MUNICIPAL SOCIAL POLICY: EXPERIENCE AND WAYS OF REFORM
V.M. Kuzmina
Department of Constitutional, Administrative and Financial Law Peoples' Friendship University of Russia st. Miklukho-Maklaya, 6, 117198, Moscow, Russia
The support in the implementation of municipal social policy should be both those forms of attitude and organization of social space that have already developed and exist, and those that are emerging today. Focusing on the former is especially necessary for working with people and social groups of the middle and. especially for older people, for the latter - with young people.
Linking all levels of municipal policy requires the formation of a clear understanding of the standard of living that can be achieved. The form for presenting such ideas should be local social standards of different levels: the minimum, which should be provided for all residents of the city, and optimal, which can serve as guidelines for various social strata and set guidelines for the activities of municipal services. The formation of ideas about such standards should be unambiguously linked with the formation of ideas about the possibilities and resources of their provision. At the same time, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between federal norms (provided with federal resources), regional (provided with regional resources) and municipal (provided with local resources). All these norms must be mutually balanced (such a balance is one of the mechanisms for interconnecting social policy at the federal, regional and local levels) and presented in the form of a system of regulatory documents that determine the framework and conditions for specific systems of actions aimed at implementing social policy.
Municipal social policy is the distribution of common responsibility for their future and the life of the city, which different participants take on themselves. The independence of participation in the common cause of development is extremely important: local social policy cannot be carried out "from above" and by order, it can only be a policy of mutual agreement and common cause.
In today's conditions of life and activity, local social policy cannot be a policy of social dependence based on the ideology of equal provision of residents with social benefits. The city (and not only in it) simply does not have the resources necessary to implement such a policy. A realistic social policy must necessarily be differentiated, taking into account differences in the orientations and capabilities of different people and social groups. It can and should be a policy of social cooperation, which presupposes the building of such relations between residents, which can ensure the unification of their efforts for the development of the region and life in it. Issues related to social support and the care of socially unprotected groups should be included in this policy as an important, but only part of it. One can count on the solution of these issues only if it is possible to combine the efforts of different people living in the city, to build mechanisms for their neighboring cooperation and interaction.
Social associations should become the subjects of local municipal policy different types... One of the basic social groups, of course, is the family, which is one of the main forms of life organization (as opposed to production activity). Other forms are associated with various associations of people: according to interests, gender and age, national and confessional affiliation, etc. The search for opportunities for the use of internal resources of such forms is one of the main guidelines of municipal social policy. Such a search requires, first of all, a careful analysis of the interests, orientations and capabilities of various social groups (today we are not even able to estimate, for example, what amount of payment for utility, medical, educational, etc. services is able to withstand the family budget, not to mention already about how to really ensure the targeting of social assistance and differentiation of payments for the same utilities). An important component of municipal social policy is the real involvement of different social groups in its development and implementation. In this regard, the development of various forms of social
territorial self-government: street and district committees, condominiums and other forms of housing associations, consumer cooperation bodies, neighborhoods, cultural and religious associations, self-help groups, etc. It is also important to initiate the formation of new social groups and associations, promoting the processes of social identification and growing new subjects of municipal social policy. In accordance with the Federal Law "On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation", the local self-government bodies provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the aforementioned federal law were to be elected throughout Russia by January 1, 1997. Unfortunately, this provision has not been fully implemented. In more than 1/4 of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipal elections were not held within the specified time frame. However, at present, in more than 14 thousand municipalities located in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government is carried out in forms that basically meet the requirements of federal legislation. At the same time, it still cannot be stated that the requirement of the Federal Law "On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" on the implementation of local self-government throughout the territory of the Russian Federation has been implemented. In a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation; including in * the republics of Bashkortostan, Kalmykia, Sakha (Yakutia), Tyva. Khakassia, Stavropol Territory. In the Kursk, Novosibirsk, Omsk regions, in certain territories, namely in a number of large cities, local self-government is not carried out. Particular attention is also paid to Article 15 of the Constitution, which established the obligation for local self-government bodies to comply with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and laws. Speaking extremely briefly about the essence of local self-government, we can say that the presence of local self-government implies that in the country, along with the interests of the individual and the interests of the state, local (municipal) interests are also recognized and guaranteed - interests related to the solution of issues of direct support of the population's life. At the same time, municipal interests are considered as having independent significance, and not as a special case of manifestation of state interests. Thus, local self-government is a form of democracy that protects the common interests of citizens arising from living in a certain local territory, from the necessity and inevitability of interaction between the inhabitants of this territory. Local self-government is the most important element of a democratic state structure, it is no coincidence that the provision on the guarantee of local self-government is set out in Chapter I "Fundamentals of the Constitutional System" of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. From the establishment of the need for the existence of local self-government at the constitutional level, it follows that the state significance of local interests is recognized as the official state policy of Russia.
The problem of exercising authority over the issues of direct support of the population's life is linked to the problem of exercising individual human and civil rights. The Russian Constitution (Article 18) established that human and civil rights and freedoms determine the activities of state power and local self-government. With regard to local self-government, this norm is not so much an additional requirement as an expression of the essence of this form of democracy. The European Charter of Local Self-Government (Article 4) speaks of local self-government as a power as close as possible to citizens. Solving issues of local importance, creating conditions for meeting the daily needs of each person individually and of the population as a whole - this is the realization of one of the key human and civil rights in a democratic society - the right to a dignified life. The level of guarantee of this right can be considered as an indicator of the level of development of democracy in the state.
The process of deploying the practice of local self-government, the further, the more it runs into the internal uncertainty of the legislation regarding the distinction between state and municipal principles of local self-government, the lack of clarity about where the state ends and where the municipal functions of the power begin. If the speech is conducted not in the language of legal definitions, but in the language of management practice, then in many cases the subjects of jurisdiction of these types of government and the form of its government (administrative leadership in the executive branch and the procedures of representative government) coincide to the point of indistinguishability. There is also no clear understanding of the procedure for delegating authority from
state power to the municipal, which, for example, is the municipal committee on education: the former Soviet GORONO, subordinate to OBLONO and the Ministry of General and vocational education, or an independent municipal body fully responsible for the development of the municipal educational process?
The potential for civil mobilization of corporate and professional communities, one way or another connected with social work with the population (scientific and technical, educational, medical, environmental, law enforcement, and others), is little appreciated - and even less used. In contrast to the current trade unions, which are predominantly engaged in protecting the social interests of their members, these communities are able - from their inherent professional traditions - to solve the problem of protecting their professional interests, and through their protection - the interests of the population. The experience of some regions and municipalities shows that where representatives of corporate and professional communities actively participate in the work of representative authorities, the relevant problems of the social sphere are solved quite effectively. The process of formation of local self-government has reached a point where the question of a fuller and deeper professionalization of the entire field of social work in local communities is quite acute. This has already become quite obvious for such less professionalized occupations as social and pedagogical work (at school and in the city), as social work within the committees of territorial public self-government, as the work of local authorities in public relations (not to mention such specialized types works like social design and programming of municipal processes).
Thus, we can state that, firstly, the situation is changing today. The centralized state influence (both organizational, economic and ideological) has greatly weakened. Subjects of activity of various kinds, scales and levels were given the opportunity to independently determine the direction and form of their activity. Independence, the ability to self-sufficiency, entrepreneurial activity - of individual people, social groups, enterprises as a whole - have become the distinguishing features. All of them actually become subjects of activity, have the opportunity and are forced to make independent decisions, determine the horizons, directions and paths of their own development.
This leads to internal differentiation of both activity and sociocultural space. The functions of enterprises are concentrated on their economic and production activities, the "social and household sector" is sharply discarded as inconsistent with the basic nature of their activities. At the same time, it turns out that the city most often turns out to be unable to accept this cargo, since the entire previous period lived, serving the production and being its continuation. In addition, the transfer of social and social and cultural facilities to the city, as well as social work itself, is not accompanied by the transfer of funds necessary to support them. The funds at the disposal of production are often not enough even for the production itself, and, in addition, the enterprise today is focused on managing these funds for their own needs. State funds, which were previously directed to the development of the social and cultural sphere through the support of production, today do not fall into the required amount at the disposal of the city. As a result, the city, unexpectedly of the day itself, having become a real subject of the development of the social sphere, does not have the necessary funds for this.
Secondly, the nature of the tasks facing the bodies of city administration has fundamentally changed: they have taken over a number of issues that they had not previously solved. As a result, today's local self-government bodies are forced to deal with the social consequences of changes, the origins of which lie far beyond their capabilities, a whole set of new areas of activity appears that did not exist before, problems for which there are no solutions.
Third, the social structure of society has changed: the nature of social
differentiation, the composition of influential social groups, the attitude of people to the social structure.
At the same time, the nature of changes in managerial ideas about the processes taking place in the social sphere often lags far behind these processes themselves. Landmarks defining social policy at different levels, as before, are built on the basis of the idea of the homogeneity of social space. Hence the lack of targeting of this policy and the low level of its internal differentiation ™.
Almost everywhere - at the level of the population, the city government itself, enterprises, subjects of the federation or the federation as a whole - there is no adequate understanding of the tasks of local government bodies. As before, the prevailing attitude towards them as to the authorities, the main task of which is related to the implementation of attitudes, and orders coming to them from the outside, and not as local self-government bodies, independently identifying and solving their specific tasks.
Fourthly, the key element in the implementation of local self-government is to ensure the economic independence of local self-government within the limits of the exercise by the municipal authorities of their own powers. The very obvious fact that people live not just in the country, but in a specific settlement, brings to the fore the problems of raising the economy of municipalities. One of the resources for the development of the local community is the multipolar configuration of the federal-country, regional and municipal identities of various social groups of the population and the local community as a whole.
For modern stage Russia's development is characterized by complex and contradictory reform processes in all spheres public life... The most important role in modern transformations belongs to the reform of local self-government. The realization that local self-government is a necessary element of a democratic state governed by the rule of law has already occurred at all political and social levels of our society. Therefore, the creation of an effective system of local self-government is on this moment major scientific and social problem.
Our country has accumulated a wealth of experience in the activities of local government bodies, especially in such well-known forms as zemstvos and Soviets of Working People's Deputies. Over the long years of their existence, certain traditions have developed in the organization of local government, which are deeply rooted in the consciousness of Russian society.
One of the defining characteristics can be considered the predominant role of the state in the organization of local self-government. Experience shows that all initiatives to create and change the local governance system came "from above" and under the control of the government. State interests manifested themselves in the formation of local bodies, elections to which were accompanied by certain restrictions - property-curial, or class. The organizational structures of local government have changed significantly over the course of Russian history. Nevertheless, the general tendency of all the systems created was the desire to strengthen the executive power in comparison with the representative one. Local administration has always played a large role in guiding the activities of other bodies. The legislative support of local self-government did not aim to clearly define the competence of local authorities. The limits of their powers were rather vague, and the list of responsibilities was much wider than the list of rights. The activities of local bodies usually did not go beyond the solution of pressing socio-economic issues of the development of the territories subordinate to them, but the results of their work were assessed by the degree of fulfillment of state duties and state plans. Considering the characteristics listed above, neither the zemstvos nor the Soviets can be called "self-governing" in the modern sense of the word, but they can be regarded as specific, traditionally Russian forms of local self-government. The historical experience of Russia and world practice contain many different models of local self-government, differing in the degree of democracy, the nature of relations with central authorities, the breadth of managerial powers, which was influenced by the peculiarities of the state political system, political traditions. There is no universal model of organizing governance at the local level that could be successfully implemented in today's reality. Therefore, it is necessary to search for a reasonable compromise of traditions, borrowings and certain innovations in local government. This search for a new, optimal organization of local power has been going on in our country since the mid-1980s, along with the beginning of radical changes in ideology, public consciousness, and the political system. With the beginning of "perestroika" in the spring of 1985, changes were outlined towards the democratization of the life of Soviet society. At the first stage, it was about "accelerating" socialist development, about strengthening the state without affecting the foundations of the Soviet system. But gradually a new reform strategy was developed, in the center of which was the political democratization of society. The undoubted merit of the initiators of the reforms was an objective analysis of the political situation in society. Increased criticism of the command and control system required
putting forward an alternative development model. The main direction of the reform of the political system was the creation of a new concept of socialist self-government of the people, which became the subject of active discussion in political and scientific circles. The main provisions of the created concept read: socialist self-government forms a single multi-level system for the whole country; should develop within the framework of the state organization: over time, it should develop into non-political communist public self-government. Local government was perceived as the primary level of this system.
