Language qualification LANGUAGE CENSUS is a requirement according to which, in order to have voting rights, it is necessary to know the official (state) language (either one of the official languages, or all official languages) of a given state. Distributed in

Age qualification

Cens

Cens Cens (lat.census, from censeo - making an inventory, census), 1) in Ancient rome a census of citizens with an indication of property to determine their socio-political, military and tax status. According to ancient tradition, the introduction of C. is attributed to Tsar Servius Tullius (6th century BC),

Age qualification

Age limit Some people seem to have a desire to change their lives. But they are stopped by a delusion about their age. They think that they are already, for example, "over forty" and it is too late to change their way of thinking. I have been conducting trainings for over 16 years. And during this time through

Reduced age, cases of application according to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation

Acts for the commission of which a person from the age of 14 can be convicted and punished according to the Criminal Code, can be conditionally divided into four categories:

• 1. An act involving the use of physical forms of influence on a person or the threat of their use (crimes against the life and health of citizens: premeditated murder, assault and serious harm to the health of a person, rape or other sexual crime; terrorist attack, kidnapping, participation in hooligan actions) ;
• 2. Selfish crimes, the main purpose of which is the search for and misappropriation of other people's property (theft, robbery, extortion, robbery). The seizure can be carried out both secretly and openly, it is possible to use physical and psychological violence;
• 3. Acts aimed at deliberate damage or damage to someone else's property (destruction and damage to someone else’s property);
• 4. Any other illegal act, which is especially dangerous (illegal acts arising in connection with the use and distribution of explosives, drugs, carrying weapons and other items, free access to which is closed).

The maximum list of crimes, the commission of which is the basis for the conviction of a fourteen-year-old teenager, is presented in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and analyzed in the comments to the legislative acts of Russia.

Increased age of criminal responsibility

Legislators have separately identified a number of crimes for the commission of which a person faces criminal punishment only if he has reached the age of 18.

Conventionally, such acts can be divided into 2 groups:

• 1. Criminal acts committed at a specific age specified in the article of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. For example, the hypothesis of the article on lecherous acts clearly establishes the age that a person must reach in order to become the subject of this crime. Changing the relevant age limit is not possible under any circumstances;
• 2. Crimes, the commission of which is directly related to the age of the subject. For example, only a judge (a special subject of a crime) can be the subject of an article of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on the issuance of illegal court decisions. A person who has at least 25 years of age has the right to become a judge.

What is the age limit for a crime subject in other countries

Considering the signs of the subject of a crime in other countries, it can be noted that the age of the offender is not identical for all powers and mainly depends on which legal family this or that state belongs to.

In countries belonging to the religious legal family (Iran), a person can be prosecuted even at the age of 6 years.

The age at which criminal responsibility occurs in the countries of the Romano-Germanic legal family is not fundamentally different:

• · In Ukraine - from the age of 16;
• · In France - from the age of 13;
• · In Germany and Italy - from the age of 14.

To be prosecuted in the UK (specifically in Scotland), a person must be at least 8 years old.

Certain positions and certain activities require an age limit. For their implementation in Russia, as in most other civilized countries, such a concept as the age qualification has been introduced. Spheres of restrictions and age limits are determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

RF government

The law on the age qualification states: every citizen of the Russian Federation who has reached the age of eighteen has the right to participate in the elections of the government of the country. Persons from 21 to 35 years old have the right to propose their candidacy, which depends on the proposed position. A citizen who has reached the age of thirty can become a member of the Federation Council. Deputies of the State Duma must not be less than twenty-one years old.

In the subjects of the Russian Federation:

• legislative bodies of state power - from twenty one years;
• local government bodies - from twenty one years;
• the head of the executive branch - from thirty years old.

RF President

The procedure for electing the President of the Russian Federation provides for the fulfillment of mandatory conditions. First of all, the age limit is observed - adult citizens are allowed to participate in the elections. Persons held in places of deprivation of liberty and incompetent people cannot vote.

Any resident of the country who meets certain conditions can take the post of President of Russia.

