasons in more detail. So, at the stage of creating an enterprise, by studying demand, it is determined what to produce and in what quantity, and on the basis of this it is determined what equipment should be purchased. When we are dealing with a functioning enterprise, the main attention is drawn to the need to ensure that existing production capabilities meet the requirements of the market in terms of what to produce, in what quality and in what quantity, with what deadlines.

When providing an enterprise with fixed production assets, one should take into account their features arising from the essential characteristics of the fixed assets.

Firstly, fixed assets increase the productive power of labor and are used for a long period. This means that in the policy of managing the enterprise should strive to acquire high-performance equipment, specifications which allow it to be supported on high level throughout the entire service life. The significance of the latter is enhanced by the fact that scientific and technical progress accelerates the obsolescence of equipment. Therefore, in order to withstand competition, it must either be updated or modernized, which is achieved through regular overhaul.

Secondly, since OPFs tend to be expensive and require large sums of money to acquire, they must be paid back quickly. The latter depends on a number of factors: the operation of the BPF should ensure low production costs; high reliability of operation of the BPF is required; depreciation rates and methods need to be established through evidence-based policies.

Thirdly, given the high cost of OPF, it is necessary to look for the most acceptable conditions for their acquisition: on leasing, on credit, at a lower price, etc.

However, the most important feature of fixed production assets is that they can be built up in two ways, extensive and intensive. extensive path development involves a quantitative increase in equipment, intensive- its modernization or replacement with a new one, allowing to increase productivity without changing the quantity. In conditions of mass production, OPFs become more and more expensive, which causes an increase in their share in the overall structure of production assets.

In addition, the impossibility of dividing the fixed assets that have a holistic character (their size and structure is determined by the type of products produced, it will not be possible to produce if part of the fixed assets is removed), and their relative illiquidity (it is usually difficult to sell installed equipment) lead to the fact that any error in investment cannot be corrected and thus the stability of the enterprise is violated.

To avoid such errors, a policy on the formation of fixed assets should be pursued. It should be based, on the one hand, on taking into account the market requirements for products manufactured by the enterprise, and on the other hand, on the sectoral consideration of the features of the BPF.

1. 2. Methods for assessing fixed assets

Planning and accounting for the reproduction of fixed assets are carried out in physical and cost terms. Natural meters are used in calculating the production capacity of enterprises, organizing the production process, determining the technical condition of the means of labor and their qualitative characteristics, as well as in developing inter-industry and planned balances of fixed assets and equipment.

In the economy, the system of cost indicators, which has received special development in a market economy, has a wider use. In monetary terms, consolidated accounting is carried out and

planning at all levels of management of the reproduction process of fixed capital, as well as the accrual and use of the depreciation fund, the inclusion of depreciation of labor instruments in the cost of production, planning the volumes and sources of financing of capital investments, etc. In connection with the privatization of enterprises, the inclusion of labor instruments in commodity circulation, the development commercial calculation and market economic relations, the role of the valuation of fixed assets has increased significantly, the requirements for its reality and dynamism have increased.

In the management of fixed assets, a differentiated system of valuations is used, which is determined by the target setting for measuring the cost of fixed capital: for internal production activities and evaluation of results, for depreciation and tax calculation, for sale and lease, collateral transactions, etc. Basic types of valuations of fixed assets are: initial, replacement and residual value.

