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The gender of nouns that name a person according to some attribute (by profession, rank, social status), property, etc., is determined by the gender of the leading word, which indicates whether the person is male or female: female- sculptor (female), the fight- woman (female), grief- critic (m.r.), miracle- hero (m.r.), Human -mystery(m.r.). Genus of compound names of varieties of animals, birds, fish, insects, etc. is determined by the gender of the noun that names the class to which the given variety belongs: antelope -goat(female), crane -belladonna(m.r.), bug - iris(m.r.), etc. The gender of words naming inanimate objects depends on the type of compound name, more precisely, on the "behavior" of nouns in this name. There are two main groups: 1) additions with an immutable component: conference room, comedy buff, idea fix, alpha(beta, gamma)radiation, checkpoint, zero-valency, headquarters. The genus of such compound names is determined by the genus of the inflected component: "powerful gamma- radiation ", "admissible vacuum- height "; 2) additions with declinable components; radio car, sofa bed, boarding school, storage library, tank car. In such denominations, the components are most often defined and definitive (the latter is usually the second word), and the gender of the definitive becomes the gender of the compound noun, i.e. first component: sofa -bed(m.r.), school - boarding school(female), library - storage(female). Notes .one. If the first component is in the plural form, then the compound name of the gender does not have, and the definition and the predicate for it are put in the plural form: "finely s clock -a bracelet", "newly opened s manger -garden". 2. The rule on determining the gender of a compound denomination by the gender of the first component is also valid if the components of the denomination are interchanged. Compare: "Abramtsevo - the famous Museum -estate"(Vech. M. 1969. July 24) and: "Five kilometers from the Bastyevo station is the world famous manor -Museum one of the giants of Russian prose I.S. Turgenev" (Tourist. 1970. No. 3). |
See also:
« Russian language and culture speeches". under the editorship of Professor V. I. Maksimov. Recommended by the Ministry. PREFACE. Chapter I Speech in interpersonal and social relations.
Russian language and culture speeches. Speech and mutual understanding. On the process of mutual understanding speech communication, some features of the use of language v speeches.
Russian language and culture speeches. culture speech communication. Under culture speech communication is understood as such a selection and organization of language tools that contribute to the most effective achievement of the tasks in this area speech...
Russian language and culture speeches. Three main types of interaction between dialogue participants in Russian language.So, dialogic unity is ensured by the connection of various kinds of replicas (formulas speech etiquette, question-answer, addition, narration...
Russian language and culture speeches. Structure speech communications. As an act of communication, speech always facing someone.
Russian language and culture speeches. Establishment (maintenance) of business contacts. Communicative setting, determination of the social and role status of participants in communication, speech contact.
Russian language and culture speeches. Speech, its features.K speeches also refer to the products of speaking in the form speech a work (text) fixed by memory or writing.
A significant place in the textbook is occupied by material related to culture speech communication and paperwork. The textbook is aimed at presenting modern views regarding Russian language and culture speeches at the beginning of the 21st century...
IDEA FIX, IDEFIX [fr. idee fix] honey. a person's obsession with an obsessive, manic idea. Wed MONOMANIA. Dictionary of foreign words. Komlev N.G., 2006 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
The Idea Fix group is the brainchild of the poet and guitarist Nikolai Gnedkov, who gathered musicians into a group: Vladimir Zhilov, Evgeny Voronov, Oleg Kryuchkov, Stas Nesterov. N. Gnedkov recorded several albums with the group and solo. He also took part... Russian rock music. Small encyclopedia
idea fix- bookstore , disapproved obsessive thought, idea. The expression is a half-calca with fr. idee fixe, originally a medical term denoting an obviously wrong, absurd thought painfully strengthened in the mind ... Phraseology Handbook
idea fix- id ee f x, id ei f x and id def x, and ... Russian spelling dictionary
idea fix- ide / I fi / ks, ide / and fi / ks ... merged. Apart. Through a hyphen.