• Citizenship census. The candidate for the position must be a citizen of the Russian Federation. This does not take into account the method of obtaining it.
• The Census of Settlement. A person who has lived in the country for less than ten years cannot become an applicant. This period should not be interrupted, with the exception of business trips, vacations and other similar trips abroad.
• Age qualification of the President of the Russian Federation. A resident of the country who has reached the age of thirty-five can become the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. There are currently no upper age limits.

Judges

Article 119 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation regulates the requirements for representatives of the judiciary, including the mandatory age limit for a judge. It depends on the perceived responsibility and the complexity of the job.

• 25 years - an arbitration court of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, regional, constitutional, military (garrison), world.
• 30 years - regional, military (district), regional, arbitration, federal.
• 35 years - the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Arbitration Loans of the Russian Federation.
• 40 years - the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.

The age limit for a judge is seventy years.

There are other requirements for this position. The more influential the representative of the judiciary, the more restrictions and prohibitions the post implies. For example, no judge should be seen in immoral acts and deeds that defame honor and good name. Participation in political life, joining parties and their material support, taking up leadership positions of any social movements(including those that are not related to politics). Of course, the judge is obliged to comply with the law, like all other citizens. But the observation of him is carried out even more attentively.

Leaders

On January 1, 2015, the amendments to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation came into force. They determine the age limit for leaders of organizations involved in scientific activities... Under the new law, the position of the head and his deputy can belong to citizens not older than sixty-five years. Upon reaching this age, the pensioner is subject to transfer to another position.

By the decision of the founder and the general meeting of the collective, a postponement of this restriction is possible for no more than five years. Cens affects employees of both state and municipal scientific organizations.

Such measures are aimed at “rejuvenating” the team and relieving managers from the responsible administrative burden. Thanks to this, it becomes possible to devote all the time to scientific activity.

Food restrictions

The Russian Federation has a law restricting the sale of alcohol and tobacco products to minors. Weak alcohol and cigarettes can be sold to individuals over the age of eighteen, and high alcohol drinks are available only to those who have crossed the threshold of twenty-one. The sale of prohibited products to young customers is punishable by fines, their amount can reach three hundred thousand rubles.

V European countries a similar age limit is observed, but the age of persons who have access to bad habits is twenty-one years and older. In the Russian Federation, a similar amendment to the Constitution is planned, since the problem of teenage smoking and alcoholism is very urgent. According to the government, eighteen-year-olds cannot make an informed decision whether to drink alcohol or not, or not to smoke. Scientists argue that by the age of twenty-one, a person is able to make the right choice.

The fundamental principles of electoral law and process are universal, direct and equal suffrage by secret ballot.

Principle universal suffrage means that every adult citizen has the right to vote and to be elected. Thus, the general grounds for acquiring active and passive electoral rights are citizenship and majority. Citizens who have been declared legally incompetent by a court, as well as citizens held in places of deprivation of liberty by a court verdict (Article 32 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) do not have the right to vote.

The term "universal" is largely arbitrary, since the granting of suffrage, especially passive, is limited by the system of electoral qualifications. The federal and regional electoral legislation reflects the following passive suffrage qualifications:

1) age qualification means the need to reach a certain age to be able to register as a candidate for elections. So, the deputy The State Duma can become a citizen who has reached the age of 21. President of the Russian Federation - 35 years old. The laws of some constituent entities of the Russian Federation also contain restrictions on the maximum age - persons who have reached a certain age (usually 60-65 years) are deprived of passive suffrage;

2) residency qualification implies the requirement to reside in a certain territory for a certain period. Thus, a citizen who has permanently resided in the Russian Federation for at least 10 years can become the President of the Russian Federation (Article 81 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). The regional electoral legislation contains various modifications of the residency qualification associated with the different required length of residence, as well as with the requirements for the residence itself (preferential, permanent, non-recruiting residence);

3) qualification of republican citizenship established in the republics within the Russian Federation. Only a citizen of the Russian Federation who is also a citizen of this republic can be registered as a candidate. It should be noted that this type of qualification contradicts the constitutional principle of equality of rights of citizens of the Russian Federation throughout its territory and the principle of single citizenship;

4) language qualification consists in the requirement of knowledge of the state languages ​​of the constituent entity of the Federation, where, along with Russian, the state language is also the language of the titular nationality of the republic within the Russian Federation. Such qualifications are established in Adygea, Bashkortostan, Mari El and other republics;

5) educational qualification provides for a candidate for an elective position of higher education (established in the Khabarovsk Territory, Samara Region);

6) criminal record established in the legislation of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) - citizens with a criminal record cannot be members of the State Assembly if it has not been removed or canceled in the prescribed manner;

7) previous edition census means that a person cannot be elected who, immediately before the elections, held an elective office for several terms of office. So, paragraph 3 of Art. 81 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation stipulates that one and the same person cannot hold the office of President of the Russian Federation for more than two consecutive terms.