The main role in the created concept was assigned to the Soviets of People's Deputies, as the main link in socialist self-government. The task was to ensure their sovereignty and revive their essence. Based on this, an extensive legislative base was created, contributing to the democratization of the Soviets, improving their organization and activities. The first step of the reform was the democratization of the electoral system, the main principles of which were alternativeness, competition, and publicity of election campaigns. Due to this, the composition of the Soviets was renewed, the principle of their formation was qualitatively changed, but the main thing is that society has an opportunity to freely express various opinions. The internal organization of local Soviets, the style and methods of their work also underwent a restructuring. There was a reduction in the staff, rationalization of the work of sessions and commissions, expansion of the powers of representative bodies, increased transparency in their activities. Particularly progressive was the legislative renewal of the economic foundations of the Soviets' activities, the expansion of their material and financial base. Local self-government was officially declared and guaranteed in 1990. The first results of the reform were encouraging, but at the same time, its implementation was accompanied by many difficulties and negative phenomena. The general legal and economic instability in the country was aggravated by the legacy of the previous era and the remnants of the command and control system of government. Affected by resistance from the conservative forces, persistent bureaucracy, inertia of thinking, the habit of old methods of government, the low general level of political culture of the masses in the absence of democratic traditions. All this could not be eliminated only by the adoption of appropriate legislative acts. In addition, in the course of the "perestroika" of the Soviets itself, a lot of certain miscalculations, mistakes, and unsuccessful experiments were made. As a result, the problems of replacing Soviet bodies with party ones, the dependence of representative institutions on the administrative apparatus, replacing the sectoral management system with a territorial one, optimizing the quantitative and qualitative composition of deputies, etc., remained virtually unresolved.
MUNICIPAL SOCIAL POLICY: EXPERIENCE AND WAYS OF REFORMING
The Department of Constitutional, Administrative and Financial Law Russian University of Peoples ’Friendship Mikluho-Maklaya str. 6, 117198, Moscow, Russia
Improving the social policy of the municipality in modern conditions (on the example of the city of Ramenskoye, Moscow region)
FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY
State educational institution of higher professional education
"RUSSIAN
STATE HUMANITARIAN UNIVERSITY "
INSTITUTE OF ECONOMY, GOVERNANCE AND LAW
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS
Department of Economic Theories
Graduate work
Improving social policy
municipality in modern conditions
(on the example of the city of Ramenskoye, Moscow region)
Moscow 2010
social policy employment education
Introduction
Theoretical aspects of the formation of the social policy of the city
1 The essence of social policy, its goals
3 Methods for the implementation of social policy
4 Features of the formation of social policy of the city
5 Financial measures of social policy of the city
6 The main directions of social policy of the city in foreign countries
Practical implementation and improvement of social policy of the city of Ramenskoye, Moscow region
1 Characteristics of the city of Ramenskoye
2 Measures of social policy in the field of employment, social support of the population
3 Activities of social policy in the field of health
4 Social policy measures in the field of education and housing
5 Other areas of social policy
Conclusion
List of sources and literature used
Introduction
Economic reforms in Russia have provided an opportunity for many citizens to independently provide themselves with a decent standard of living. Opportunities for entrepreneurship are open, allowing citizens to receive additional income. At the same time, social development during the transition period is accompanied by the exacerbation of traditional and the emergence of new problems. Ignoring the role of social factors in economic development led to a significant drop in real incomes of the population, a sharp property stratification of society.
The transition period to market relations marks a new stage in the socio-economic development of Russia. At the same time, being progressive, in fact, it gave rise to processes that, even in the Western world, became manageable only decades later.
The ongoing transformations, which disrupted the economic order that had existed for more than half a century, affected the fundamental interests of the entire population and required the urgent formation of a fundamentally new social policy. The difficulty lies in the fact that social policy cannot be guided by short-term tasks, it must determine strategic directions, which, of course, can be subject to tactical adjustments, but on the whole it must be coherent, reasonable, rational and effective and be formed taking into account historical conditions and national characteristics, politics and economic situation, cultural traditions. In addition, social policy is conservative and innovative. Conservatism lies in the fact that it preserves what has already been achieved in the social sphere and transfers it to those who need social intervention. Innovativeness is that politics must adapt social structures to the changes taking place.
In the conditions of Russia, this means that the existing experience and the existing infrastructure should be used to the maximum, which will serve as the basis for the formation of a new concept of social security.
In the formation of social strategy and policy, the political aspect of social protection is of particular importance. Any social support activities and social assistance measures should be planned to support the political line, support the government's reform agenda, and not weaken or discredit it.
Social policy is a powerful lever through which the state can exert a significant influence on social processes, changing the necessary cases their focus, intensity, qualitative and quantitative characteristics.
In modern Russia there is still no unified social and legal policy, because decisions are sometimes made hastily, inconsistently, spontaneously; there is no monitoring of all positive and negative in the development of regional legislation; the authorities work not with the causes, but with the consequences, they cannot keep up with the situation. The most important problem is that modern social policy is carried out largely in isolation from real social relations, without taking into account the laws of the legal life of Russian society. This was clearly demonstrated by the unsuccessful practice of implementing the Federal Law "On Amendments to Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with the Adoption of the Federal Law" On General Principles of Organization of Legislative (Representative) and Executive Bodies of State Power of Subjects of the Russian Federation "and" On General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in RF "No. 122-FZ dated August 22, 2004. Attention was drawn to this fact in the Resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of April 13, 2005 "On the preliminary results of the implementation in the first quarter of 2005 of the Federal Law of August 22, 2004", in the Report of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation for 2004.
The state, as the main institution of power, was unable to create conditions (economic, legal, organizational) to increase the responsibility of citizens themselves for their own material well-being, and in this situation it could not come up with anything better than to abruptly - and not always justifiably - reduce the number of citizens who have the right on the social protection of the state, replacing the previous benefits in kind with nominal monetary payments, which are in no way capable of replacing the right to these benefits.
State, in the 90s. which was in crisis and at the same time unreasonably establishing social support measures, as a result of which it took on a huge burden of social and economic functions, was unable to cope with the ensuing tasks, while blocking the development of civil society structures. As V.V. Putin in his message to the Federal Assembly: “Great hopes of millions of people were associated with the changes in the early 90s, but neither the authorities, nor business did not justify their hopes. In other words, in recent years we have purposefully worked to smooth out those imbalances in state construction and in the social sphere that have arisen. " Social protection of the population cannot be effective without developed institutions of civil society. The creation and further development of civil society institutions implies a rejection of the rigid centralization of state administration, in matters of improving social protection of the population, regional and municipal systems of social protection of the population come to the fore.
The sphere of preferential regulation in the Russian Federation is a kind of "minefield" where it is necessary to act extremely carefully and thoughtfully. In a country where the poor make up one fifth of the population (about 30 million people), which ranks 60th in the world in terms of living standards, any miscalculations of the legislator can lead to a social explosion. In Russia, benefits are not just a legal means, but one of the most complex, powerful in nature and degree of influence of social regulators, which at all times were actively used to carry out certain transformations in society.
As the President noted in his Address to the Federal Assembly: “I believe that social responsibility should be the basis of the activities of both officials and business representatives, and they must remember that the people are the source of Russia's well-being and prosperity. The state is obliged to do so that this was not in words, but in deeds. I am convinced that we cannot solve any of the urgent tasks facing our country without ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens, without the effective organization of the state itself, without the development of democracy and civil society. "
The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that the social policy pursued in the country needs modernization and urgent measures are needed to implement the laws of the Russian Federation, allocate funds and gradually provide social guarantees to the population on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The transformation of society in the economic, cultural, and social spheres has given rise to a lot of problems and posed many-sided tasks. At present, various methods of regional policy are being formed, social programs are being developed at the level of local self-government, and social partnership is being activated.
The significance of the research lies in the generalization of the experience of the development of the social sphere in municipal cities, which is insufficiently covered and promoted. All this can be in demand for solving the tasks that the Russian Federation as a social state sets itself.
The decline in the well-being of the population is unacceptable not only for humane reasons, but also for economic reasons, as it undermines incentives for effective activity. Therefore, social guarantees from the state are the most important factors in Russia's successful transition to market relations.
The purpose of the thesis is to study the theoretical aspects of the formation of social policy at the federal and regional levels and the development of measures to improve it on the example of the city of Ramenskoye, Moscow region.
The main objectives of the thesis are:
To study the essence, basic principles and categories of social policy, its relationship with social work.
to analyze the social policy in relation to certain categories of the population (family, youth policy, policy towards the elderly and the disabled);
consider the implementation of social policy on the example of the city of Ramenskoye, Moscow region;
based on the study, formulate recommendations and develop proposals for improving social policy in the Ramensky district of the Moscow region.
The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the materials can be used to form social policy at the municipal level, to create its regulatory and legal framework. The methodological basis in the thesis study was scientific methods of collecting information: sociological, statistical, historical.
The subject of the final qualifying work is the social policy of the city. The object of the study is the city of Ramenskoye, Moscow region. The structure of the work is presented by an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of used sources and literature, appendices.
CHAPTER 1. Theoretical aspects of the formation of the social policy of the city
1 The essence of social policy, its goals
Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation defines our country as a social state, the policy of which should be aimed at creating conditions that ensure a dignified life and free human development. "The welfare state is a characteristic (principle) related to the constitutional and legal status of the state, which presupposes the constitutional guarantee of economic and social rights and freedoms of man and citizen and the corresponding obligations of the state."
Social policy is a part of the general policy of the state, which concerns relations between social groups, between society as a whole and its members, associated with changes in the social structure, an increase in the well-being of citizens, an improvement in their lives, and the satisfaction of their material and spiritual needs.
An extended analysis of the literature shows the presence of a large number of interpretations of the term "social policy", the most typical of them.
The Russian Sociological Encyclopedia states that “social policy is one of the main spheres of political activity of the state, political parties, public organizations that are subjects of politics, the purpose of which is the development of classes, social groups, social strata, national or other ethnic communities, linguistic groups, confessional groups, as well as the development of ... a person. "
R. Barker's Dictionary of Social Work, widely spread both abroad and in recent years in our country, gives a detailed definition: “Social policy is the activity and principle of society, which forms the way in which it intervenes and regulates relations between individuals, groups, communities, social institutions. These principles and actions are the result of the customs and values of a society and to a large extent determine the distribution of resources and the level of well-being of its people. ”
Here we can highlight the point of view of P.D. Pavlenka, in whose opinion the social policy of the state is a certain orientation and a system of measures to optimize the social development of society, relations between social and other groups, the creation of certain conditions to meet the vital needs of their representatives ”. This definition is one of those that interpret the phenomenon under consideration rather broadly, possibly including the content of other types of policy.
From the point of view of political and legal interpretation, V.M. Kapitsyn: “Social policy” in the broad sense of the word means the control action of the state based on a system of rules (norms), regulatory structures that make decisions and organize activities that contribute to the involvement of various actors in political processes. The purpose of such an impact is to promote the formation of a community of interests of broad strata of the population and thereby consolidate society, seeking their support for the activities of the state. " What is important here is that the author emphasizes the administrative content of the state's social policy.
The connection between social policy and social security is emphasized in the work of V.V. Kolkov, who formulated the following definition: "Social policy is a causal, situational, dynamic in form and orientation activity for the practical organization of social security of people seeking to realize their needs and interests in society."
Among the most complex is the definition of I.A. Grigorieva, which reads: “Social policy is the activity of the state and / or society (public institutions) to harmonize the interests of various social groups and socio-territorial communities in the field of production, distribution and consumption, allowing the interests of these groups to be aligned with human interests and long-term goals society ".
This definition is based on an extremely broad interpretation of social policy, which includes practically all the vital activity of society and does not leave anything outside its framework. In this approach, all other varieties of politics appear as constituent parts of the social one.
From the point of view of I.M. Lavrenenko: "Social policy is an activity to manage the social sphere of society, designed to ensure the life and reproduction of new generations, to create the preconditions for the stability and development of the social system and a decent life for people."
On the one hand, social policy is the art of combining human interests, the interests of individuals and the state, various levels of human communities, groups in the sphere of social relations, on the other hand, it is a system of constantly renewed interactions between state power, non-state structures, the individual himself on issues of life support and development. person.
An analysis of the above views of various authors on the essence of social policy shows that each of the above positions reflects one of the sides of the truth.
Based on the above, we can formulate a definition: social policy is a set of ideological ideas of society and the state about the goals of social development and activities to achieve social indicators that meet these goals.
When considering the content of social policy, one can focus on a broad approach: everything that is not natural, that is developed in the process of human social practice, belongs to the social. A narrower point of view is that distinguishes between the sphere of production and non-production, endowing this latter with the status of the social sphere.
The difference in approaches to determining the content of social policy is reflected in the variety of indicators of social statistics: they give that set of indicators of social development of society, which is the goal of social policy, representing the social mechanism of the economic system.
Thus, in the United States, the statistics of the social sphere, reflected at the federal and state levels, include: health care, social security, education, employment, income, housing conditions, free time and entertainment, demographic characteristics of the population.
The conceptual diagram of UN indicators of social statistics includes sections: population; social structure of society; family and life; income and family savings; standard of living; healthcare; food consumption; living conditions; education and culture; working conditions and employment; living conditions of the rural population; social Security; maintenance and upbringing of children; disabled people; elderly and retired people; moral statistics; public funds.
V.V. Kolkov, on the basis of an analysis of the activities of modern social states, argues that the structure-forming elements of social policy are social security, social assistance, social protection, and social work.
According to I.A. Grigorieva, social policy is aimed at helping the poor and fighting poverty, developing social insurance, working with young people, stimulating employment, and promoting the transfer of benefit recipients to the category of economically and socially independent individuals.