Idea fix- - the obsession of the individual with an obsessive manic idea. Wed famous expression: And, besides, I believe that Carthage must be destroyed - a phrase in which the ancient Roman political figure concluded each of his public speeches. If someone is in... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
idea fix- the obsession of the individual with an obsessive manic idea. Wed famous expression: And, besides, I believe that Carthage must be destroyed - a phrase with which the ancient Roman politician concluded each of his public speeches. If somebody… … Culture of speech communication: Ethics. Pragmatics. Psychology
ficus idea- (fixed idea is obsessive, persistent, pursuing someone’s thought; ficus is a tropical plant) initial value ... Live speech. Dictionary of colloquial expressions
Kreza, mania, crazy, idefix, fad, bzik, trouble, fix idea Dictionary of Russian synonyms. obsession idea fix, idefix Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011 ... Synonym dictionary
Overvalued idea; Idea fix is a psychological term for a phenomenon identified in 1892 as a separate mental disorder by the German psychiatrist Carl Wernicke. This is a judgment that arises as a result of real circumstances ... Wikipedia
Books
- Idea Fix, Hannah Sophie. Connie Bowskill has long suspected that her husband started tricks on the side - it's not for nothing that he constantly travels to Cambridge to some house, the address of which is "filled" in his navigator. And now she...
- Idea Fix, Hannah S. Connie Bowskill has long suspected that her husband started tricks on the side - it's not for nothing that he constantly travels to Cambridge to some house whose address is "crammed" in his navigator. And now she...
PART 2
MORPHOLOGY. SYNTAX. PUNCTUATION. SPELLING
Saint Petersburg
Reviewer:
Art. teacher of the Russian language department
M.Yu. Silikova
Russian language and culture of speech. Part 2. Morphology. Syntax. Punctuation. Spelling: tutorial/ comp. A.I. Forelock. - St. Petersburg: SPGUVK, 2006. - 92 p.
The publication is the second part of a comprehensive course in the discipline "Russian language and culture of speech" for students of non-philological specialties. The purpose of the manual is to help in mastering the norms of the modern Russian language, improving the language culture as a whole.
The manual is intended for students of all specialties of full-time education and teachers.
© St. Petersburg State
University of Water Communications, 2006
MORPHOLOGY
Exercise 1
Indicate what part of speech the underlined words are.
1)B tenfold size
2)tenth
3)ten degree
4)ten thousandth customer
5)Decagon
6)Decimals fractions
7)Ten
8)Ten
9)Ten two
10) Capital multiplied tenfold
11) Us ten
12) One tenth
13) Come ten of us
14) Fold tenfold
15) Third dozen
16)tenfold self-preservation instinct
17) It's business tenth
Noun
Task 2
Write the nouns in the following order: a) nouns male, b) feminine nouns.
Mudflow, poplar, roofing felt, vanilla, moth (insect), tulle, veil, aerosol, pemoxol, omul, evil spirits, bottle, winter, fallow deer, swan, truffle, pastel, font, gazelle, well, monogram, shampoo, corn.
Task 3
Use phrases in the form singular. For reference, please refer to the dictionary: Dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language. - Rostov n / D: Phoenix, 2004. - 336 p.
2) White cuffs - ……
3) Painful hangnails - ……
4) Felt slippers - ……
5) Wooden shutters - ……
6) Cheap reserved seats - ……
7) Slippers - ……
8) Short tentacles - ……
9) Patent leather shoes - ……
10) New over the knee boots - ……
11) New rates - ……
12) Huge stacks - ……
13) Rusted Rails -……
14) Lush sideburns - ……
15) Antique banknotes - ……
Task 4
Define the type of abbreviation. For reference, please refer to the dictionary: Alekseev D.I. Dictionary of abbreviations of the Russian language / D.I. Alekseev, I.G. Gozman, G.V. Sakharov. -M.: Russk.yaz., 1984. -488s.
CSO, registry office, All-Russian Exhibition Center, TSB, FSB, BAM, Ministry of Emergency Situations, JSC, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, SMU, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Computer, CSKA, university, ATC, general store, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Youth Theater, city administration, RSU, ROE, ACS, vocational schools, UN.
Task 5
Determine the type of abbreviations, fill in the gaps in the forms of the predicate.