Full original cost fixed assets is the sum of actual costs in current prices for the acquisition or creation of labor tools: the construction of buildings and structures, the purchase, transportation, installation and installation of machinery and equipment, etc. At full initial cost, fixed assets are taken to the balance of the enterprise, and it remains unchanged during the entire service life of the means of labor and is reviewed during the revaluation of fixed assets of the enterprise or is specified during modernization or major repairs. Depreciation of fixed assets is also charged from the full cost. At this price, the means of labor are planned and taken into account in daily economic activities. Current prices and tariffs for fixed assets are constantly changing under the influence of supply and demand factors, inflation, etc. Over time, disproportions and contradictions accumulate in the initial value of fixed assets. The same machine or machine purchased from different years, are listed at different prices. The initial cost of fixed capital ceases to reflect its actual assessment in today's (current) conditions of economic activity. Management of the process of reproduction of fixed assets becomes difficult, there are obstacles to the normal implementation of the commercial activities of enterprises. Indicators calculated using the initial value of funds (capital return, profitability, solvency, liquidity, etc.) cease to reflect their actual level. Major problems arise in the management of depreciation, cost, and, consequently, profit and taxes. There is a need to re-evaluate fixed assets and bring them to a single value measurement.

replacement cost expresses an assessment of the reproduction of fixed assets in modern conditions at the time of revaluation. It reflects the costs of acquiring and creating revalued objects in prices, tariffs and other standards in force on a given date. Full replacement cost - this is the sum of the estimated costs of acquiring or maintaining new tools of labor similar to those being revalued.

residual value fixed assets represents the difference between the full original or full replacement cost and the accrued depreciation, i.e. this is the monetary expression of the value of the means of labor, not transferred to the manufactured products on a certain date. The residual value allows you to judge the degree of depreciation of the means of labor, plan their renewal and repair. During the ongoing revaluation of funds, the amount of accrued depreciation for each unit of labor instruments is simultaneously specified. Also defined replacement cost including depreciation. It is calculated as a percentage of the total replacement cost based on accounting data.

Liquidation value – this is the cost of worn-out and discontinued fixed assets, it is determined by the cost of selling these fixed assets.

Book value - the cost at which fixed assets are recorded in the balance sheet of the enterprise according to accounting data on their availability and movement. On the balance sheet of the enterprise, the value of fixed assets is listed in a mixed assessment: the objects for which the revaluation was carried out are accounted for at the replacement cost as of the established date, and the new labor instruments acquired (or built) after the revaluation are at their original cost. In the practice of enterprises and in methodological materials, the book value is often considered as initial, since the replacement cost at the time of the last revaluation coincides with the initial cost on this date.

Revaluation of fixed assets can be produced by two methods: expert and through a system of price indices. With the expert method, special commissions are created at enterprises and industries from among the most experienced and qualified engineers and economists. In the former Soviet Union, revaluations of fixed assets (there were three of them - in 1925, 1960 and 1972) were carried out by experts. Methodological documents and guidance materials were developed centrally.

Determining the replacement cost of fixed assets by the expert method, by means of an object-by-object inventory of labor tools, is a labor-intensive and expensive undertaking.

With the index method, revaluation is carried out by multiplying the book value of the object by the price index established for this group of fixed assets. The system of price indices is approved in a special decree of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Such a system of recalculation indices reflects the dynamics and level of inflation in the Russian economy.

2. Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets

2.1. Types of depreciation of fixed assets

The change in the value of fixed capital is directly related to depreciation. Tools of production eventually wear out and become unsuitable for further operation. All tools of production, all types of machines and equipment are subject to physical wear and tear. At the same time, for each specific machine (even a homogeneous and interchangeable one), the dimensions of wear are not the same, as are the forms of its manifestation. This is due to the operating conditions, the quality of care for the equipment, the qualifications of the personnel servicing the machine, the actual duration of the operation of tools and other reasons. Physical deterioration and deterioration for this reason of the technical and production characteristics of the equipment lead to a decrease in the productivity of the machine, contribute to the production of substandard products, and an increase in its cost.

There are two forms of physical wear:

Mechanical wear of means of labor and a decrease in technical and production indicators during their operation;

Destruction of idle means of labor as a result of the influence of natural conditions (corrosion, infection of a tree with a fungus).

Physical wear is a natural phenomenon. Therefore, in order to reduce it, it is necessary to ensure normal operating conditions, timely high-quality repair of fixed assets and care for them, reduce unscheduled downtime of machinery and equipment, shorten start-up periods at new enterprises, prevent long-term storage of equipment in enterprise warehouses, etc.