An analysis of the above views of various authors on the content of social policy allows us to identify the main directions of social policy, reflecting its specifics:
1. Population income policy (standard of living, consumer basket, welfare).
2. Policy in the field of labor and labor relations (wages, labor protection and social insurance, employment of the population).
3. Social support and protection of the disabled and low-income strata of the population (pensions, social services, social guarantees).
4. The main directions of development of social sectors (health care, education, science, culture, physical culture and sports).
5. Socioecological policy.
6. Policy in the field of modern infrastructure (housing, transport, roads, communications, trade and consumer services).
7. Migration policy (forced migration, protection of the rights and interests of compatriots abroad, external labor migration).
8. Policy in relation to certain categories of the population (family, youth policy, policy in relation to the elderly and disabled).
Reasonable social policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a dignified life and free development of a person, a citizen of a democratic society. Man, his rights and freedoms are the highest value. And the recognition, observance and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms is considered the most important duty of the state.
The main goal of social policy is to improve the well-being of the population, reduce poverty and inequality. This task of social policy should be solved in close unity with the economic policy of the state.
Economic and social policies are inextricably linked, and the goals and objectives of one cannot be successfully achieved without the implementation of the goals and objectives of the other. First, the modern economy requires a skilled workforce. Secondly, the incomes of the population form effective demand, and the latter is the main engine of growth in a market economy. Increasing prosperity is thus not only a result, but also an absolutely necessary prerequisite for economic growth. This situation in itself raises social tasks to the rank of priorities.
The following main directions of social policy can be distinguished:
The income policy is designed to intensify the labor efforts of the population, direct them to reviving the sectors that are key for the progress of the national economy: science, the education system, health care, the high-tech industry, which are now acquiring decisive importance. After all, it is the introduction of high technologies based on new knowledge that gives an unprecedented reduction in the cost of products and services. Thus, the United States and the EU countries spend from 2.3 to 2.6% of GNP specifically on scientific research. Russia, on the other hand, has reduced its previously small (compared to the West) costs of financing science by more than half: to 0.23% in 2000.
State income policy should create incentives for employees to work efficiently in key sectors of the economy for economic growth. This will help to stop the outflow of the best personnel abroad and to the private sector of the economy, where their potential is in most cases used for other purposes. We need more significant and substantiated intersectoral and intrasectoral differentiation wages, overcoming the equalization, and often the arbitrariness of employers in the remuneration of employees.
The social protection system should guarantee a certain socially acceptable level of per capita income for the most needy members of society. As for active measures to overcome disparities in wages, it is advisable to start with improving the wage system for public sector employees.
Minimum standards in the field of incomes of the population should be guaranteed by the state at a socially acceptable level (minimum wages, minimum pensions, guaranteed per capita income). This is the only way to at least stop the destruction of the industries on which the future of the country depends.
The most important place in social policy (as well as in economic and industrial policy) should be occupied by the problem of maintaining and ensuring social and labor relations. Labor must be provided with its place of basic social value.
In this direction, social policy includes measures to promote employment of the population. In modern conditions, this activity is possible only within the framework of the principle of social partnership, i.e. on the basis of cooperation with entrepreneurs (employers) and trade unions (associations of employees). In addition to maintaining existing and creating new jobs, one of the ways to find "income-generating employment" is to promote self-employment, the organization of small businesses on a family or neighborhood basis. Of course, the main thing in such activities is the individual initiative of potential entrepreneurs, but the regional administration can support it by providing the most favorable starting conditions, creating a positive regulatory and investment climate, protecting against criminals, and providing regional social orders.
An internationally recognized social technology for helping an unemployed individual is additional training or retraining in order to acquire a new specialty or specialization that is more in line with the requirements of the time. Employment services are actively implementing this type of social support.
The function of labor protection has always been one of the most important areas of state activity, but in the conditions of the emergence of many private employers, it has become acute. At present, the desire for immediate savings, the weakening of the controlling role of the state sometimes leads to the fact that labor protection is not given due attention, outdated and dangerous equipment is slowly being replaced by new ones. This requires not only constant checks, joint control with trade unions, but also regional stimulation of employers implementing technologies that increase labor safety, promotion of labor protection measures, training of personnel in such knowledge and technologies.
At this stage, social policy includes structural elements: social security, social assistance, social protection, social services and, accordingly, social work.
Undoubtedly, the central place in modern conditions is directly occupied by the policy of social protection of the population.
A legitimate question arises: why in modern society there is a need for social protection of the population, from what and from whom to protect? From the consequences of natural and man-made disasters; from biological and social risk factors, including atypical demographic behavior: having many children, loneliness, poverty, etc. Thus, social protection, like social policy, applies to all categories of the population, including its able-bodied part.
Social protection can be carried out in monetary form in the form of pensions and benefits, in kind, as well as through the provision of various kinds of services to persons who are the object of social protection. It can be both compensatory and preventative.
Effective social protection presupposes the implementation of a policy that adequately responds to the social well-being of people, capable of capturing the growth of social discontent and social tension, and preventing possible conflicts and radical forms of protest.
A) The health of the nation. Health is one of the basic and irreplaceable social values. Its lack or absence cannot be fully compensated for by any other benefits or values. The rights of individuals in the field of health protection are recognized by international law. Health policy can also be implemented exclusively by the entire system of government, and not only by health authorities.
An important factor in health is the level and quality of nutrition, which must be rational, balanced, and meet the individual characteristics of individuals, their age and the nature of their activities. This aspect of health primarily affects social policy as a whole, since the mandatory social minimums guaranteed by the state must provide the minimum funds necessary for the normal reproduction of the labor force and the development of the individual.
The sanitary condition of the territory and the quality of health care play an important role in the field of health care. The weakening of manageability at all levels, the loss of control over the observance of public service standards and the quality of products lead to a constant increase in infectious diseases and separate outbreaks of such diseases.
b) Education. Education is one of the inalienable attributes of modern society, its adequate level determines the degree of an individual's ability to achieve success, to fully participate in social development. Education makes an important contribution not only to the dissemination of knowledge, but also to the formation of the personality of students, the upbringing of individuals who meet the needs of society.
Our country has accumulated rich traditions of the development of education at various levels. In the conditions of the current socio-economic crisis in Russia, the development of education, its adaptation to the requirements of social reality and at the same time the preservation of the traditions of fundamental education accumulated over decades and centuries of previous history are among the most important areas of social policy. The educational structure itself is a rather complex phenomenon, since it includes institutions of a state, municipal and non-state nature. Their goal is both to provide children and adults with educational opportunities and vocational training. The system of educational institutions covers various elements: from preschool education to postgraduate levels. In addition, there are various types of additional education.
c) Organization of leisure. Throughout all the years of the history of the USSR, the development of cultural and leisure activities was carried out according to the principle when the infrastructure of leisure was aimed not only at recreation, restoration of expended energy, entertainment, but primarily at the education and upbringing of the population. The commercial success of leisure activities is secondary. On the contrary, the state allocated significant funds for the creation and maintenance of theaters and the film industry, stadiums and libraries, museums and houses of culture. Most of them provided their services free of charge or for a fee affordable for the population.
Insufficient attention in the last decade to the cultural, educational, unprofitable side of leisure activities, the commercialization of this branch of the social sphere has led to the fact that the population of our country experiences certain difficulties in accessing good rest. The very ratio of employed and free time has changed in an unfavorable direction: people who have a job seek to keep it or find additional income. Therefore, the opportunity to relax on weekends is reduced, to fully use the vacation.
Rest can also be seen as a means of reducing social tension, a factor in the prevention of interpersonal and group conflicts.
In addition, the development of mass physical culture for all segments of the population, including the poor, is also part of the social policy of modern states.
A very important and large-scale factor of health is the state of the environment in the aggregate of its natural and anthropogenic conditions.
It is necessary to develop and implement a social policy in the field of ecology (socioecological policy) in an anti-crisis version. It is possible that the curtailment of heavy industry in a number of cases makes it possible to optimize the economic structure of territories with benefits both for the social sphere and for nature: the development of recreational activities, social tourism has made it possible for many countries to find a way out of the crisis they are experiencing and achieve a high standard of living of the population.
Socioecological policy is a general function of state (primarily regional) management. Within its framework, a balance must be constantly maintained between the conservation of nature and its use. An ecological section appeared for the first time in the Concept of Socio-Economic Development of the Moscow Region for 1997-2005, which testifies to the understanding of the importance of the problems of the relationship between society and nature, the need to develop optimal ways to solve these complex problems.
A) Housing. Housing policy is an essential element of ensuring social development, and is seriously connected not only with the economy, but also with the ideology of the socio-economic orientation of the country's movement. The definition of the goals of housing policy, the means and methods of achieving it depends on the adoption of this or that ideology, of this or that direction of development. The planned economy has repeatedly proclaimed the goal of providing each family with a separate home. However, within its framework, there was an irreparable contradiction: the guaranteed provision of housing was associated with the duration of its waiting and modest quality indicators. An unregulated market economy rejects the obligations of the state to citizens to provide housing, but it makes it possible to purchase it on market conditions, and in such terms and of such quality that the consumer can afford. The contradiction of this model of housing policy lies in the fact that the overwhelming majority of the population has incomes that absolutely do not allow satisfying housing needs on a market basis. It should be noted that most types of social states pursue a housing policy that stipulates the provision of cheap municipal housing to their low-income citizens.
b) Transport. The transport infrastructure of a modern city as a single system consists of elements of external and intracity transport, interacting with each other and ensuring the smooth functioning of urban structures. Transport infrastructure is a complex organism that functions as a result of continuous improvement of management by municipal and state authorities.
The organization of route transportation, despite the changes that have occurred in the socio-economic structure of the Russian Federation, is a priority in the implementation of the social policy of cities. Route organization of movement is subject, first of all, to all types of passenger, as well as freight and special transport. This approach reduces the overall cost of maintaining urban transport networks and optimizes the traffic load on the city's road network. The city's transport system must ensure uninterrupted, safe, timely movement of people and goods.
c) Consumer services. In modern conditions, consumer services, which in the recent past had handicraft workshops, have become a branch of the national economy with an appropriate industrial material and technical base - industrial enterprises, production associations and combines with high-performance machines and mechanisms.
With the social development of technical progress, as well as the improvement of the material well-being of the population, the importance of socially organized forms of satisfying the material and spiritual needs of people increases.
Together with other branches of the service sector (with trade, public catering, housing and communal services), consumer services enterprises are gradually replacing individual elements of the household with large-scale social production and organized services for many aspects of everyday life. It is of great importance for the development of the countryside in economic and cultural terms, as well as for slowing down the process of migration of the rural population to the cities. Expanded public services help improve the use of free time by workers, raise their cultural level and better organize recreation.
Russia is one of the states that are characterized by the main types of migration problems. The migration situation in our country is characterized by a fairly large flow of migrants, among which a certain proportion are refugees and internally displaced persons. At the same time, the issues of access to the country of unwanted and illegal migrants, “brain drain” from our country and a number of problems of internal migration are quite acute.
It is required to develop a code of migration laws regulating all aspects of territorial movements of the population in the new, not yet fully formalized conditions of statehood.
A long-term program "Migration" is being developed, in accordance with which refugees are settled in pre-selected regions, where the system of their arrangement has been thought out in advance, the infrastructure of social protection has been created, the required financial, material, technical and human resources have been calculated, the sources of their support have been determined, including by attracting funds from the world community, governmental and non-governmental organizations.
There is an obvious close relationship between the state migration policy and the state policy of regulating the employment of the population. It is the situation on the labor market that creates either the need for an inflow of additional labor, including through migration, or determines the need for an immigration outflow from crisis and depressed areas with a high level of unemployment.
A well-thought-out migration policy should become part of the geopolitical and economic strategy of the Russian Federation for the coming years. The goal of this policy is to find a balance between the security of the State and economic expediency in the interests of the citizen, on the one hand, and the long-term interests of the Russian State in the context of the globalization of the world community, on the other.
8. Social policy in relation to specially allocated categories often has funding specifically defined in the budget, and if not one hundred percent, but regular allocation of funds.
However, the identification of individual blocks in the structure of social policy has its own difficulties. It is assumed that the target of such a specific social policy is the most in need of assistance categories of the population: vulnerable, socially “weak”. However, the subjective idea of social “weakness”, adopted at the level of decision-making, does not always coincide with the objective content of this concept, especially at the present time, when it is difficult to single out a socially “strong” category in our country. The problems of the elderly population of Russia remain complex: the situation of the elderly has a shocking emotional and psychological impact on every person. However, a close study of this issue shows that objectively the most vulnerable category in Russia is the children's generation, whose difficult social situation leaves an imprint on the process of their development and then on their entire future life. Of course, the focus on one category of citizens in need, or on a small number of them, is largely due to the lack of socio-economic resources, the impossibility of organizing an all-encompassing social policy, and the desire to ensure the survival of especially vulnerable groups. However, this approach, situationally explainable in a crisis and even productive, from the point of view of concentrating the resources of various departments on the problem of a particular social group, may result in the absence of a unified social policy, fragmentation of social efforts in certain areas, which limits their effectiveness.
It can be said that this approach is more focused on the survival of certain groups of the population than on the social development of the whole society.