1) The Russian media was ... represented by ... leading TV channels and newspapers. 2) NASA has ordered… Russia the Zarya space module. 3) On Monday, the Russian Ministry of Defense, at the request of Kazakhstan, was ... forced ... to suspend missile launches from the Ashuluk range. 4) The FRG declared ... about its special position on this issue. 5) PACE voted ... to suspend Russia's membership in this organization. 6) The FSB forbade… the publication of the secret report. 7) The IAEA has proposed… to conduct an inspection at some nuclear power plants. 8) Thanks to the high credit rating, OJSC Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works received ... access to international markets. 9) OPEC made... a decision unfavorable for our oil exporters. 10) The BBC came out with ... criticism of British foreign policy.
Task 6
Using the diagram, determine the gender of the following nouns.
1) State party, closet, female director, rock band, museum-estate, evening meeting, Internet service, casino club, manufacturing company, headquarters, cafe-confectionery, opera-ballet, theater-studio, nursery-garden, wardroom, fortune-teller-astrologer.
2) Vector function, gamma radiation, cosine transform, program-consultant, segment-displacement, block diagram, impurity-defect, echo-processor, beta-therapy, review article.
Task 7
Explain the meaning of the following words. Indicate indeclinable nouns a) masculine, b) feminine, c) neuter, d) digenous.
Jury, sirocco, hummingbird, kohlrabi, vis-a-vis, Tbilisi, Chicago, libretto, rugby, zebu, soufflé, frau, Missouri, embargo, incognito, Capri, coffee, cocoa, bra, Chile, entertainer, avenue, pani, communiqué, couturier, suluguni, maestro, "Humanite", pa, ivasi, tsunami, kiwi, protege, Peru, Kilimanjaro, "Figaro", Swahili, whiskey.
Task 8
Describe the following nouns in terms of their origin, if necessary, explain the meaning of the words. Determine the gender of the nouns. For reference, please refer to the dictionary: Modern dictionary of foreign words: interpretation, word usage, word formation, etymology / L.M. Bash, A.V. Bobrova, G.L. Vecheslov and others. -M.: Citadel, 2001. -928s.
Grand Prix, fixed idea, status quo, force majeure, know-how, carte blanche, mass media, perpetuum mobile, alma mater.
Task 9
For masculine nouns, if possible, select a paired feminine noun, for feminine nouns - a masculine noun, determine their stylistic affiliation.
1) Ballerina - ……
2) Governor - ......
3) Associate Professor - ……
4) Milkmaid - ……
5) Indian - ……
6) Cashier - ……
7) Chinese - ……
8) Conductor - ……
9) Korean - ……
10) Correspondent - ……
11) Laboratory assistant - ......
12) Pilot - ......
13) Master - ……
14) Manicurist - ……
15) Nurse - ……
16) Tailor - ……
17) Teacher - ……
18) Seller - ……
19) Professor - ……
20) Secretary - ……
21) Watchman - ……
22) Student - ……
23) Nurse - ……
24) Official - ......
§ In what cases are descriptive expressions used to indicate the masculine gender?
Task 10
Form the plural form of the given nouns. Put emphasis. For reference, please refer to the dictionary: Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / S.N. Borunova, V.L. Vorontsova, N.A. Yeskova. -M.: Russk.yaz., 1987. -704p.
Noise, coat of arms, bow, cake, cream, board, bottom, thunder, hospital, designer, engineer, boat, contract, accountant, passport, professor, cheese, front, dome, lecturer, tractor, rector, director, doctor, sail, reducer, driver, cook, corrector, tooth, awl, keychain, root.
Task 11
Read real and abstract nouns. Divide nouns into two groups: 1) usually used in the singular, but also plural; 2) used only in the singular.
Sour cream, agreement, initiative, beauty, laughter, blue, gold, academic performance, life, noise, dirt, milk, ear, snow, noodles, water, oil, whiteness, blindness, oxygen, cheese, sand, love, joy.
1. Independent parts of speech:
- nouns (see morphological norms of nouns);
- Verbs:
- sacraments;
- gerunds;
- adjectives;
- numerals;
- pronouns;
- adverbs;
2. Service parts of speech:
- prepositions;
- unions;
- particles;
3. Interjections.
None of the classifications (according to the morphological system) of the Russian language fall into:
- the words yes and no, if they act as an independent sentence.
- introductory words: so, by the way, total, as a separate sentence, as well as a number of other words.