Physical deterioration can be partial and complete.

Partial physical wear eliminated as a result of repairs, which are carried out in order to return the equipment to its original technical and operational properties. Complete wear compensated by the replacement of physically depreciated fixed capital: for the active part - this is the purchase of new equipment; for buildings and structures - capital construction.

When studying the reproduction of the active part of fixed production assets, and the value of obsolescence of equipment, there is a close connection between this economic category and consumer value, cost and labor productivity.

Obsolescence arises as a result of the economic process, due to the reduction of socially necessary costs for the production of machines and the creation of new, more advanced in their design, economical and productive machines. Obsolescence manifests itself in two forms.

First form is based on the growth of labor productivity, raising the level of technical equipment of manufacturing plants. As a result, there is a reduction in labor costs, and consequently, a decrease in the cost of products. At the same time, tools of labor lose part of their value in direct proportion to the decrease in the socially necessary costs for the production of tools of labor similar in purpose, but completely retain their consumer properties, since with the same costs of living labor, their use allows producing the same amount of products as new ones. tools. Reducing the cost of reproduction of tools is a constant process. The introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological progress into the production process of similar machines and equipment helps to reduce the cost of their production.

Second form obsolescence is based on scientific and technological progress, thanks to which more modern tools of labor appear both in terms of the main design parameters and in terms of operational indicators. The economy of new instruments of labor is determined by the extent to which their use makes it possible to reduce labor costs for the production of a unit of output, or to what extent as a result of their use the productivity of social labor in given production conditions increases. New machines and equipment must always be more efficient than similar predecessors. This is a decisive condition for the obsolescence of the second form.

When assessing obsolescence, the problem of establishing the time of obsolescence becomes of certain importance. From our point of view, the obsolescence of existing machinery and equipment appears only after a certain period of time, i.e. after the appearance of a new more modern modification, similar in mass production, which is ensured by the introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

At this stage, the onset of obsolescence of existing equipment is the result natural process moral obsolescence. This must be taken into account when forming a plan for the scientific and technical development of the enterprise and updating the fleet of technological equipment. Replacing obsolete equipment is a necessary condition for improving the existing technological process.

2. 2. Depreciation and methods of its calculation

For the timely replacement of obsolete means of labor, without prejudice to the entrepreneur, it is necessary that the value of the retiring funds be fully transferred to the finished product. The necessary funds must be accumulated in the depreciation fund. Only under this condition can the process of reproduction of fixed capital be carried out systematically and efficiently.

Depreciation -- this is the gradual transfer of the value of fixed capital to the product or service produced in order to accumulate funds for the further full restoration of fixed capital. On January 1, 1991, new depreciation rates were introduced in Russia. Previously, depreciation deductions consisted of two parts, i.e. for a complete restoration and overhaul, now overhaul, like other types of repairs, is carried out at the expense of current production costs.

By economic essence depreciation is the monetary expression of a part of the value of fixed assets transferred to a newly created product.

Sinking fund - a special monetary reserve intended for the reproduction of fixed assets. It is a financial resource for capital investments. The depreciation fund is intended for simple reproduction of fixed assets, for the replacement of worn-out funds with new copies of equal value. However, in conditions of high rates of scientific and technological progress, depreciation serves as a source of expanded reproduction of fixed assets. In the process of reproduction of fixed assets, the moments of their simple renewal and expansion are harmoniously combined and their differentiation is conditional.

The objectivity of the rate of depreciation deductions largely depends on the standard service life. If the established standard is too high, physical wear and tear will occur before the value of the fixed capital is transferred to the finished product. In case of underestimation of the standard service life, the cost of fixed capital will be transferred to finished products even before the onset of complete physical wear and tear.