3 Methods for the implementation of social policy
For the implementation of social policy, there are federal structures of legislative and executive power. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation has the right to initiate legislation, which develops and submits for approval to parliament a significant number of the most important bills in the social sphere. Determining the country's development strategy, the Government of the Russian Federation seeks to ensure the growth of cash incomes of the population and reduce their differentiation based on an increase in wages, increase the share of wages in the gross domestic product, and improve pension provision and social support for the population.
Under the President of the Russian Federation, a Council for Social Policy, a Commission on Women, Family and Demography has been established. There are social policy committees in the Russian parliament; for women, family and youth affairs; on labor and social support, which at the normative level form the policy in this area.
The main links in the management of social development in Russia are federal ministries and departments: the Ministry of Labor and Social Development, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Health, the Committee for Physical Culture and Tourism, etc.
An important place in the development and implementation of social policy is given to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. They have the right to make their own laws. In the regions there are special structures responsible for the implementation of state norms and standards and supplementing them at their own expense. The process of legislative consolidation and delineation of powers between federal and regional authorities is under way. Russia must pursue a social policy of the level that is enshrined in international acts ratified by our country. These include, first of all, the "Universal Declaration of Human and Civil Rights and Freedoms" of 1948, as well as the "International Covenant on the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of Man and Citizen" (September 18, 1973). The formation of the modern Russian state social security system takes place on the basis of taking into account the indicated basic provisions of international norms. The state social policy is based on two program documents: "The main directions of socio-economic development of Russia until 2010." and the "Program for the socio-economic development of Russia in the medium term."
Usually, social policy is implemented through various forms of social work, large one-time government decisions and events, as well as through social programs (specialized and complex). Currently, more than 80 federal programs are being implemented in Russia, including social ones:
1 Program of social reforms in the Russian Federation for the period;
2 Federal target program for improving labor conditions and safety;
3 Federal Comprehensive Programs "Social Support for Disabled People";
4 Federal Target Program "Older Generation";
5 Presidential program "Children of Russia";
6 Pension reform program in Russia, etc.
Following the adoption of federal programs, similar programs are being developed in the regions.
The mechanism for implementing social policy in Russia is focused on solving the most important social problems. The main meaning and their content is set forth, for example, in the Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly (1998) and are aimed at harmonizing public relations, ensuring political stability and civil harmony. The formation and functioning of the mechanism for the implementation and management of social processes are determined by the objective needs and trends of social development. It is precisely the needs and trends that determine the structure of the mechanism, the set and use of its components.
The mechanism for implementing social policy has a complex structure:
1 subject of social policy - the state in the aggregate of all its bodies, focused on its regulation of social relations; political parties; social and political movements and other institutions of civil society;
2 the object of social policy - social processes in society in all their content diversity and various forms of manifestation;
3 systems of normative legal acts regulating the interaction between subjects and objects of social policy;
4 methods of social policy implementation;
5 Subject-political activity to solve social policy problems at various stages, including the assessment of the effectiveness of the implementation of social programs.
This structure is generalized and complements other elements when solving specific problems of social policy.
An analysis of the actual situation speaks of the extremely low information and analytical potential of the governing bodies of the social sphere, in a number of cases, professional unpreparedness of personnel, their conservatism in the style of social thinking and practical activity. This is especially noticeable in the style of activity of regional and local authorities in the social sphere. The reason for this is that the regional and local authorities have lived for too long in an excessively rigid regime of command from above - the law. In such an environment, they practically did not have the opportunity to show initiative, to dispose of the available material, labor and intellectual resources in their own interests.
At the same time, one cannot fail to note the fact that in recent years significant steps have been taken towards increasing the efficiency of management in the field of social protection of the population. This was the result of fundamental theoretical developments aimed at finding the optimal concept of social policy, improving existing and creating new management systems at the regional and local levels.
Meanwhile, the main indicators of the last five years indicate that there have been positive changes in the Russian Federation in this direction, and, taking into account long-term planning, and positive forecasts (Appendix 1).
The achievement of these indicators and the final results will largely depend on the balance of economic, financial and social policies, on the growth rate of gross domestic product and production volumes, investments in the economy, social spending allocated from budgets of all levels, on the measures taken to improving tax policy and leveling the socio-economic development of regions.
4 Features of the formation of social policy of the city
The city's governance is currently undergoing significant changes associated with economic transformation. Previously, the administrative management system was not supported by financial resources, since they were distributed according to the sectoral basis. It was quite difficult to coordinate the activities of all structures and purposefully manage the city.
For a long time, excessive sectoral specialization and centralization of management deprived the city government of the opportunity to influence the work of enterprises and non-production structures located in the city, excluding their effective interaction in the interests of its development. The management was actually carried out according to the sectoral principle, in accordance with which financial resources were also distributed. When forming local budgets, the structure of urban facilities, primarily serving and social spheres, was not taken into account.
All this, together with weak coordination of enterprises and their isolation, caused disproportions in the development of the city, exacerbated social, demographic and economic problems... Thus, the development of social infrastructure lagged significantly behind the development of the production sector.
In modern conditions, local government bodies are beginning to play an increasing role in solving social policy problems. After all, they are the ones who manage the city, carry out social policy in it, create conditions and opportunities for self-organization of residents, solving social and economic problems. Social policy at the municipal level is an important component of social policy implemented by various actors in the social state.
Local self-government in the system of state bodies is designed to provide a comprehensive solution to issues of servicing the population, thereby contributing to the achievement of political and social stability in society.
The social policy of local self-government bodies as an integral part of the activities of bodies of the social state includes:
1. Appointment and payment of pensions, benefits;
2. Promotion of employment of the able-bodied population;
3. Preventing the decline in real incomes through the creation of targeted social assistance systems;
4. Support for low-income groups of the population in the acquisition and maintenance of housing;
5. Creation of conditions for the rehabilitation of disabled people and the development of social infrastructure;
6. Control over the work of bodies of medical and social expertise;
7. Establishment of guardianship and trusteeship;
8. Organization of public works;
9. Granting, within the limits of its authority, the benefits and benefits associated with the protection of mothers and children; assistance in creating the necessary living conditions for retired servicemen and their families;
10. Carrying out activities for the summer health improvement of children with disabilities and children from low-income families;
11. Development of the municipal health care system; implementation of measures aimed at maintaining and improving the level of health of the population;
12. Creation of favorable conditions for the birth and upbringing of children, protection of their rights;
13. Protection of motherhood, fatherhood, childhood;
14. General availability and free of charge preschool, general and secondary vocational education in state and municipal institutions.
The concept of "social foundations of local self-government" is absent in the fundamental laws. At the same time, the practice of solving social problems at the local level in our country has given rise to the need to develop this category. The study of the developments available in the literature, as well as the results of the analysis, make it possible to formulate a number of important methodological provisions:
1. The leading role in the arrangement of human life in the local community is played by self-government bodies. They must know the needs of a person and come to the rescue in time, because where the primary needs of a person are satisfied, a personality is formed.
2. Involving citizens in solving local problems forms their motivation focused on the rational use of available resources - natural, intellectual, human resources, etc., which are nontraditional.
3. Self-government bodies should have an initiating and stimulating role in organizing the social activity of residents.
4. Local self-government is able to more accurately assess the degree of priority of certain social tasks in a given territory, therefore, to achieve higher efficiency in spending extremely limited funds for solving social problems.
5. Resolving social problems at the city level causes significant time savings to achieve the set social goals in comparison with activities at higher levels of government.
6. Bodies of local self-government, in principle, can be more strictly controlled by the population than regulatory bodies of higher levels (regional or federal).
If we proceed from the fact that the goal, subject and measure of social policy as such is a person, his development and protection, then the local level should be primarily subjected to research and regulation. Indeed, at the place of residence, people receive work, wages, pensions, social benefits and benefits. Here they give birth and raise children, receive education, medical care, become familiar with the riches of culture, etc. It is in the localities that all three echelons (levels) of social policy - federal, regional and local proper - are actually embodied. Thus, from the standpoint of the target criterion, the local level is the most important, while federal and regional social policies fulfill the function of ensuring it. The state, represented by federal and regional authorities, acts as the main institution that characterizes, plans and coordinates the efforts of all governing bodies and systems for regulating social processes. Therefore, it is not accidental that in recent years the most close attention has been paid to the category of "local social policy", and this concept is gradually beginning to enter the normative documents, including at the municipal level.
The social functions of local self-government bodies are complex and multifaceted, and this is the source of many problems, contradictions and difficulties, including when pursuing a strong social policy - by the federal center, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government bodies. As the scale and complexity of social functions grows, they must be appropriately assigned to the levels of management of society of two types of social regulation - the federal center, republics within Russia, regions and territories, autonomous formations, as well as more than 11 thousand local government structures.
Long-term domestic and foreign policy has made it possible to formulate the principle of subsidiarity or dedicated competence. Its essence is that part of the function of regulating life processes in the country is carried out by the legislative and executive bodies of the federal center, part - by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and some of the issues have been transferred for resolution to local representative and executive authorities. It is accepted, in particular, that the issues of pension provision, higher education, etc. are mainly resolved by state authorities. The problems of preschool education, leisure activities, maintaining sanitary conditions, fire safety and public order are best addressed at the local level. In accordance with this principle, issues of material and financial support of social events are also resolved.
The main functions emanating from the governing bodies and aimed at livelihoods are ultimately realized in places where people live - cities. However, according to the principle of subsidiarity, the local authorities take part in solving some problems by creating conditions, in others - by complicity, in others - by exercising control, in the fourth - by taking over the entire organization of the case, etc.
1.5 Financial measures of social policy of the city
It is well known that social policy is a costly and costly activity. Each of the areas of social development requires large financial investments, and the more ambitious social policy is, the more significant goals it sets for itself, the more funds should be allocated for its implementation. Ultimately, however, investment in social policy is the most productive investment of social wealth.
The course towards “investing in people”, proclaimed by the President, should primarily affect healthcare, education, agriculture, and science. Such a state approach has long been adopted in the West, since human potential is the basis of modern economic growth due to the leading importance of scientific and technological progress.
Stable and substantiated financial support for the social sphere of the city has always been and remains one of the acute problems of its functioning, the receipt by citizens of a full set of material and other benefits. Local self-government plays a special role in financing the social sphere. Throughout the entire existence of local self-government in Russia, the problem of its financial support has practically always stood as the most urgent and difficult to solve. The social policy, implemented since 2005, with good reason can be called financial social policy, since it affects primarily the system of financing the social sphere, a significant increase in the social budget is envisaged and does not concern structural modernization.
The main effect of the new direction of social policy is to change the system of interbudgetary relations. In accordance with the adopted laws, it is envisaged to transfer from the federal level to the subjects of a large number of powers to provide social support. Financial assistance has become the basis of financial support for the social powers of the constituent entities of the Federation, most of which are subsidized. The main form of financial support is subsidies for equalizing the level of budgetary provision of subjects from the Federal Fund for Financial Support (in 2005 - 189.9 billion rubles), which are not targeted and can be directed by regions to implement measures for social support of the population.
At the city level, financing of various social support measures, including within the framework of state social assistance, is provided by multi-level co-financing from various financial sources. Cities are obliged to implement in relation to specific citizens - their inhabitants - social obligations that exist at different levels of government and are financially secured based on the correlation of certain categories of citizens to expenditure obligations of different levels and purposes.
Subsidies are provided on the basis of co-financing for housing and utilities (in 2005 - 6.3 billion rubles), for the implementation of measures of social support for labor veterans and home front workers - 11 billion rubles. in 2005, payment of state benefits to citizens with children (4 billion rubles in 2005), and support for a number of other categories.
According to E.Sh. Gontmakher, "the share of the influence of the federal center on the formation and implementation of social policy today can be estimated at 20% (previously at least 90%), regional authorities - 70%, local government - 10%." These indicators did not change significantly after 2005.
The inadequacy of federal social policy is aggravated by the awareness and well-explainable unwillingness of all levels of government to ensure the transparency of budgetary federalism. In the context of a shortage of funds for the entire aggregate of social spending, the Ministry of Finance of Russia, both governors and municipal authorities are interested in the freedom to use social transfers for current needs. One can understand the governor, who spends the money received from the center on the salaries of public sector employees for the repair of boiler houses. He cannot let people and houses freeze in winter. But in this case it is no longer possible to talk about purposeful social policy and budgetary federalism. This is life in a state of emergency, not a system for meeting the social needs of people in a welfare state. If the Russian Federation has been living in a state of emergency for the past 15 years, and only 11 out of 89 subjects are financial donors, then it is impossible to talk about building a welfare state without solving the problems of financing a single social space throughout the territory.
Substantial income differentiation by geography, unequal availability of social support, different levels of indirect taxes for different territories not only violate existing constitutional principles, but make it impossible for the progressive development of the state and an increase in the effectiveness of its social policy.
We have to admit that most of the fundamental principles of social policy are significantly deformed in the absence of taking into account territorial characteristics. For example, social and labor pensions, even taking into account the increasing coefficients of northerners, due to regional price differentiation, have different purchasing power in different territories.
Another important problem of the regionalization of social policy is that the necessary funds, as S. Artabolevsky shows, "are most often concentrated in the capitals, administrative centers of republics and regions, not reaching the municipal level", where only it is possible to take into account the actual position of social support objects ...