It should be noted that the Federal Law "On Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right to Participate in a Referendum of Citizens of the Russian Federation" clearly establishes the limits of restrictions on active and passive electoral rights. According to Art. 4 of this Law, the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation should provide for the provision of an active electoral right in elections to bodies of state power of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and bodies of local self-government to all citizens of the Russian Federation who permanently or predominantly reside in the territory of the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation, or municipality... Restrictions on the passive electoral right in the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation can only be related to the age limit. At the same time, the established minimum age of a candidate cannot exceed 21 years in elections to legislative (representative) bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and to local self-government bodies, and 30 years in elections of the head of the executive power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. Establishment of a residency qualification to restrict passive suffrage is not allowed.

The right to vote refers to political rights, which are usually provided only to citizens. However, in various countries, in cases determined by law, the opportunity to have the right to vote is granted to foreigners. In the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Federal Law "On Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right to Participate in a Referendum of Citizens of the Russian Federation" (Clause 8, Article 4, Clause 4, Article 18), foreigners can take part in elections under certain conditions. The law established that in accordance with the international treaties of the Russian Federation and the corresponding federal laws, laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens permanently residing in the territory of the corresponding municipality have the right to elect and be elected to local self-government bodies on the same conditions as citizens Russian Federation.

Principle direct suffrage means that all voters of a given territory take part in the voting, which results in the election of a person to an elective position. The opposite of direct elections is indirect elections, when a person is elected either by some state (municipal) body, or voters first elect the electors, and only then the electors directly vote for the candidates.

Principle equal suffrage means that citizens participate in elections on an equal footing. Each voter has one vote when voting. This is ensured by the fact that a voter can be included in the voter list only at one polling station and only one ballot paper can be issued to him. The principle of equal suffrage also provides for the need to ensure that the vote of every voter has the same “weight”. This is achieved by the formation of electoral districts equal in number of voters during elections of deputies to legislative (representative) authorities. With regard to passive electoral rights, the principle of equality means the provision of equal opportunities for registration of candidates, equal status of registered candidates, the same maximum size of electoral funds, equality in the conduct of election campaigns.

Principle secret ballot presupposes the inadmissibility of exercising any control over the expression of the will of a citizen. The opposite of secret voting is open voting, when the voter's will becomes known to an unlimited number of persons. The principle of secret ballot is the most democratic one and is ensured by the fact that the voter is provided with a voting booth, and the ballot paper is not numbered (or marked in another way, allowing to determine the identity of the ballot paper to a particular voter).

One of the principles of electoral law is free and voluntary participation in elections. No one has the right to influence a citizen in order to force him to participate or not to participate in elections, as well as to influence his expression of will. The opposite of this principle is the so-called "mandatory vote", that is, the obligation to participate in elections under the threat of a fine or other punishment, established in the legislation of a number of countries (for example, Australia, Belgium, Turkey).

International legal acts in force on the territory of the Russian Federation enshrine such principles as free periodic unfalsified elections. Principle free elections In addition to voluntary participation, it presupposes that the voter has freedom of choice when voting. This is ensured by the alternative of elections, as well as by the entire democratic constitutional system of the state, in which individual freedom is consolidated as the highest value, the rights to freedom of assembly and association, freedom of thought and speech, and information are recognized and ensured. Frequency of elections - essential principle, which means that the elected bodies exercise their powers for a certain period, at the end of which new elections must be held. The federal law on basic guarantees establishes the maximum term of office of elected bodies and persons - five years. At the same time, changing the term of office of the acting bodies is not allowed. Principles genuine and unfalsified elections presuppose the revelation and implementation of the freely expressed will of the people by legislative consolidation of such technology for holding elections, which would not allow distorting the will of the voters.

constitutional rights Of Russia... In fact, it is being formed constitutional law, .