The most common method for determining the standard life is that as the life of fixed capital increases, the amount of annual depreciation decreases, and the cost of maintaining fixed capital in working condition increases. In this case, the economically justified service life will be determined by the year in which the annual total costs, i.e. annual depreciation charges plus the cost of maintaining fixed capital in working order will be minimal.

Depreciation allowances must be used strictly for their intended purpose. They can be used to finance technical re-equipment, reconstruction and expansion of existing production, construction of new facilities and other purposes of expanded reproduction of fixed assets.

The use of depreciation charges for other purposes increases the balance sheet profit by the amount of their inappropriate use, which is economically unprofitable for the enterprise, since in this case a tax is taken from it. Thus, depreciation deductions represent their own source of financing for the renewal of the OPF, the amount of which depends on two factors: the cost of existing OPFs and depreciation rates.

The long service life of labor means leads to the establishment of low depreciation rates. In this case, the renewal of fixed assets is delayed, which negatively affects the competitiveness of the enterprise, as well as the level of technical development of production as a whole. Therefore, in order to prevent this, for each industry and sub-sector of industry, the state centrally establishes uniform rates of depreciation deductions for the full recovery of the OPF, the amount of which depends on the type and type of fixed assets, the nature of their participation in the production process. Thus, for buildings and industrial structures, it is much higher than for technological equipment, which is subject to greater wear during operation. Thus, knowing the cost of an object (equipment, building, etc.) and the depreciation rate, we can determine the amount of depreciation for each object.

Depreciation rate is the ratio of the annual depreciation amount to the initial cost of the instrument of labor, expressed as a percentage.

The level of the depreciation rate is determined by the accepted standard service life of various types of fixed assets. The choice of its value is determined by a number of factors: the pace and direction of technical progress, the capabilities of the production apparatus for the production of new types of equipment, the relationship between needs and resources in various types fixed assets, etc. Calculations of depreciation periods for specific types of fixed assets take into account many factors that reflect their specific qualities and purpose. Thus, depreciation periods for many types of structures and equipment in the extractive industry are determined by the period of exhaustion of raw materials, and for facilities operating in an aggressive environment, by the period of their physical wear, etc. In 1991, new depreciation rates were put into effect, which are still in force in the Russian Federation. The main feature of these norms is the elimination of the share of depreciation allocated for capital repairs. Since 1991, depreciation has been charged only on the full restoration of fixed assets.

play a significant role in the depreciation system its calculation methods. They actively influence the volume of the depreciation fund, the degree of concentration of resources in different periods of the operation of fixed assets, and the amount of deductions included in the cost of production. In the practice of depreciation, two types of methods are used: proportional And regressive, or accelerated depreciation methods. The first are characterized by the fact that every year during the entire period of operation, depreciation deductions are calculated at the same rate from the initial cost of fixed assets. With accelerated depreciation, the main part of the accruals is concentrated in the first years of operation of fixed assets, the depreciation period is reduced, and financial conditions are created for the accelerated replacement of equipment.

Proportional depreciation methods include: uniformly straight-line; accrual of depreciation depending on the established service life of the means of labor; depreciation based on the work done. The main depreciation method in our country, as well as abroad, is a uniformly straight-line method. With this method, the calculation of the amounts of depreciation deductions is carried out in the following steps:

1) distribution of fixed assets by groups having the same depreciation rate;

2) calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets for the group;

3) determination of the amount of depreciation by multiplying the norm by the average annual (average balance sheet) value of funds.

The advantages of the uniformly straight-line depreciation method are known: the uniformity of deductions to the depreciation fund, stability and proportionality in attributing depreciation to the cost of products, simplicity and high accuracy of calculations.

The disadvantages include:

Knowingly fixed constant value of the depreciation period;

Insufficient stimulating effect on increase

Efficiency in the use of working capital;

Possibility of underdepreciation due to insufficient consideration of the impact of obsolescence;

Insufficient consideration of the conditions of intra-shift use of fixed capital.