In the course of reforms, the system of social budgets has a clear tendency to transfer an increasing number of social functions and responsibilities to the regional and local levels with the concentration of income at the federal level. The ideology of reforms, which has a pronounced liberal orientation, was deliberately focused on reducing the role of the state in social policy and the expectation that the emerging market economy would by itself create mechanisms for social self-protection and adaptation of the population. This led to the desire to reduce state financing of the social sphere and shift the center of gravity of financing social spending at all levels to the income and savings of citizens through the mechanism of targeted accumulation of funds from the population by specialized financial funds - pension, social insurance, health insurance and employment. This desire has taken the form of a unified social tax on the payroll fund. The municipalization of the social sphere has created a new system of relations both vertically (federation - region - city) and horizontally (local authorities - enterprise - population). At the same time, vertical relations have become decisive, since these are primarily budgetary relations, and every sixth ruble of the consolidated budget is spent on the maintenance of social facilities. At the same time, this load is extremely unevenly distributed across the regions. There is a gap in the indicators of different subjects by more than 300 times.
Table 2. Financing of social facilities transferred to the balance of city budgets in selected cities (regions)
City (region) % of local tax revenues % of the amount of federal support Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District Rep. Bashkortostan Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug St. Petersburg Nizhny Novgorod Rep. Kalmykia Rep. Dagestan Kostroma region Koryak Autonomous Okrug Rep. Ingushetia The transfer of the entire social infrastructure to the jurisdiction of local authorities (municipalities) without creating a system to ensure the institutional and financial base, the massive withdrawal of social facilities from public use through privatization and the rejection of a number of social guarantees led to a significant reduction in the ability to meet the social needs of people, the transfer of primary responsibility the state to the local level, which does not have financial sources. The situation became especially paradoxical after the adoption of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, which significantly reduced tax revenues at the municipal level. Since the levels of development of the regions are different, the question of the uniform rights of subsidizing the regions arises sharply. Unified social standards could play great importance here as the basis for an objective assessment of the state of affairs in the territory. It is also necessary to ensure the intended use of transfers. Transfers can have different purposes: additional funds for the payment of wages to public sector employees if they are insufficient in the local budget, the allocation of subsidies to maintain a certain municipal level of the social sphere, the provision of payments and subsidies for housing and communal services established by law, etc. The goal of the state is to ensure the constitutional rights of the population to throughout the country. The current situation with the distribution of social functions and responsibilities between the subjects of social policy at the levels of the vertical of power and in the territories along the horizontal clearly indicates that further increase in the effectiveness of social policy in Russia requires the modernization of interbudgetary relations and the rigid structuring of a unified state social policy throughout the state. space. 6 The main directions of social policy of the city in foreign countries There are various classifications of models of social policy, but one way or another, most of them are based on principles arising from the role and degree of participation in the implementation of social policy of the state, civil society institutions and individual citizens. Each country, taking into account its specifics, forms its own model of social policy. Based on the geopolitical aspect, they distinguish the Scandinavian, continental and American-British models of social policy. Often, based on continuity from a particular political party, the Scandinavian social model is called social democratic, the continental - conservative (corporate), and the American-British - the liberal model of social policy. The formation of the liberal model inherent in countries such as the USA, Canada, Australia, Great Britain took place under the domination of private property, the predominance of market relations and under the influence of a liberal work ethic. The main conditions for the functioning of this model are the minimum involvement of the state in market relations and the limited application of government regulation measures, which does not go beyond the development of macroeconomic policy; in the gross domestic product (GDP), the public sector of the economy owns only a small share. Social support for citizens is carried out through developed insurance systems and with minimal intervention from the state, which is the regulator of certain guarantees. Insurance payments are usually small. Transfer payments are also insignificant, that is, funds transferred from the state budget, received from taxes, directly to various groups of the population in the form of benefits and subsidies. Material assistance is targeted and is provided only on the basis of a means test. In the field of industrial relations, the maximum conditions have been created for the development of entrepreneurial activity. The owners of enterprises are not limited by anything in making independent decisions regarding the development and restructuring of production, including the dismissal of unnecessary workers. The lot of the trade unions is to defend the interests of workers with the greatest experience in the event of the threat of mass layoffs, which, however, they do not always succeed in. This model fully satisfies its main purpose in conditions of economic stability or recovery, but with a recession and a forced cut in production, accompanied by the inevitable cuts in social programs, many social groups, primarily women, youth, and the elderly, find themselves in a vulnerable position. The conservative (corporate) model is typical for countries with socially oriented market economies. Among them are the countries of continental Europe, such as Austria, Germany, Italy, France. The position of the state is much stronger here: budgetary contributions for social events are approximately equal to the insurance premiums of employees and employers, the main channels of redistribution are either in the hands of the state or under its control. At the same time, the state seeks to yield material support to citizens to the insurance protection system. Due to this, the amount of social benefits is proportionally dependent on labor income and, accordingly, on the amount of deductions for insurance payments. A distinctive feature is the "self-management" of insurance funds, which are jointly managed by business owners and influential trade unions representing the interests of employees. The amount of guaranteed payments in case of unemployment depends on the length of service, and the timing of payments depends on the duration of payment of insurance premiums, their size and the age of the employee. In many countries, the period of unemployment benefit payments has been extended for persons over 50 years of age. The social democratic model (sometimes called solidarity) implies the leading role of the state in protecting the population. Moreover, the equalization of the level of income of the population and general employment are considered the priority tasks of the state social policy. This model has found practical implementation in the countries of northern Europe - Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, as well as in the Netherlands and Switzerland. The basis for financing the social sphere is the developed state sector of the economy, the strengthening of which is not least due to the very high level of taxation. Another distinctive feature of this model is the developed system of industrial democracy, the regulation of labor relations at the national level, and not at the level of individual enterprises or industries, the use of effective means to minimize the level of unemployment. The most famous is the Swedish doctrine of the welfare state, which is often called egalitarian. It elevates the state's concern for its citizens to the rank of a national cult, promising to provide them with “safety, reliability and protection in threatening situations, as well as the organization and direction of protection. Swedes do not need to depend on family or charity, much less the market. From cradle to grave, the state will take care of them ”. The three mentioned models are not found anywhere in the world in their pure form, representing "ideal types" of the welfare state, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. In practice, one can usually observe a combination of elements of the liberal, corporate and social democratic models, with a clear predominance of features of one of them. The social sphere is constantly in the field of vision of international organizations that give priority attention to issues of international legal regulation and coordination in this area. The 1966 UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights contains several articles on social security rights. Compliance with the pact is mandatory for the countries that have ratified it. An important role is played by the International Labor Organization (ILO), which directs efforts towards the practical implementation of the general principles of social justice in the legislation of individual countries and has one of the most advanced systems of international control over the implementation of ratified conventions. Equally important is the European Social Charter, adopted by the members of the European Union (EU) in 1989. Its provisions were supplemented and developed in the new edition of the Charter of May 3, 1995. These documents, which do not have the status of international treaties, contain recommendations of a recommendatory nature on the fundamental rights to social protection of both working citizens (in the event of social risk and loss of earnings, they are provided with adequate payments), and those who do not have a means of subsistence (they have the right for social assistance in the amount of the living wage). Today it is legitimate to talk about the creation of a new model of social policy - a pan-European one, in accordance with which integration processes in the social sphere are being developed within the framework of the EU member states. The developed model brings together the concepts of social policy in different countries. The dominant idea is that state control impedes not only economic, but also social development. There is a process of reorientation of social programs from a universal to an individual level, which is much cheaper and more efficient, since targeted assistance is provided only to those who really need it. The common European social policy is based on the principle of combining economic efficiency and social solidarity. Regular meetings of ministers of social policy allow the exchange of experience and the development of a common concept. All European governments agree that social policy is primarily the responsibility of each of the EU member states. If a country proclaimed itself a social state, it must choose a model of social policy focused on strengthening the principles of a welfare state, and the state should play a leading role in its formation and implementation. "The relationship between the welfare state and its social policy is manifested in how fully and deeply the social pursues its social policy, to what extent this policy expresses the needs and interests of its citizens." As for Russia, the question remains open as to which model of social policy will be the most appropriate for the country's development. The correct, reasonable choice of a social policy strategy that meets all the realities of today and at the same time is based on the traditions of the state, its own historical experience and the experience of foreign countries, is the main task on the way of building a socially oriented market economy. The state, striving to enter the ranks of the highly developed, necessarily pursues a strong social policy. For our country, it is determined not so much by the availability of funds as by openness, honesty, realism and justice, and should be carried out in the interests of the whole society, supported by the majority of the population, and be proactive. Recently, the assessment of the implemented social policy in Russia can be attributed to three types: some believe that there is no social policy in Russia (a person simply dropped out of the monetarist reform scheme); others believe that there is social policy, but it is weak, haphazard, indistinct, and forced. Finally, there are those who are convinced that well-thought-out, exceptionally strong actions are being carried out in the interests of a very narrow segment of people, and the policy is antisocial. Different countries choose different models of social policy. If a country proclaimed itself a social state, it must choose a model of social policy focused on strengthening the principles of a social state, and the state should play a leading role in its formation and implementation. In the systematization of the principles of the welfare state and their implementation, programs for the social development of the country and its regions, developed and implemented at all three levels, play an important role. Three levels are considered in the structure of social policy: federal, regional, and municipal. Most of the issues of the development of education, health care, culture, housing and communal services and consumer services for the population should be resolved at the level of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments. All three levels are in continuous interaction, are interdependent and constitute an indissoluble unity. Social policy is a multi-subject and multi-level process, i.e. it can be state, subfederal, regional, corporate, etc. however, social policy has its most acute and concrete expression at the municipal level. It is here that its subject (local self-government bodies) and object (population), as they say, face each other face to face and requires a real, most often prompt solution to emerging social and labor problems. When pursuing social policy, it is important to evenly take into account the entire field of its coverage, not getting carried away with some areas and not forgetting other areas. For example, it is impossible to recognize a strong and correct social policy in the city, within the framework of which its subjects turn their attention only to the development of education, culture, etc. and do not pay it to the problems of employment, motivation, pension provision of the population living in cities. Of course, we cannot exclude a system of social policy priorities, especially those raised to the rank of national projects (education, health care, housing), which differ in their set depending on the specific stages and conditions of development, regional, municipal aspects and features. However, the breadth, consistency and scale of social policy in the context of the completeness of taking into account its many-sided objects and subject matter is a guarantee of the effectiveness and efficiency of relationships between social strata and social groups of society. The transition of the all-Russian and regional economic complexes to the principles of a market economy in the context of price liberalization, high inflation and the state budget deficit has sharply raised the problem of the viability of publicly funded social sectors. Today they are experiencing a serious crisis due to a lack of financial and material resources, low wages, lack of an organizational and economic mechanism adequate to a market economy, effective levers of social protection and support for the most important sectors of social services, education, health care, culture, housing and communal services. The emergence and development of the commercial sector in this area with a higher level of remuneration, the liberalization of leaving the country lead to an outflow of the most qualified specialists from social organizations to the commercial sector and abroad. In these conditions, the importance of searching for adequate forms of social support for social service industries, including reforming their organizational and economic mechanism on the principles of a social market economy, is increasing, ensuring not only the survival of this sphere, but also its further development in a market environment. The most ambitious task of the socially oriented economy of the state in the emerging market economy of Russia is the activity on social protection of all strata of society and on the development of an effective social policy strategy. The form of its implementation is the actual mode of action of the state, embodied in social policy, which covers all spheres of economic relations in the country. One of the most important areas of its activity is the regulation of employment and the stimulation of highly qualified and productive labor and, as a consequence, an increase in national income. CHAPTER 2. Practical implementation and improvement of social policy of the city of Ramenskoye, Moscow region 1 Characteristics of the city of Ramenskoye Ramensky district is located in the southeast of Moscow and occupies 150 thousand hectares. On its territory are located the cities of Ramenskoye, Zhukovsky and Bronnitsy, as well as 5 urban, 26 rural settlements. 