Morphological analysis of a noun
- the initial form in the nominative case, singular (with the exception of nouns used only in the plural: scissors, etc.);
- own or common noun;
- animate or inanimate;
- gender (m, f, cf.);
- number (unit, plural);
- declination;
- case;
- syntactic role in a sentence.
Plan of morphological analysis of a noun
"The baby is drinking milk."
Kid (answers the question who?) - noun;
- initial form - baby;
- permanent morphological features: animate, common noun, concrete, masculine, 1st declension;
- inconstant morphological features: nominative case, singular;
- at parsing The sentence plays the role of the subject.
Morphological analysis of the word "milk" (answers the question of whom? What?).
- initial form - milk;
- constant morphological characteristic of the word: neuter, inanimate, real, common noun, 2nd declension;
- variable morphological features: accusative, singular;
- in a sentence with a direct object.
Here is another example of how to make a morphological analysis of a noun, based on a literary source:
"Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up. He began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm. (Example from: Luzhin's Defense, Vladimir Nabokov)."
Ladies (who?) - noun;
- the initial form is a lady;
- permanent morphological features: common noun, animate, specific, feminine, 1st declension;
- fickle morphological noun characteristic: singular, genitive;
- syntactic role: part of the subject.
Luzhin (to whom?) - noun;
- initial form - Luzhin;
- faithful morphological characteristic of the word: proper name, animated, concrete, masculine, mixed declension;
- non-permanent morphological features of a noun: singular, dative case;
Palm (what?) - noun;
- initial form - palm;
- constant morphological features: feminine, inanimate, common noun, concrete, I declension;
- unstable morphos. signs: singular, instrumental;
- syntactic role in context: complement.
Dust (what?) - noun;
- initial form - dust;
- main morphological features: common noun, real, feminine, singular, animate not characterized, III declension (noun with zero ending);
- fickle morphological word characteristic: accusative;
- syntactic role: complement.
(c) Coat (Why?) - noun;
- the initial form is a coat;
- constant correct morphological characteristic of the word: inanimate, common noun, concrete, neuter, indeclinable;
- morphological features are unstable: the number cannot be determined from the context, the genitive case;
- syntactic role as a member of a sentence: addition.
Morphological analysis of the adjective
The adjective is a significant part of speech. Answers questions What? Which? Which? Which? and characterizes the features or qualities of an object. Table of morphological features of the adjective name:
- initial form in the nominative case, singular, masculine;
- constant morphological features of adjectives:
- rank, according to the value:
- - quality (warm, silent);
- - relative (yesterday, reading);
- - possessive (hare, mother's);
- degree of comparison (for qualitative, in which this feature is constant);
- full / short form (for quality, in which this feature is permanent);
- non-permanent morphological features of the adjective:
- qualitative adjectives change according to the degree of comparison (in comparative degrees simple form, in superlatives - complex): beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful;
- full or short form (only qualitative adjectives);
- genus sign (only in the singular);
- number (consistent with the noun);
- case (consistent with the noun);
- syntactic role in the sentence: the adjective is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.
Plan of morphological analysis of the adjective
Suggestion example:
The full moon rose over the city.
Full (what?) - adjective;
- initial form - complete;
- permanent morphological features of the adjective: qualitative, full form;
- inconstant morphological characteristic: in a positive (zero) degree of comparison, feminine (consistent with the noun), nominative case;
- according to syntactic analysis - a minor member of the sentence, performs the role of a definition.
Here is another whole literary passage and a morphological analysis of the adjective, using examples:
The girl was beautiful: slender, thin, blue eyes, like two amazing sapphires, looked into your soul.
Beautiful (what?) - adjective;
- the initial form is beautiful (in this sense);
- constant morphological norms: qualitative, short;
- non-permanent signs: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine;
Slender (what?) - adjective;
- initial form - slender;
- permanent morphological features: qualitative, complete;
- inconstant morphological characteristics of the word: full, positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative;
- syntactic role in the sentence: part of the predicate.
Thin (what?) - adjective;
- the initial form is thin;
- morphological permanent features: qualitative, complete;
- inconstant morphological characteristic of the adjective: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative;
- syntactic role: part of the predicate.