See: State law of the Russian Federation / Ed. O.E. Kutafina. P. 249; Kozlova E.I., Kutafin O.E. Constitutional law of Russia... P. 256; ...

Indeed, it makes more sense for students to study first general theory constitutional law, and then specifics - constitutional law of Russia and others.

With the adoption of the new Constitution, a broad renewal of all institutions begins. constitutional rights Of Russia... In fact, it is being formed constitutional law, . .

See: M.V. Baglai. Constitutional law of the Russian Federation... M., 1998; Rumyantsev O.G. Fundamentals of the constitutional system of Russia. M., 1994; State law.

3. State and Russian law after the February bourgeois democratic revolution. 2. Constitution 1918 - the first fundamental law Russian republics.

Constitutional law very many states, including Russia, proceeds from the fact that state power acts on the central and sometimes also on.

Chirkin V.E. Constitutional law. Russia and foreign experience. S. 285-292. And after all this, the author makes a general conclusion that “Russia is semi-presidential,.

Chapter II Constitution RF enshrines the labor rights of citizens. Among. Constitution RF guarantees every employee right for a reward. ...

For the first time in history Russian Constitution was adopted through a referendum, which determines its high legitimacy. To the contents of the book: Constitutional law .

Electoral qualifications - what is it? Concept and types

The legislation provides citizens with the right to vote. This means that the subjects have the opportunity to vote for candidates to state bodies and local government structures. In addition, subject to a number of conditions, citizens can themselves be elected. The norms allow the participation of persons in the observation of voting, the work of commissions, including in determining the results of campaigns. Citizens can express their will in the course of referendums and other events established by the legislation of the country, legal acts of the regions.

The principle of freedom of elections

The legislation divides the right to vote into passive and active. The latter presupposes direct participation in voting, that is, the expression of the will of the population. Passive right - the opportunity to become a candidate who will be elected. The participation of the population in voting is voluntary and free. No one can put pressure on people to force them to express their will or refrain from doing so. It is not allowed to create any obstacles to free participation in campaigns. State Duma deputies are elected on the basis of an equal, universal, direct, secret ballot.

Sedentary

In some cases, specific electoral qualifications are established. This is also due to the specifics of the area. For example, in Ireland, a citizen is not allowed to vote if there is no place to sleep. It seems that vagabonds who live under bridges cannot use the right to vote. Formally, it is forbidden to vote for hired agricultural workers who settle on other people's farms. These people do not live in their own homes, so they are denied active suffrage. In a number of countries, it is a prerequisite to be in the area where voting is taking place, constantly for a certain period. This period can be different. For example, in most American states you need to live permanently for 1-2 months, in Germany - 3 months, in France - six months, and in Canada - a year. There are quite logical reasons why such electoral qualifications are established. This is primarily due to the fact that a person, before voting, needs to know the specifics of the area, to feel like a member of the community. This circumstance is especially relevant during elections to territorial power structures. It should be said that even because of the short period of stay in the area, many do not participate in the vote. For example, in America there are a lot of seasonal workers. They move from one place to another during the harvest. These people do not participate in the elections. Citizens who live in trailers (mobile homes) do not exercise their suffrage. According to some reports, there are about 6 million such people. They practically do not take part in the political life of the state.

V modern world most countries do not have gender restrictions. However, this was not always the case. Before the First World War, for example, women were allowed to vote only in some states. These were mainly the Scandinavian countries (Iceland, Finland, Norway, Denmark), New Zealand and Australia. Dutch women were the first to vote. In Great Britain, the sex census was lifted in 1918, in Germany a year later, and in the USA in 1920. After World War II, the lifting of restrictions took place almost everywhere in the world. In 1944, women were allowed to vote in France. In Japan, restrictions were lifted in 1946, in Italy - in 1945. The sex census lasted the longest in Switzerland - until 1971. Although for the first time in this country the question of giving women the opportunity to vote was raised in 1919, its decision was delayed for quite a long period. For almost 50 years, several polls and referendums have been held. But only men took part in them, who opposed the equalization of women in rights. Therefore, the resolution of the issue has been delayed for so long. In some Middle Eastern states, not only women, but also men are prohibited from voting. This is due to the fact that in such countries elections are not provided at all. For example, such a situation in the UAE, Saudi Arabia. In Kuwait, only men vote. In a number of states today there are norms that infringe on the rights of women. For example, in Haiti, they can only vote for local candidates. In Guatemala, there was a rule that only literate women could exercise the right to vote. And men are allowed to vote, regardless of education, ability to read / write. In El Salvador and Costa Rica, there was a regulation that married women could participate in elections from the age of 25, and unmarried women from the age of 30.