210.9 thousand people live in its 250 settlements. Bronnitsy has had the status of a city of regional subordination since 1992, and Zhukovsky since 1952. Ramenskiy district is one of the largest districts of the Moscow region. Feature geographic location The district is close to Moscow, which affects the socio-economic development of the district as a whole, including the development of industry, which is the main resource of the district's economy. In recent years, favorable conditions have emerged for its development. There has been an increase in production and consumption, domestic and foreign investment, and the wages of workers. The revenues of the budget of the Ramensky district, taking into account financial support from the budgets of other levels, amounted to almost 2.9 billion rubles. Rice. 1. Dynamics of receipts of revenues of the budget of the Ramensky district for 2007-2008. In relation to the fact of 2007, revenues increased by 602 million rubles, or 26.6%, mainly due to an increase in the receipt of own revenues. The regional budget expenditures in 2008 amounted to 3.3 billion rubles and increased in relation to the fact of the previous year by 42%. One of the main sources of employment for the population and the development of the social infrastructure of the region is the production activity of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises. Ramenskiy district is one of the dynamically developing municipalities of the Moscow region with high scientific potential and a large industrial complex. The industrial structure of the region is diverse. These are enterprises of mechanical engineering and aircraft instrument making, food and processing industries, porcelain and faience production, building materials, flour-grinding and printing industries. In total, the industrial sector employs more than 16,500 people, which is 36.7% of the population employed in the region's economy. According to the results of the work of the industrial complex in 2008, the situation in the economy of the Ramensky district is as follows. In terms of the volume of industrial production, the district has occupied a leading position in the Moscow region for three years in a row. For 12 months this figure amounted to almost 35 billion 750 million rubles, which is 45.6% more than in 2007. Compared to the same period in 2007, there has been an increase in production by at least 25%. The total volume of shipped products in 2008 amounted to 25 billion rubles. Industrial activity in the Ramensky district has 11 economic types. The main specific weight is occupied by: "Production of food products, beverages and tobacco" - 62%; “Production of other non-metallic mineral products” - 9.54%; "Production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment" - 8.44%; "Manufacture of rubber and plastic products" - 5.15%. The growth of production volumes and manufactured products is noted at such enterprises of the region as: LLC "Ermann"; JSC "Ramenskiy Dairy Plant"; Hochland Russland OJSC (dairy products); JSC "Ramenskiy instrument-making plant" (aircraft instrument-making); "Ramenskiy Kombinat Khleboproduktov"; "Ramfood" (production of semi-finished meat products); "KOYA" (production of instant soups); JSC "Ramenskiy Mining and Processing Plant"; Pilkington Glass (flat glass production), Rehau Production (construction). One of the main factors in the stable operation of enterprises and organizations is the level of wages. A targeted policy to ensure the implementation of the tripartite Territorial Agreement on social partnership between the District Administration, the Association of Trade Unions and employers contributes to the growth of wages in the Ramensky District. As a result, the average salary in the industrial sector in the district in 2007 amounted to 25,424 rubles. In general, in the district, the average salary in 2007 amounted to 24,553 rubles, which is higher than the average regional level. Rice. 2. Average monthly salary An effective investment policy remains an important component of the development of the region's industry and economy. The efforts of the district leadership are aimed at creating a favorable investment climate in order to attract investments in the development of the district, aimed at solving the main task - increasing the level and quality of life of the population. At the end of 2007, the volume of utilized foreign investments amounted to USD 250.1 million, which is more than last year's result (USD 162.1 million) by almost USD 90 million. Rice. 3. The volume of foreign investment in the industry of the region A number of large investment projects are being implemented in the region. With the use of investments from Belgium, extensive work was carried out to fine-tune the technological process at a new concentrating plant at the Ramenskiy mining and processing plant. The volume of production increased by 2 times and amounted to 1,800 tons of refined sand for glass factories in the Moscow region and the Russian Federation. In 2007, the Pilkington Glass plant produced 20.6 million sq. M. m. of flat glass and reached the design capacity. Investments this year amounted to $ 73.0 million. There are enterprises in the region that provide the population with household, transport, communal services, as well as communication services. The system of sanitary-resort institutions and rest homes is well developed. The Yegoryevskoe highway and the Kazan railway line pass through the district. The district has a well-developed internal road network. Agricultural lands prevail on the territory of Ramenskiy district (47.2%). Dairy and vegetable farming is well developed; there is a production of poultry products. The main impact on the natural environment is exerted by emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, significant water consumption, discharge of polluted effluents, spontaneous dumps of industrial and domestic waste. There are no large industrial enterprises on the territory of the region that can significantly pollute the atmosphere. Transport is the main source of pollution. In terms of air pollution indicators, the district occupies an average position among other districts of the Moscow region. Forests occupy 32% of the area of the Ramensky district and have a positive effect on the state of the atmospheric air. The population of the region receives almost 100% of drinking water from artesian wells. In the Ramensky District, there is an efficient drinking water supply system in general. Numerous analyzes of the regional and regional centers of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service confirm that the quality of groundwater is satisfactory. The vegetation of the region as a whole is typical for the center of the European part of Russia: vast areas occupied by forests are preserved. Work is underway to plant greenery in the city of Ramenskoye and other settlements. Improvement of populated areas is a whole range of works, the responsibility for the implementation of which is assigned to special services. The second place in the All-Russian competition for the title "The most comfortable city in Russia" among cities with a population of up to 100 thousand people, won not for the first time, serves as a proof of the systematic nature of their work. Ramensky district is among the regional leaders in the improvement of courtyards. As a result, according to the results of the annual competition-review for the title "Quarter of exemplary content" Ramenskoye PTO GH took the first place, Gzhel PTO KH took the second place among housing and communal services enterprises serving the territory of rural settlements. There are 80,000 garden plots on the territory of the district. The result of the activities of gardeners, in particular, has become a huge number of spontaneous dumps. Population visits to forests have increased, and this has caused littering of forests with food waste, packaging, and exhaust gases. In financial terms, the district is subsidized, but it covers the necessary expenses for the maintenance of the budgetary sphere and municipal property from the revenues of the local budget. In 2008, the budget of the Ramensky district retains its social orientation - an inviolable priority for recent years... “The main thing for us is social policy,” noted the head of the district V.F. Demin, that is, quality education, including preschool education; health care, first of all, taking care of the material part and modern equipment of educational institutions; youth policy, housing and communal sphere ". 2 Measures of social policy in the field of employment, social support of the population The Ramensk city department of social security began its work here in April 1955 and was a department of the Executive Committee of the City Council. Its functions included the appointment and payment of pensions and benefits, the issuance of vouchers to rest homes and sanatoriums, the employment of pensioners and the provision of material assistance to them. The state institution - the Department of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation in Moscow and the Moscow region was created in 2002 by the merger of two PFR branches: the PFR branch in Moscow and the PFR branch in the Moscow region. Issues related to the activities of the GU-Branch of the PFR in Moscow and the Moscow Region are directly resolved by the Main Directorates of the PFR and the Directorates of the PFR subordinate to the Branch. One of them is GU-UPFR No. 15 in Moscow and the Moscow region (formerly the Ramensk city department of social security). It has everything necessary to further improve and improve the work of servicing pensioners. Office No. 15 serves the population of the Ramensky District and the city of Bronnitsy, where 254 thousand people live, of which about 84.5 thousand people are employed in the economy, and 64.3 thousand people. are retired. The number of employees of the Department is 300 (including the pension delivery department) people. Among them, 110 people have state, regional and departmental awards for conscientious work in the bodies of the pension fund. Funds transferred to the account of the Branch are in federal ownership, are not included in the budgets of all levels and are not subject to withdrawal. The department performs the following main tasks: 1 organization of work on accounting for funds received under compulsory pension insurance, targeted use of compulsory pension insurance funds, and control over their use; financing of expenses for the payment of labor pensions, pensions for state pensions and social benefits for the burial of deceased pensioners who did not work on the day of death, and other payments attributed by law to the competence of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation; 2 organization and maintenance of the state data bank for all categories of policyholders. As of 01.01.2007, the Department has 13, 6 thousand policyholders; 3 organization of work on the appointment (recalculation) of labor pensions, state pensions, payment and delivery of labor pensions, state pensions and social benefits for the burial of deceased pensioners, and other payments attributed by law to the competence of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. In 2007 alone, 4,098 pensions were awarded; 4 organization of work on maintaining a database on pensioners; organization and maintenance of individual (personified) accounting of information about all categories of insured persons in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. Currently, 165 thousand residents are covered by compulsory pension insurance; 5 organization of reception of citizens, consideration of their proposals, applications and complaints on issues related to the competence of the Branch and its territorial bodies. In 2007, more than 270 written applications of pensioners, disabled people, refugees, displaced persons and other categories of applicants were considered in the procedure for obtaining advice on the correctness of the established pension amount and on other issues; 6 organization of work to assess the pension rights of insured persons; 7 organization of explanatory work on pension and insurance issues, payment of contributions. To this end, through the mass media (radio, print, television) and participation in various kinds of seminars, the management and responsible employees of the Department systematically bring the basic requirements and practice of applying pension legislation; 8 free advice to policyholders and insured persons on compulsory pension insurance issues and informing them about regulations on compulsory pension insurance; organization and maintenance of reference and codification work in accordance with the legislation; 9 protection of confidential information in accordance with regulatory documents and instructions of the PFR Board, the PFR Executive Directorate; One of the most socially significant legislative acts is the Federal Law of August 22, 2004, No. 122-FZ on the replacement of individual benefits provided to citizens by monetary compensation - monthly cash payments (MAP). In the Ramensky district, the EDV covers 23.1 thousand citizens, who are provided with state support at the expense of the federal budget. These are invalids and participants of the Great Patriotic War, war veterans, residents of besieged Leningrad, disabled people, people who worked at defensive structures, members of the victims of the Great Patriotic War, citizens affected by the Chernobyl disaster and some other categories. The expenditures for pensions in the budget of the RF Pension Fund in 2008 are planned in the amount of 1,458.7 billion rubles, which is 168.2 billion more than the 2007 level. The expenses for the basic part of the labor pension are determined at 559.8 billion rubles (31.6% of the PFR budget expenditures), for the insurance part of the labor pension - 797.2 billion (respectively 45.0%). It is planned to allocate 100.1 billion rubles (5.5%) for the payment of state pensions and other social benefits financed from the federal budget. For additional monthly material support for the participants and invalids of the Great Patriotic War, families of the dead and other privileged categories of citizens, the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation receives funds from the federal budget in the total amount of 15.2 billion rubles. The PFR budget for 2008 is focused on fulfilling the provisions of the Address of the President of Russia to the Federal Assembly and the Budget Address on increasing pensions by 20% and bringing the size of the social pension to the level of the pensioner's subsistence minimum. On January 1, 2007, Federal Law No. 256-FZ of December 29, 2006 came into force. "On additional measures of state support for families with children" and the Rules for submitting an application for the issuance of a state certificate for mothers, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 12/30/2006. No. 873. The Pension Fund accepts applications, prepares and issues state certificates. The starting size of maternity capital is 250 thousand rubles, this amount will be revised annually taking into account the rate of inflation, today it is 267 500 rubles. In 2007, 373 applications were submitted to the UPF RF No. 15, of which, after checking the information received, 290 certificates were issued. Maternity capital funds can be spent no earlier than after three years from the date of birth (adoption) of the child, choosing one of the three options established by law: improving housing conditions; education by a child (children); the formation of the funded part of the labor pension for the mother herself. By mid-2009, the first certificate holders will have to write statements about what they intend to spend the funds for. In 1992, from the Ramensk city department of social security on the basis of the Decree on the reorganization of social protection bodies and the organization of the pension service in the area of 07/30/1992. (Appendix 2) a new subdivision, called the Committee for Social Protection of the Population of the Administration of the Ramensky District, was separated. The need for such measures was caused by the situation when, under the conditions of Russia's transition to new economic relations, tens of millions of people found themselves in difficult social conditions: some crossed the poverty line, others became unemployed, others turned out to be refugees and migrants, etc. people faced problems that they themselves could not solve. This required the help of professional specialists. The goal of social work is to assist people in successfully solving their life problems. The means to achieve this goal are the release and development of human resources and his social environment, the implementation of the necessary social changes. The Ramenskiy Committee for Social Protection of the Population, together with the district administration, has been able to relieve social tension in the district for more than ten years. From January 1, 2005, in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Moscow Region dated 07.10.2004 No. 608/39 and Federal Law dated 31.12.2005 No. 199-FZ "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with Improving the Delineation of Powers" On the basis of the bodies of social protection of the population of municipalities, territorial subdivisions of the Committee for Social Protection of the Population of the Moscow Region were created. Later, according to the Decree of the Government of the Moscow Region dated 16.03.2005 No. 170/11 "On the formation of the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of the Moscow Region", the Committee for Social Protection of the Population of the Moscow Region was transformed into the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of the Moscow Region. The Ramenskoye Department is a territorial subdivision of the Ministry of Social Protection of the Moscow Region and received a new status - the Ramenskoye Department of Social Protection of the Population of the Ministry of Social Protection of the Moscow Region. The main document delimiting the spheres of activity of the Ramensk Department of Social Protection of the Population and the Administration of the Ramensk District is the Agreement on Cooperation in the Sphere of Social Support and Social Services to the Population No. 341 dated 15.12.2004. (Appendix 3). The main direction of the Department's work is the timely provision of payments of compensations and benefits, the provision of social support measures and subsidies, the registration and payments of monthly incomes. The register of beneficiaries, which the Ramenskoe Department of Social Protection of the Population had, was incomplete, because earlier the principle of providing social support measures was declarative. To finance the social sphere in full according to need, in accordance with the size of the subsistence minimum, as prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Moscow region, the municipal authorities do not have enough of their own financial resources. Uneven financing, underfunding, lack of a legislative framework force the municipal authorities of the Moscow region to pursue their own socio-economic policy, in accordance with the law of the Moscow region "On local self-government in the Moscow region" dated 13.06.1996. No. 27/96-OZ (as amended by the Law of the Moscow region of December 29, 2000 No. 112/2000-OZ). 