The other two proportional methods are varieties of the uniform method and take into account the specific conditions for the functioning of certain types of labor tools. Depreciation, depending on the work performed, is carried out mainly for the rolling stock of road and urban transport. In the mining industry, depreciation is charged on the basis of norms and actually mined minerals.

The stimulating role of depreciation increases significantly with the use of methods of accelerated depreciation of fixed assets. In world practice, numerous methods of accelerated depreciation are used, both regressive and progressive. The main ones are three: the method of firmly fixed service life of the means of labor; the declining balance method at double the rate, or the constant percentage method; and the cumulative method, or the "sum of numbers" method.

In the first method, the period is fixed during which the cost of fixed capital must be written off to the sinking fund. If the term is set at 5 years, then 20% of the cost of capital is transferred to the cost of production annually. This method was first applied in the USA in 1940-1945. with the aim of stimulating private investment in the military industry. Currently, this method in its pure form is used extremely rarely.

The essence of the declining balance method, or constant interest, is that the amount of depreciation is calculated at a double rate (compared to the uniform method) from the residual value of fixed assets.

The cost of existing means of labor is written off, mainly in the first years of their operation, which makes it possible to immediately use the decisive part of the depreciation for new capital investments, for the renewal of equipment. This method contributes not only to the acceleration of depreciation, but also to the concentration of resources in the first years of operation of the funds put into operation. However, this method does not guarantee a complete write-off of the cost of capital. The annual amount of depreciation charged is reduced, and depreciation is stretched over many years.

cumulative method, or the "sum of numbers" method, combines both of the first methods. The service life of labor instruments is normalized and the wear rate increases in the first years of their operation.

The cumulative method provides full reimbursement of the cost of depreciable means of labor by the end of their standard service life. At the same time, the decisive share of depreciation is charged in the first two or three years.

conclusion

This course work discusses the basic concepts associated with the main production assets of the enterprise, as well as the essence of such a process as depreciation and methods of its calculation.

As a result of depreciation, an amortization fund is formed, and at the moment there is a problem of its proper use, because. enterprises have the right to independently decide on the use of its funds.

Due to the crisis situation in the Russian economy, a sharp shortage of financial resources and the presence of non-payments, the funds of the depreciation fund are depersonalized and are directed mainly to the current needs of enterprises.

At the same time, the problem of investment resources is acute in the economy. Structural restructuring of the national economy is impossible without the technical re-equipment of the production apparatus of enterprises. If the depreciation fund accrued by Russian enterprises were used for their intended purpose, then the entire volume of planned capital investments would be financed without attracting profits and borrowed funds.

Misappropriation of the resources of the depreciation fund contradicts the patterns of reproduction of fixed capital in a market economy.

The solution to this problem is connected with the exit of the Russian economy from the crisis, the stabilization of production, and the growth of financial resources.

List of used literature

1. "Economics of the organization", N. L. Zaitsev, Moscow, "Exam" 2000.

1. "Enterprise Economics", ed. V. P. Gruzinova, Moscow, UNITI 2001

2. "Enterprise Economics", ed. N. P. Safronova, Moscow, "Jurist", 2000

The most important indicator characterizing the economic power of the country is national wealth. National wealth is the totality of the country's material resources, the accumulated products of past labor, the natural resources that are taken into account and involved in the economic turnover, which society has at a given point in time.

The most important part national wealth form the main funds.

Fixed assets are produced assets, part of the national property created by social labor, which for a long time is repeatedly or constantly used in the economy in an unchanged physical form, gradually transferring its value to the created products and services.

Fixed assets are fixed assets of the organization reflected in accounting or tax accounting in monetary terms.

For accounting, analysis and planning, fixed assets (funds) are classified according to a number of criteria.