Property electoral qualification

It existed for a fairly long time in all states that had a parliament. In these countries, people today called the middle class were allowed to participate in election campaigns. They were determined quite simply - according to the amount of tax paid. The literature noted that those citizens who do not have property, have not achieved a certain position in society, cannot be allowed to manage the affairs of the state. The proletariat, as a rule, was apolitical and illiterate. The workers worked too hard to adequately understand what is happening around them. However, with the improvement of technology and the development of civilization, the reduction in the duration of work shifts, the expansion of the trade union movement, restrictions on property status have become indecent. After the end of the First World War, they were almost everywhere eliminated. Currently, the property qualification is almost non-existent in open form. In a number of states, however, restrictions on the financial situation are established for candidates for deputy. For example, in order to register a presidential nominee in Argentina, you need to provide evidence of a certain amount of annual profit. By this, the candidate confirms that he is striving to take the post not for his own enrichment, but in the name of serving the people. This requirement is still present in the laws of Costa Rica, New Zealand, Mexico, Colombia, Australia.

Additional restrictions

Some countries provide for a qualification for military personnel. Opinions were divided over its fairness. On the one hand, the armies of many countries today are formed on a professional basis, and their numbers are small. Accordingly, the participation or non-participation of soldiers in the voting will not significantly affect the results. At the same time, most often, servicemen are deprived of the passive right. According to a number of authors, this seems to be fair. Service in the Armed Forces should not be burdened with politics. If a citizen wants to participate in government, he will have to give up his military career. In some countries, there are religious qualifications. For example, in Iran, to be nominated for parliament, a citizen must be a Muslim who actively preaches Islam. In this country, about 90% of board members are clergy.

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Situation in Russia

The census of the electoral law of the Russian Federation are rather few. One of the limitations has already been mentioned above. In particular, all citizens over 18 years of age can vote. Electoral qualifications in the Russian Federation include restrictions for presidential candidates, State Duma deputies. The head of state can be a subject who has reached 35 years of age. You can run for the State Duma from the age of 21. Moreover, a presidential candidate must have higher education, know the course of municipal and civil service, as well as the Constitution of the country. In some states, there are so-called moral electoral qualifications. In the Russian Federation, for example, it is prohibited to vote for persons serving a prison sentence. In Art. 48 of the Italian Constitution does not admit to elections subjects who have committed immoral acts specified in the law. It is also prohibited to participate in voting for bankrupts, drug addicts and other subjects whose influence on the election results is considered undesirable by the authorities. In some countries, a ban on the exercise of one's suffrage acts as a punishment. In some cases, the law allows for the suspension of such a legal possibility. For example, this kind of provision is found in the Mexican constitution. According to the law of this country, the ability to vote, as well as stand for election, may be suspended for systematic vagrancy or drunkenness. The corresponding limitation is imposed by the court. Citizenship is another condition for nominating oneself as a candidate in Russia for the highest state positions.

Conclusion

In total, there are about fifty qualifications in the world. All of them are associated with the specifics of the cultural development of a particular state, historical features. Many of them are well founded. For example, educational or age qualifications for persons running for high government positions. Undoubtedly, a person who seeks to take the post of head of the country must have a certain management experience and knowledge. Foreigners cannot use passive suffrage in Russia. This is also quite reasonable, since only its citizens, who permanently reside in it and know it, can manage the affairs of the state. internal organization... Meanwhile, in some countries, there are still norms that infringe on the freedoms of some people living in their territories. This mainly concerns women, who are not always allowed to vote or with certain reservations.