Blue (what?) - adjective;
- initial form - blue;
- table of constant morphological features of the adjective: qualitative;
- inconsistent morphological characteristics: complete, positive degree of comparison, plural, nominative;
- syntactic role: definition.
Amazing (what?) - adjective;
- initial form - amazing;
- permanent signs in morphology: relative, expressive;
- inconsistent morphological features: plural, genitive;
- syntactic role in the sentence: part of the circumstance.
Morphological features of the verb
According to the morphology of the Russian language, the verb is an independent part of speech. It can denote an action (to walk), a property (to limp), an attitude (to equal), a state (to rejoice), a sign (to turn white, show off) of an object. Verbs answer the question what to do? what to do? what is he doing? what have you been doing? or what will it do? Different groups of verbal word forms are characterized by heterogeneous morphological characteristics and grammatical features.
Morphological forms of verbs:
- the initial form of the verb is the infinitive. It is also called the indefinite or invariable form of the verb. Variable morphological features are absent;
- conjugated (personal and impersonal) forms;
- non-conjugated forms: participles and participles.
Morphological analysis of the verb
- the initial form is the infinitive;
- constant morphological features of the verb:
- transitivity:
- transitive (used with accusative nouns without a preposition);
- intransitive (not used with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition);
- returnability:
- returnable (there are -sya, -sya);
- irrevocable (no -sya, -sya);
- imperfect (what to do?);
- perfect (what to do?);
- conjugation:
- I conjugation (do-eat, do-et, do-eat, do-et, do-yut / ut);
- II conjugation (sto-ish, sto-it, sto-im, sto-ite, sto-yat / at);
- conjugated verbs (want, run);
- non-permanent morphological features of the verb:
- mood:
- indicative: what did you do? What did you do? what is he doing? what will he do?;
- conditional: what would you do? what would you do?;
- imperative: do it!;
- time (in the indicative mood: past / present / future);
- person (in the present/future tense, indicative and imperative: 1st person: I/we, 2nd person: you/you, 3rd person: he/they);
- gender (in the past tense, singular, indicative and conditional);
- number;
- syntactic role in a sentence. The infinitive can be any part of the sentence:
- predicate: To be a holiday today;
- Subject: Learning is always useful;
- addition: All the guests asked her to dance;
- definition: He has an overwhelming desire to eat;
- circumstance: I went out for a walk.
Morphological analysis of the verb example
To understand the scheme, we will conduct a written analysis of the morphology of the verb using the example of a sentence:
Crow somehow God sent a piece of cheese ... (fable, I. Krylov)
Sent (what did you do?) - part of speech verb;
- initial form - send;
- permanent morphological features: perfective, transitional, 1st conjugation;
- inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: indicative mood, past tense, masculine, singular;
The following online example of the morphological parsing of a verb in a sentence:
What silence, listen.
Listen (what to do?) - verb;
- the initial form is to listen;
- morphological constant features: perfect form, intransitive, reflexive, 1st conjugation;
- inconstant morphological characteristics of the word: imperative, plural, 2nd person;
- syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.
Plan for the morphological analysis of the verb online for free, based on an example from a whole paragraph:
He needs to be warned.
No need, let him know another time how to break the rules.
What are the rules?
Wait, I'll tell you later. Has entered! (“The Golden Calf”, I. Ilf)
Warn (what to do?) - verb;
- initial form - warn;
- morphological features of the verb are constant: perfective, transitive, irrevocable, 1st conjugation;
- non-permanent morphology of the part of speech: infinitive;
- syntactic function in a sentence: an integral part of the predicate.
Let him know (what is he doing?) - part of speech verb;
- the initial form is to know;
- inconstant morphology of the verb: imperative, singular, 3rd person;
- syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.
Violate (what to do?) - the word is a verb;
- the initial form is to violate;
- permanent morphological features: imperfective, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
- non-permanent signs of the verb: infinitive (initial form);
- syntactic role in the context: part of the predicate.
Wait (what to do?) - part of speech verb;
- initial form - wait;
- permanent morphological features: perfect form, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
- inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: imperative, plural, 2nd person;
- syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.
Entered (what did?) - verb;
- initial form - enter;
- permanent morphological features: perfective, irrevocable, intransitive, 1st conjugation;
- inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: past tense, indicative mood, singular, masculine;
- syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.