By functional purpose, fixed assets are divided into:

- production fixed assets - these are funds that are directly involved in the production process or create conditions for its normal implementation. In turn, they are subdivided into fixed production assets for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes;
- non-production fixed assets - these are funds that are not directly involved in the production process (residential buildings, children's and sports institutions, schools, hospitals, other household and cultural facilities).

According to the material-natural composition, fixed assets are divided into the following groups:

1) buildings - architectural and construction objects that create the necessary conditions for labor and storage of material assets, namely: buildings and structures in which the processes of the main, auxiliary and auxiliary production take place, as well as administrative buildings and outbuildings.
2) structures - engineering and construction facilities that are necessary for the implementation of the production process: silos, greenhouses, greenhouses, covered currents, irrigation and drainage facilities, manure storage facilities, roads, bridges and more.
3) transmission devices - water and electrical networks, heating networks, telephone and telegraph networks, gas networks.
4) machines and equipment - power machines and equipment, including all types of electrical units and engines (tractors, electric motors, etc.); working machines and equipment that directly affect the objects of labor in the process of creating a product (agricultural machines, machines for fodder production, mechanization in animal husbandry); measuring and control instruments and laboratory equipment; Computer Engineering.
5) vehicles - all types of cars, horse-drawn and water transport, trailers, electric cars, etc.
6) production and household equipment - containers for storing liquid and bulk materials, containers (flasks, cans, etc.), furniture, cabinets, computers, duplicators, fire fighting equipment, etc.
7) working livestock: horses, oxen, camels.
8) productive livestock: cows, sows, goats, ewes, etc.
9) perennial plantations: fruit, berry, tea, field protection.
10) capital investments for land improvement (without structures) - the cost of surface improvement of agricultural land.
11) land plots and objects of nature management (water, subsoil, and other natural resources).
12) instrument and other fixed assets: an instrument worth more than 100 minimum wages and with a service life of more than one year; other fixed assets - capital expenditures on leased fixed assets.

Depending on the degree of influence of funds on the production process, they are divided into two parts: active and passive.

The active part of fixed assets is directly involved in the production process (machinery and equipment, vehicles, working and productive livestock, perennial plantations, instruments, inventory).

The passive part of fixed assets ensures the normal functioning of the production process (buildings and structures).

On the basis of industry, fixed assets are divided into funds for crop production, animal husbandry and general purpose [ibid., p. 84].

According to the degree of use - located:

- in operation;
- in reserve; (reserve);
- in the stage of completion, before equipment, reconstruction and partial liquidation;
- on conservation.

Depending on the existing rights to fixed assets, they are divided into:

- fixed assets belonging to the organization on the basis of ownership (including those leased out);
- objects of fixed assets held by the organization, in operational management or economic management;
- objects of fixed assets received by the organization for rent.

Fixed assets can also be divided into tangible and intangible fixed assets.

Material fixed assets (fixed assets) include: buildings, structures, machines and structures, measuring and control instruments and devices, dwellings, computers and office equipment, vehicles, tools, production and household equipment, working, productive and breeding livestock, perennial plantings, other types of material fixed assets.

Intangible fixed assets (intangible assets) are objects of intellectual property, the use of which is limited by the rights of ownership established on them. They include:

- geological surveys and exploration of subsoil;
- computer software and databases that the enterprise intends to use in production for more than one year, whether they are purchased on the market or produced for its own use;
- original works of the entertainment genre, literature or art, since the enterprises that own such funds can sell them or use them in production repeatedly for more than one year;
- high-tech industrial technologies, topologies of integrated circuits, production secrets (know-how), trademarks, patents, i.e. intellectual property objects, the ownership rights of which allow the enterprise to both sell these intangible assets and use them in production for more than one year.

Planning, analysis and accounting of fixed assets is carried out in physical and cost terms. In market conditions, the system of cost indicators is more widely used.