The concept of elections and the principles of electoral law

Elections — these are 1) the highest direct expression of the power of the people (Article 3 of the Constitution), 2) the form of citizens' participation in the management of state affairs (Article 32 of the Constitution) and the form of local self-government (Article 140 of the Constitution).

In direct elections, the common will of the people is expressed through individual voting in the manner prescribed by law. Representative bodies of power are formed in the Russian Federation through direct elections and elected municipal offices are replaced. The elections of the President and the governor are direct.

Types of elections: a) according to the purpose, the elections of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation, representative bodies of the union state are distinguished (held on the basis of the Treaty "On the union state of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus"); elections of deputies to the State Duma; presidential elections; elections to the legislative (representative) authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation; elections to legislative (representative) bodies of local self-government; elections of local government officials; election of justices of the peace; b) on the grounds of appointment - regular elections are allocated (held after the expiration of the term of office of deputies, officials); early (carried out in case of early termination of powers by the authorities); additional (held in case of early termination of the powers of individual deputies); repeated (held when regular, early and additional elections did not take place or were invalidated); c) according to legal significance, they are distinguished - imperative elections (deputies, officials receive a mandate through direct elections or in another way).

Suffrage . This term is used both objectively and subjectively. In an objective sense, electoral law is viewed as a sub-branch (or general institution) of constitutional law. In a subjective sense, suffrage means the right of citizens to elect (active suffrage) and be elected (passive suffrage).

Principles of electoral law in Russia- the fundamental principles that permeate the electoral law and characterize elections as a form of direct democracy.

Principles: 1) universal; 2) equal; 3) direct; 4) secret suffrage

Universality means that all citizens of the Russian Federation, regardless of gender, race, nationality, religion and other qualities, if they have reached the age specified by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, can take part in elections as voters or candidates for one or another elective position (Article 32 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation ). Restrictions on the electoral rights of citizens are not allowed, with the exception of cases stipulated by federal laws (for example, citizens recognized by a court as incompetent or held in places of imprisonment by a court verdict).

Active suffrage census. The prices of active suffrage are defined in the Law "On Basic Guarantees ..." by uniform framework norms. The Russian Federation establishes citizenship qualification, age qualification, legal capacity qualification and moral qualification as qualifications of active suffrage .

According to the census of citizenship, citizens of the Russian Federation are recognized as voters. Foreign citizens and stateless persons are excluded from the number of voters (however, there are exceptions to this rule). The presence of a citizen of the Russian Federation of foreign citizenship (dual citizenship) does not deprive him of his active suffrage. The law allows foreign citizens permanently residing in the Russian Federation to participate in local elections, subject to the conclusion of an appropriate international treaty. The Russian Federation has concluded several similar agreements:

- Agreement between the Russian Federation and Turkmenistan on legal status citizens of the Russian Federation permanently residing in the territory of Turkmenistan and citizens of Turkmenistan permanently residing in the territory of the Russian Federation dated May 18, 1995;

- Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Kyrgyz Republic on the legal status of citizens of the Russian Federation permanently residing in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic and citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic permanently residing in the territory of the Russian Federation dated October 13, 1995,

Also, according to the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus on the creation of the Union State, it is envisaged to hold elections to the House of Representatives, in which both citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of the Republic of Belarus can participate, regardless of whether they reside permanently in the Russian Federation or in Belarus. At the same time, the elections of the first convocation of deputies of the House of Representatives have not been held and are unlikely to take place in the foreseeable future. This agreement de facto canceled the provisions of Art. 18 of the Charter of the Union of Russia and Belarus of May 27, 1997, according to which citizens of Belarus permanently residing in the Russian Federation are entitled to participate in municipal elections. As a result, the citizens of Belarus were denied the right to participate in local elections. However, after the change of leadership in the CEC of the Russian Federation, the situation changed dramatically: according to the CEC of the Russian Federation, paragraph 5 of Art. 14 of the Treaty on the Establishment of the Union State, establishing the equality of citizens of the Union State, presupposes the right of Belarusian citizens to participate in local elections, especially since the Republic of Belarus allowed Russian citizens to vote in similar elections. Therefore, following the principle of reciprocity, the leadership of the CEC of the Russian Federation informally demanded that Belarusian citizens be included in the voter lists. In our opinion, such a decision should be official and based on a specific provision of an international treaty (Clause 5 of Article 14 does not contain such a clear indication, especially since it allows for the establishment of differences in the legal status of citizens in the legislation of the participating States).