4 years have passed since the Federal Law of August 22, 2004 No. 122-FZ "On Amendments to the Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation and the Recognition of Invalidation of Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with the Adoption of Federal Laws" On Amendments and Additions to Federal Law "On the General Principles of Organization of Legislative (Representative) and Executive Bodies of State Power of the Subjects of the Russian Federation" and "On General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation", known as the Law "On Monetization of Benefits". In connection with the entry into force of this law, the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation now independently determine the list of social support measures, the categories of persons who are provided with social support, the amount of cash payments, the forms of granting benefits, as well as the amount of funds required to implement the adopted decisions. A significant part of social support measures is provided at the expense of the budget of the Moscow region. Moreover, the legislation of the Moscow region provides for the provision of additional measures of social support to citizens who are "federal" beneficiaries. For many years in the Ramensky district, in accordance with the regional target program "Social protection of the population of the Ramensky district for 2002-2004" (Appendix 4), the registration of low-income categories of citizens was carried out, who were provided with targeted assistance in kind and in monetary terms at the expense of the local budget. Now the Ramenskoye Department of Social Protection of the Population quarterly registers low-income categories of citizens in accordance with the guidelines of the Ministry of Social Protection of the Moscow Region and the Regulations on the procedure for targeted material support for low-income citizens of the Ramensky District. Citizens who, due to their age or physical condition, have a source of income from a pension or state subsidy, are subject to targeted social protection. The criterion for determining poverty is the subsistence minimum, approved by law for social groups of the population, taking into account local conditions and the amount of funding. This means that the Ramenskoye Department of Social Protection of the Population provides targeted social assistance to those whose monthly aggregate average per capita income is significantly lower than the subsistence minimum established at the regional level. The total income included pension, compensation payments, state child benefits, wages, and alimony. Based on the lists of low-income families and low-income living alone citizens who have passed registration, the Ramenskoe Department of Social Protection of the Population makes monthly cash payments through Sberbank at the place of residence. For citizens who find themselves in difficult life situations, it is envisaged to provide urgent targeted assistance (in the event of fire, theft, long-term treatment) (Appendix 6). Yes, payments were not always made on time due to financial difficulties, but the person knew that, even if with a delay, he would receive help. Despite the economic difficulties, the district administration annually increased the costs of implementing targeted social protection programs, realizing how difficult it is to survive in these conditions for the most unprotected segments of the population. As the President of Russia noted in his Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation: “The most acute problem of modern Russia is demography. To solve this problem, you need the following. First reduction in mortality. The second is an effective migration policy. And the third is an increase in the birth rate. But no migration policy will solve our demographic problems if we do not create the proper conditions and incentives for the growth of the birth rate. " In accordance with the Law of the Moscow region "On measures of social support for families and children in the Moscow region" dated 12.01.2006. No. 1/2006-OZ and the Law of the Moscow Region "On Amendments to the Law of the Moscow Region" On measures of social support for families and children in the Moscow Region "dated December 12, 2007. No. 4/26-P, since 01.01.2008, the amount of social benefits to citizens with dependent minor children has been increased. (Appendix 5). In connection with the amendments to article 15 of the above law, from 01.01.2008 the mechanism for providing social support measures for paying for utility services to large families has also been changed - social support measures will now be provided in cash, in the form of payment of monthly monetary compensation in the amount of 50% payment of utilities. I would like to note that over the past years in the Ramensky district, the number of citizens receiving lump-sum payments at the birth of their second, third and subsequent children has increased. The number of recipients of this payment in 2008 increased by 14%. The socio-economic situation of families with children today does not allow many parents to purchase vouchers for children, even for 10% of the cost. Therefore, every year in the region, recreation, health improvement and employment are organized for orphans, children left without parental care, children from foster families, large and single-parent families. Over the past years, the Ramenskiy district has always remained one of the leaders in the region in terms of the number of children who had a rest in the summer and in terms of the quality of the summer health campaign. In 2007, 35 million rubles were spent on organizing children's recreation. In total, during the summer health campaign, more than 284 thousand children were covered by various forms of recreation, including 6 627 disabled children, 10 636 orphans, 61 035 children from low-income families. Under the auspices of the Ramensk Department of Social Protection of the Population, there are several more specialized institutions of a social profile, designed for certain categories of the population: 1 Center for the rehabilitation of street children and adolescents "Rodnik": this is a specialized children's institution that carries out preventive and rehabilitative work with children of the "risk group" in the district, deviant behavior and children with social maladjustment at various levels. The Center has two departments - a social shelter for 30 children from 3 to 14 years old and a department for the prevention of child neglect. The social shelter has been operating since March 29, 1996, its main task is to create favorable conditions conducive to the mental, emotional and physical development of the individual, social protection of orphans and children left without parental care. The department for the prevention of neglect of minors has been operating since November 2000, its main task is to patronize families in a socially dangerous situation, to identify families at risk. 2 Municipal institution of social services "Ramenskiy House of Veterans": this is a social service institution, the main task of which is to provide favorable conditions for permanent residence of single citizens of retirement age and their active lifestyle. The institution has been operating since November 1, 2001, the number of people living in it is 79 people (as of September 1, 2008). 3 Center for Social Rehabilitation of Disabled People "Care": this is an institution that helps people with disabilities to restore their social status, material independence and social adaptation in society. Social rehabilitation at the Center is a set of measures for the social, environmental and social rehabilitation of the disabled. The Center has two departments: for adults and children with disabilities. The center provides the following services: psychological assistance, legal assistance, a physical therapy room, a gym, a game room for children, assistance in the employment of disabled people, work with a disabled family, teaching family members the rules of caring for a disabled person, assistance in obtaining technical rehabilitation equipment and teaching them enjoy, carrying out cultural events. The demographic situation in the Ramensky district is characterized by a gradual aging of the population. There is a steady growth in the number of citizens of the older generation, and the number of the able-bodied population is decreasing. The number of disabled people (64,570 people - 2007) exceeds the number of children (63,620 people - 2007). The share of the working-age population in the total population is 44.02%, the share of pensioners is 28.2% (the national average is 21%). Based on the results of the analysis of the situation in the Ramensky district, a disappointing conclusion can be drawn: there is a steady trend of aging of the district's population, the number of middle-aged and older people is increasing, especially in relation to the number of children living in the district. Of course, this situation is associated with the general economic situation in our country, but the role of local structures in the possibility of correcting demographic policy and the situation cannot be denied. The main task of the employment policy is to maintain the officially registered unemployment in the Ramensky District at a level not exceeding the average for the Moscow Region (0.9%). During the reporting period of 2007, 2,331 vacancies (the need for workers) were announced to the Employment Center of the Ramensky District, including 1,888 in working specialties to fill vacant positions at the enterprises of the Ramensky District and the city of Bronnitsy. At the enterprises of the region, there is a constant need for such highly qualified workers as: a turner, a grinder, a milling machine operator, a driver, a carpenter, a joiner, a cook, an electrician, a construction and road machinery operator. Employers' applications for the listed professions are met with great difficulty due to the lack of specialists of the required professions, the necessary qualifications and work experience among the unemployed citizens. Among the unemployed citizens registered at the Ramenskiy district labor center, the most in demand are vacancies that do not require high qualifications and professional level of training, as well as vacancies on a home-based and part-time basis. Table 3. Structure of vacancies provided by the Ramensk Employment Center (%)
Branch of the economy As of 01.01.2008 As of 01.01.2007. Deviation (+, -) Industry Agricultural production Transport and trade Construction Trade and societies. nutrition Health care, education, culture, science Lending, finance and insurance Control Other industries As can be seen from Table 3, in the structure of vacancies, there was a redistribution of the demand for labor by sectors of the national economy. In 2007, the total flow of citizens who applied to the CPC of the Ramensky District amounted to 8374 people (75.6% over the same period in 2006). 5641 people applied for advice on various employment issues (74.2% by 2006), 2733 people were registered to look for work. Among the citizens who applied, there is a significant decrease in the number of employed, which indicates that many workers are satisfied with the existing working conditions and wages. The number of officially registered unemployed for 12 months decreased by 1% and amounted to 01.01.2008 - 619 people, of which 499 people receive benefits. Among the unemployed population in 2006 the growth in the number of long-term unemployed citizens who do not have a profession, as well as work experience, continues. These categories experience the greatest difficulties in finding employment due to their low competitiveness in the market. The main problems that have a negative impact on the process of employment of unemployed citizens are the discrepancy between the demand and supply of labor in the labor market; availability of low-paid jobs in the data bank. 3 Activities of social policy in the field of health Traditionally, the priority area of the municipality's policy is health care. This is a bed fund: almost 1700 beds, more than one and a half thousand - round-the-clock, on which more than 35 thousand patients have been treated. The capacity of the district outpatient network was 2,750 visits per shift. In 2007, more than one and a half million visits were registered in outpatient clinics. The task of the executive branch is to create decent working conditions in health care institutions, to take care of their modern equipment and the implementation of regional target programs. In 2007, 147.5 million rubles were spent on repairs; equipment purchased for more than 45 million rubles. At the same time, a decrease in the incidence rate by 5% compared to 2006 was noted. The situation with drug provision for federal beneficiaries remains difficult. The percentage of provision of recipes is 77 (107.5 thousand out of 140 thousand recipes). The regional indicator, for comparison, is 94%. The main task of the district healthcare during the implementation of the priority national project "Health" is to ensure affordable medical care by improving the structure and organization of medical services, improving their quality and the level of qualifications of personnel. The Moscow region, despite its enviable proximity to the capital, is actually doomed to difficulties with hospitalization of patients in specialized departments. It is known that the functions of a regional hospital are performed by the Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute named after V.I. M.F. Vladimirsky. However, the population of the region is 8 million, and the possibilities of MONIKI are clearly limited. Therefore, the Ministry of Health of the Government of the Moscow Region made at one time a downright Solomon decision - to create medical districts and departments performing the functions of the regional level. One of these hospitals, which develops specialized departments, is the Central Regional Hospital of the Ramensky District. A multidisciplinary medical institution, located relatively close to the capital, is known to many Moscow doctors. It stands out not so much for its bed capacity as for the qualifications of the doctors working in it. In the Central District Hospital, not retreating in the face of difficulties, they are building a modern level of medical care. The Ramensk central regional hospital cannot be classified as ordinary. Of the two large neurosurgical departments in the Moscow Region, one is in Podolsk, the other is in Ramenskoye. They are sent here for neurosurgical operations from 11 eastern districts of the region (Voskresensk, Kolomna, Yegoryevsk, etc.). Neurotraumatologists, of course, are on the staff of other hospitals, but in a planned manner, such assistance is provided only in the two named departments. Ryazanskoye and Yegoryevskoye highways with extremely heavy traffic run near Ramenskoye. This explains that all 45 beds are constantly occupied. Hospital beds are even in the corridors. Transferring patients to other departments is unwise and dangerous. Any craniocerebral pathology, its complications are fraught with death. And medical statistics show that traumatic brain injury most often makes the victims disabled. The list of diseases in which the ambulance is admitted to the department includes concussions, head bruises, and trauma. Then there are planned patients - those who were admitted for treatment with discogenic radiculitis of the lumbar spine. But people with disc hernias come here from many cities of the Moscow region. At one time it was believed that the Ramenskoye department was engaged only in them. But the range of operations carried out has long been expanded. Microdiscectomy was one of the first to be performed here. Patients after it do not lie in bed, but walk on their own. Although some Moscow hospitals have still not given up on discectomy, after which the patients are immobile for three months, traumatized by the operation. Recently, the number of patients with brain tumors has increased. A cervical injury is considered a seasonal pathology with the onset of the warm season. Divers are the most severe patients, their arms and legs are often paralyzed. In 2007, 12 such patients were treated. Most were left disabled ... Of course, this is sad. But the department has much more positive results. On the fifth floor, where neurosurgery is located, there is one more department of the regional level - the ophthalmology department. Since 1978 it has been functioning as an inter-district one, in 2001 it was given the status of a regional one. What does this title give? Prestige, recognition of high quality work, hopes for future development. Here, first of all, operations should be performed that have not been mastered in other CRHs, city hospitals in the Moscow region. Chief physician of the Central Regional Hospital of the Ramensky District M.M. Musaelyan: “In the ophthalmological and neurosurgical departments, a steady stream of patients has formed from different districts of the Moscow region. We also have subdivisions that could apply for the regional status, but for one reason or another they have not yet received it. Although the ENT department works very productively, and it is well equipped. The regional status is, first of all, an assessment of the quality and level of medical care. Although today the rates of compulsory medical insurance for such departments are only just offsetting the costs of treatment. But the other side of the coin is that we are introducing the latest generation techniques. Given the expanding opportunities, the Ministry of Health is transferring additional functions to us. In order to raise the health care of the Moscow region to a qualitatively new level of management and provision of medical care, medical districts are being created. Now a promising direction is undergoing a stage of formation. " Based on the results of a comprehensive comparative analysis of the activities of the health care systems of medical districts and statistical information of health management bodies of municipal districts and urban districts, as well as reports of the coordination councils of medical districts in 2006, medical district No. 4 (Ramenskoye city), headed by M.M. Musaelyan - took first place. According to the results of the activities of the health systems of municipalities with a population of more than 100 thousand people, the Ramenskiy district ranks third, being in the leading five. Ramenskiy district in 2006 for the first time, along with Pushkinskiy and Orekhovo-Zuevskiy, was marked as the best. Ramensky district is represented by 34 medical institutions. Of these, 8 hospitals, 3 dispensaries, 2 medical and sanitary units, 4 polyclinics, 15 outpatient clinics, an ambulance station, an orphanage. More than 540 doctors and more than 1300 paramedics work in the district. 