The full initial cost is the cost of fixed assets in actual prices at the time they are put into operation, which includes all costs for the construction and acquisition of fixed assets, as well as the costs of their transportation and installation. In this assessment, fixed assets enter the balance sheet of enterprises (until the moment of revaluation of fixed assets) and are the basis for calculating depreciation charges.

The full replacement cost is the sum of the costs necessary for the reproduction in a new form of fixed assets in modern conditions. The replacement cost is determined on the basis of an inventory and revaluation of fixed assets.

The residual value of fixed assets is the difference between the original or replacement cost and the depreciation amount, that is, this is that part of the value of fixed assets that has not yet been transferred to manufactured products. The residual value allows you to judge the degree of depreciation of fixed assets, plan their renewal and repair.

The book value of fixed assets is the value at which they are recorded in the balance sheet of the enterprise according to accounting data on their presence and movement. On the balance sheet of the enterprise, the value of fixed assets is listed in a mixed assessment: objects for which revaluation was carried out are accounted for at replacement cost, and new fixed assets acquired or built after revaluation are at original cost.

In economic practice, in addition to the listed cost indicators, salvage value is used. The residual value of fixed assets is the cost of their implementation (often the price of scrap).

The total availability of fixed assets is often characterized by statistics on a certain date (for example, at the beginning or end of the reporting year). Such data can be obtained directly from the balance sheets of fixed assets.

However, in some cases, it is required to characterize the availability of fixed assets on average for a given period, since in this period there is a movement of fixed assets due to their receipt and disposal.

The average annual value of fixed assets can be determined in several ways:

1) if data on the availability of fixed assets at the beginning and end of the period are known, then it will be determined by the formula of the arithmetic mean simple:

2) if data on the availability of fixed assets on certain equidistant dates are known, then the average annual cost of fixed assets is determined by the average chronological formula:

where n is the number of dates.

3) if data on the availability of fixed assets at time points not equidistant from each other are known, the average annual cost is determined by the following formula:

OF avg = OF n.g. + - ,

where OF n.g - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, rubles; П, В - respectively, the cost of fixed assets received and retired during the year, rub.; M, M 1 - the number of months of functioning of fixed assets put into operation during the year, starting from the first day of the month following the date of disposal (receipt).

The average annual cost of fixed assets can be used to determine the annual amount of accrued depreciation and calculate the performance indicators of their use.

In the process of production, fixed assets are subject to moral and physical wear and tear.

With physical wear and tear, the fixed assets lose their use value, that is, the deterioration of technical, economic and social characteristics under the influence of the labor process, the forces of nature, and also due to the non-use of fixed assets.

Moral depreciation usually occurs before physical depreciation, that is, fixed assets that can still be used are no longer economically efficient, and there are two types (forms).

Moral depreciation of the first type is associated not with the duration of the service life of equipment, not with the degree of its physical deterioration, but with the pace of technical progress, leading to a decrease in the cost of manufacturing products due to an increase in labor productivity in the industry that produces new fixed assets.

Obsolescence of the second type is a reduction in the duration of the operation of cash machines, equipment, due not to a decrease in their productivity or power (these characteristics usually remain at the same level as when put into production), but because the further operation of old machines compared to new leads to high production costs.

The cost expression of the amount of depreciation is depreciation.

Depreciation is the process of gradually transferring the value of fixed assets as they wear out to manufactured products and the accumulation of funds for the reproduction of consumed funds.

There are several ways to calculate depreciation.

1. Linear way. The annual depreciation amount is determined based on the initial cost of the object, the duration of the depreciation period and the depreciation rate established under these conditions for writing off the depreciation amount in equal installments.
2. Method of decreasing balance. The annual depreciation amount is determined based on the residual value of the object, the depreciation rate determined from the useful life (SLI), increased by the acceleration factor established by the Law of the Russian Federation (it cannot be more than 3).
3. By the sum of the numbers of years of SPI. The annual depreciation amount is determined based on the initial cost of the object and the annual ratio, where the numerator is the number of years until the end of the FIT, and the denominator is the sum of the numbers of years of the FTI.
4. In proportion to the volume of output (work performed). The annual depreciation amount is determined based on the actual production (volume) and the ratio, where the numerator is the initial cost of the object, and the denominator is the estimated volume of products (works) for the entire JFS.