According to the requirements of the age qualification, citizens who have reached the age of 18 by the day of voting are vested with active suffrage. If a citizen reaches 18 years of age by voting day, but is not yet an adult, he is still endowed with the right to participate in electoral activities.

In Russia, persons who have been declared legally incompetent by a court (the so-called legal qualification or mental health qualification) are deprived of their voting rights. It should be borne in mind that the deprivation of a citizen of active suffrage is associated with the entry into force of a court decision on recognizing him as incapacitated. Recognition of a citizen by a court as having limited legal capacity in no way does not affect on his status as a voter.

Persons serving sentences in places of deprivation of liberty by a court verdict are also deprived of their voting rights (moral qualification). At the same time, only citizens are deprived of their active suffrage, firstly, those sentenced to real(and not conditional) imprisonment. Secondly, the verdict must enter into legal force. Persons released from places of imprisonment are again recognized as participants in electoral relations. They have a criminal record in no way does not affect on their voter status.

The residence permit has not been formally established, but its provisions still apply. So, in municipal elections, servicemen who are in military units on the territory of municipalities are not entitled to participate if their place of residence is located on the territory of another municipal formation - the provisions of paragraph 5 of Art. 17 of the Law "On Basic Guarantees ...".

Passive suffrage census. As such, the Russian Federation provides for a qualification of citizenship, an age qualification, a qualification of legal capacity, a moral qualification, a qualification of settled and a qualification of ineligibility.

Firstly, citizens of the Russian Federation who have citizenship of a foreign state do not have the right to be elected.

The age qualification for passive suffrage is increased compared to the qualification for active suffrage (to be elected President of the Russian Federation, you must reach the age of 35, to be elected as a deputy of the State Duma, age 21 on the day of the elections). The constitution (charter), the law of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation may establish additional conditions for the exercise by a citizen of the Russian Federation of passive suffrage, associated with the achievement of a citizen of a certain age. A person who has attained the age of 30 can be nominated as a candidate for governor. The established minimum age of a candidate cannot exceed 21 years on the day of voting in elections to the legislative (representative) body of state power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and in elections of the head of a municipal formation. Local representative candidates must have attained 18 years of age by election day. Establishing a maximum age for a candidate is not allowed.

Age qualification

Age qualification is a requirement of the electoral law, according to which the right to participate in elections, reform or hold a certain position is granted only upon reaching a certain age.
In most countries of the world, the age limit for exercising active suffrage is 18 years.
The age limit for the exercise of passive suffrage can be set by lower and upper limits.

See also: Electoral qualifications

• - the requirement of the electoral law, according to which the right to participate in elections, reform or hold a certain position is granted only upon reaching a certain age ...

  Financial vocabulary

• - the age established in the legislation, in the presence of which the right to elect and be elected is granted ...

  Encyclopedia of the Lawyer

• - Establishing the age at which a citizen is given the right to elect and be elected ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Constitutional Law

• - in constitutional law, the age at which you can participate in elections, referendums or hold a certain position ...

  Glossary of legal terms

• - age limit for a particular type of human activity or his ...

  Big Dictionary of Economics

• - ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

• - in electoral law, see Electoral census ...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - B / pr; 109 claim see _ Appendix II I fell ill with an age-related disease. I don't know how this happened, but everything that happens to me, it seems to me, has already happened a long time ago ...

  Dictionary of Russian stresses

• - ...

  Spelling dictionary of the Russian language

• - AGE, -a, ...

  Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

• Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

• - AGE, age, age, and AGE, age, age. adj. to age; age-specific, age-specific. Age groups of the population. Age limit for school enrollment ...

  Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

• - age adj. 1.rel. with noun age associated with him 2. Inherent to any age, characteristic of him. 3. Defined by age. 4. Due to age ...

  Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary

• - age "...

  Russian spelling dictionary

• - ...

  Word forms

• - adj., number of synonyms: 1 middle-aged ...

  Synonym dictionary

"Age qualification" in books

Age qualification