The most complete picture of the presence and dynamics (inflow and outflow) of fixed assets is given by the balance of fixed assets.

The indicators of the movement of fixed assets include:

1) The coefficient of dynamics (K dyn) is defined as the ratio of the value of funds at the end of the period (F k) to the value of funds at the beginning of the period (F n).
2) The coefficient of receipts (K post) characterizes the share of funds received (P) in their total value at the end of the year (F k).
3) The renewal coefficient characterizes the share of new receipts of funds (P new) in the total value of funds at the end of the period (F k).
4) The retirement rate (K vyb) characterizes the share of the value of retired funds (B) in the total value of funds at the beginning of the period (F n).
5) The liquidation ratio (K liquid) is defined as the ratio of the value of liquidated fixed assets (F liquid) to the total value of funds at the beginning of the period (F n).

To assess the state of funds, they calculate:

1) The depreciation coefficient (K and) characterizes as of a certain date that part of the total value of fixed assets that they have already lost during operation, and is calculated as the ratio of the amount of depreciation (I) to the total cost of funds
2) The shelf life coefficient (K g) shows what part of its value fixed assets still retained during operation:

The service life and wear coefficients are interrelated: K and + K g \u003d 1, or 100%.

The indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets include:

1) Return on assets (FR) shows how many products in value terms (B) are produced per 1 ruble of the average annual cost of fixed assets of the enterprise (CF cf):
2) Capital intensity (FU) is the reciprocal of the value of funds attributable to 1 ruble of production.

The higher the return on assets (the lower the capital intensity), the more efficiently, all other things being equal, the fixed assets of the enterprise are used.

3) Capital-labor ratio (FW) characterizes the degree of equipment of the labor of workers, that is, it is determined by the ratio of the average annual cost of fixed assets to the average annual number of employees of the enterprise.
4) Return on investment (FR) characterizes how much profit per 1 ruble the cost of fixed assets.

An important condition for increasing the efficiency of the use of production assets is the improvement of their structure. The structure of fixed assets of agricultural enterprises is determined by economic and natural conditions, specialization, as well as the general level of development of the material and technical base of the agro-industrial complex.

Cost of production assets

Production assets of the enterprise

Use of production assets

Revolving production assets

Production assets indicators

Part of production assets

Profitability of production assets

Return on assets of production assets

Structure of production assets

Analysis of production assets

Depreciation of production assets

Depreciation of production assets

Active fixed production assets

Material and production funds

Increase in fixed production assets

Types of production assets

Valuation of production assets

Industrial production funds

Renewal of production assets

Topic 3. Production assets

1. Characteristics of production assets

Basic production assets

Non-productive fixed assets

2. Classification, structure and evaluation of fixed production assets

OPF are divided into groups:

These groups form the active and passive parts of the OPF

By affiliation, OPF are divided into:

On the basis of the use of OPF can be divided into located:

10. There are the following structures of the OPF:

11.

12.

13. The structure of the OPF is influenced by the following factors:

14. Types of valuation of BPF:

15. 3. Reproduction of OPF

16. Wear and tear

17.

18.

19.

20. The value of AO is determined by the following methods:

21.

22.

23.

24.

25. There are various forms of simple and extended reproduction of OPF

26. 4. Production capacity of the enterprise

27. The production capacity of the enterprise -

28.

29. There are 3 types of power:

30.

31. The amount of power depends on many factors:

32.

33. 5. Efficiency of reproduction and use of OPF and production capacities

34. The main indicators of the use of the OPF are:

35.

36.

37.

44. Main directions for improving the use of OPF and production capacities:

Popular