4 Social policy measures in the field of education and housing Education is a priority industry and, as part of the district's social policy, is focused on ensuring social stability in the district, creating conditions for the social and economic development of the district through providing affordable high-quality education, leveling the educational opportunities of children and adolescents, creating healthy way life, raising the cultural level of the population of the region, reducing child neglect and delinquency. The diagram below confirms a positive trend: with a slight reduction in budget revenues per capita, annually expenditures on the "Education" sector not only do not decrease, but even increase. Rice. 4. Expenditures of the budget of the Ramensky district on education Funding for the education of the Ramensky district is carried out from the regional and local budgets and extra-budgetary funds. The main source of funding for the education system is a subvention from the Moscow region. The share of the local budget in financing the "Education" sector in 2007 was 44.3%. Ramensky district is located on a large territory, a significant proportion of the district's population is rural residents (43.6%). But, despite this, the population of the district wants to give their children a high-quality education, both a high-quality general and additional education. Therefore, the priority task of the municipal educational policy is to ensure equal educational opportunities for children and adolescents, regardless of where they live. Rice. 5. The structure of the population of the Ramensky district Within the framework of the Rural Bus program, the delivery of children from 13 villages to the place of study at Rybolovskaya and Sofya schools has begun. A powerful education system has been created in the region, which unites 132 municipal institutions. There are 3 gymnasiums, 5 schools with in-depth study of individual subjects, 4 small elementary schools, 4 institutions for orphans and children left without parental care, 57 preschool education institutions, 49% of which are located in rural areas. All institutions took an active part in the implementation of the municipal program "Development of Education in the Ramensky District for 2003-2007". The 2006-2007 academic year became the final year of its implementation and the development of the concept of a new development program, the priority areas of which were: Improving the quality of education, its personal orientation; Ensuring the general availability of quality education, including for children with disabilities; Improving work with gifted children; Reducing psychological and social tension in children, adolescents and youth, reducing the likelihood of unlawful behavior in adolescents; Optimization of the network of educational institutions of education. The most important characteristic of the education system is the coverage of the population with various levels of education. 31,240 children and adolescents from 0 to 17 years old live permanently in the district. The total population of this age group continues to decline, at the same time there is a steady increase in the number of preschool children. This must be taken into account when planning the development of the education system, optimizing the network of educational institutions. Rice. 6. Change in the population of preschool and school age (thousand people) The district schools provide an opportunity to receive education in various forms: external studies, family education, part-time (evening) education. However, alternative forms of education are not in great demand among the residents of the district. The share of students receiving education in various forms has remained insignificant and rather stable over the past few years. Rice. 7. The share of students in the form of external studies, family education Equalization of educational opportunities for children in need of special learning conditions is of particular social and pedagogical importance. This direction is one of the priorities in the activities of the municipal education system. A full-time psychological, medical and pedagogical commission operates in the region. This makes it possible to timely identify children who are shown special learning conditions. Since 2004, the share of students receiving education according to individual study programs at home for medical reasons has increased: 0.01% to 0.12% of the total number of students over the past 5 years. One of the important characteristics of the quality of education is the achievements of students in the field of science, art and sports. Ramenskiy district is one of the three strongest along with science cities (Dolgoprudny, Korolev) in terms of the number of winners and prize-winners of subject Olympiads at regional and all-Russian levels. The priority area of activity of preschool education institutions is work on the health preservation of children. For the recovery of often and long-term ill children, physiotherapy rooms function in 16 kindergartens, 90% of kindergartens have health groups. In the preschool education system, there are 47 speech therapy groups, 4 ophthalmological groups and 6 groups for children with mental retardation. Annually, about 100 children left without parental care are detected on the territory of the Ramensky district. The main forms of their device are: 1 Accommodation in institutions for orphans and children left without parental care, of whom there are five on the territory of the Ramensky district and 240 people are currently being brought up in them; 2 Device for raising a family. General education enrollment is one of the most important indicators for characterizing the education system, since primary and basic education are compulsory. In addition, a more complete involvement of adolescents in general education has an impact on reducing the neglect of minors, is a measure to prevent them from committing offenses. Housing policy in the Ramensky district is pursued in several directions. Firstly, one of the priority areas and measure of social support in the social security system is the provision of subsidies by the Department for Subsidies of the Administration of the Ramensky municipal district for payment of housing and communal services. Compensation (subsidies) - funds provided to citizens as assistance to pay for housing and utilities. Subsidies are paid to those citizens whose costs of paying for housing and communal services are within the social norm of housing area and norms for the consumption of communal services above 22% of the total family income (Appendix 7). The calculation of the amount of subsidies is based on the social norm of the area of housing and the norms for the consumption of utilities for the family. Consumption standards and rates of payment for housing and communal services for calculating the amount of subsidies are approved by local government bodies. The housing area norm is established by the Law of the Moscow Region "On the standard of the normative living space for the provision of compensations (subsidies) and the provision of social support to citizens for paying for housing and utilities in the territory of the Moscow region" dated 12/30/2004 No. 213/2004-ОЗ. Benefits for payment of housing and communal services do not affect the receipt of a subsidy. But the size of the subsidy provided cannot exceed the family's actual expenses for housing and utilities within the social norm of housing area and standards for the consumption of housing and communal services. Secondly, under the Administration of the Ramensky district there is a Department for the registration and distribution of living space, the main areas of work of which are: 1 coordination of the activities of the administrations of rural and urban settlements and the public commission on housing issues under the District Administration in matters of implementation of housing legislation. 2 organization of the activities of the public housing commission under the District Administration. 3 organization of the work of the visiting commission for the survey of residential premises in the district. 4 organization of reception of citizens, representatives of enterprises, institutions on housing issues. 5 keeping records of citizens included in the waiting lists for improving their living conditions. 6 solution of issues related to the provision of living space for residents of the district, recognized in the manner prescribed by law in need of better housing conditions. 7 preparation of proposals aimed primarily at providing housing for privileged categories of citizens. 8 participation in the development of measures for the implementation of state targeted programs on housing issues. 9 control over the observance of the current housing legislation by the administrations of rural and urban settlements, enterprises, organizations. 10 control over the timely settlement of vacated residential premises and newly commissioned residential area. 11 coordination of the settlement of citizens on the municipal square. 12 permitting the privatization of office living quarters. Thirdly, the Federal Target Program "State Housing Certificates" operates in the region, aimed at the implementation of social guarantees for the provision of housing for citizens dismissed from military service (including those displaced from closed military camps), as well as servicemen dismissed from military service and family members (Appendix 8). Fourthly, in February 2007, a regional program “Provision of housing for young families” was adopted. This program will allow 10 young families from Ramenskoye to receive free financial support in the amount of 40% - from all levels of budgets - already in 2008. In 2009 this work will be continued. Housing and communal services is a branch of life support, and the life, health and mood of citizens largely depends on the reliability, stability of its functioning. The total cost of capital and current repairs, reconstruction and new construction of housing and communal services facilities in 2007 exceeded 165 million rubles. Housing and communal services need to solve a number of important tasks, the main of which is to continue modernizing the system of housing and communal services. It must be admitted that the work is proceeding very slowly so far. It is necessary to more actively introduce energy-saving technologies, as well as optimize costs. Fig. 8. Expenses for modernization and new construction of housing and communal services facilities 5 Other areas of social policy On the territory of the Ramensky district, 38 thousand people go in for sports, which is 8.4% of all residents of the district, and the number of cultivated sports has increased from 36 to 41. There are more than 30 sports grounds, 15 football fields, 52 sports halls in the district. , three swimming pools, three stadiums, a hippodrome. In addition, the courtyards have playgrounds for mini-football, street basketball and others with a total capacity of more than 3600 people per day. In 2006, the Red Banner stadium and the Saturn sports hall were reconstructed. Reconstruction of the Saturn football stadium and the Saturn swimming pool is underway. Completed work on the introduction of a second sports hall in the Novo-Kharitonovskaya school, as well as work is underway to build an athletics core in the same school and design and survey work on the construction of an athletics arena in the city of Ramenskoye. The construction of the Klishevskaya sports hall is nearing completion high school... A boat station was opened at the Pioneer stadium. The district has sports sections for 33 sports, 5 for children and youth sports schools(CYSS), in which 2800 people are engaged. It is planned to open an equestrian sports school in the village of Igumnovo. 231 full-time physical culture workers carry out physical culture, health-improving and sports work. Particular importance is attached to sports and recreational work. For this, sports and recreation and military-patriotic camps, educational and methodological camps, hiking trips are organized, Health Days and other events are held. Taking into account the great popularity of football in the Ramensky district, tournaments are held among courtyard football teams. In 2007, 84 teams took part in the winter tournament, and 64 teams took part in the summer tournament. Regional championships in cross-country skiing, athletics, swimming, orienteering, chess, basketball, volleyball, Greco-Roman wrestling, sports and rhythmic gymnastics, motor sports, table tennis, and football are regularly held. The Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Administration of the Ramensky District closely cooperates with the Department of Social Protection of the Population, not losing sight of work with disabled children. For this category of children, for the third year already, classes in physical training, swimming and archery have been organized. On the basis of the Yurovsky boarding school, a sports club for the disabled "Yurovets" was created. The real assessment of the ecological situation in the Ramenskoye region is carried out by the Department for Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management of the Administration of the Ramensky District. To improve the ecological state, the program "Ecology of the Ramensky District" was adopted, its implementation plan is designed for 2005-2009. The content of the Program "Ecology of the Moscow Region" for 2003-2006 includes four activities that will be implemented on the territory of the Ramensky District. The main problem is still the collection, processing, utilization and burial of industrial and household waste. There are 3 landfills on the territory of the district: Safonovo, Konstantinovo and Toropovo - with a total area of 30.75 hectares, which do not fully comply with instructions, rules and environmental requirements, as a result of which the district receives a diffuse system of soil, air, groundwater and surface water pollution. The widespread numerous unauthorized dumps of household and industrial waste pose a serious threat. The problem for the city of Ramenskoye is the construction of new storm sewer systems. Ramensky district is actively involved in environmental education and upbringing of the population. Libraries do a lot of work, including school libraries in the first place. Teachers work a lot. On the initiative of Ya.E. Novikova, a teacher of geography at the Yurovskaya secondary school, three years ago a circle "Young ecologist" was created here, whose activities were repeatedly noted at competitions. In 2006, for the work "Clean Rivers of Childhood", the guys were awarded the title of laureates of the regional environmental competition. Youth as a category of the population is a real part of society, an integral large social group that performs its specific functions in society. In the Ramensky district, there are 48,880 young people aged 14 to 30, which is one fourth of the district's population. Ramenskiy district is one of the districts of the Moscow region where work with youth is one of the priority areas of activity of executive authorities and local self-government. By the decree of the Head of the Ramensky district V.F. Demina dated 17.06.1998 No. 1025 from 01.07.1998 the Department for Youth Affairs of the Committee for Social Protection of the Population was transformed into the Committee for Youth Affairs of the Administration of the Ramensky District. The activity of the Committee for Youth Affairs of the Administration of the Ramensky District is based on the principle of providing state support to various youth initiatives. In the process of implementing the regional state youth policy, the Committee on Youth Affairs relies on the structural divisions of the Administration of the Ramensky District (committees, departments, centers), youth public associations, educational establishments... The main directions in the work of the Committee on Youth Affairs are the following directions of youth policy: 1 civil-patriotic education of youth; 2 informational support of youth; 3 development of a network of youth centers in the field; 4 organization and development of the main forms of youth leisure activities; 5 support for young families. In its work, the Committee on Youth Affairs relies on the activities of a public youth organization - RaOM "Molodist", created in January 1996 under the Department of Youth Affairs of the Committee for Social Protection of the Population and the organization of political ecologists "Local". The main goal of RAO Molodist is to organize joint efforts of creative and active Ramensk youth, ready to work to make their life brighter and more interesting. The organization is headed by the Chairman, who coordinates the activities of the sectors: journalism, military-sports, cultural. In its activities, the Committee on Youth Affairs provides information and financial assistance to the youth organization, helps in the implementation of youth events, the implementation of programs. The organization helps young people find friends with the same interests, organize an event and do a necessary and important thing in a peer group, as well as solve their youth problems. Employees of the region's cultural institutions make an invaluable contribution to the life of society. They take an active creative and civic stance, organizing not only large-scale regional holidays, but also concerts, performances for children, festivals, contests, and leisure activities of the ramen people in the city park. CDC "Saturn", House of Culture named after .. V.V. Vorovskogo, Palace of Culture "Victory", rural houses of culture, no doubt, perform the most important social function, introducing the population to culture. This is one bright side of cultural life. Another - important - is that the library network of the region has been preserved and developed. Thanks to technical equipment and the creation of access to the Internet, it is possible to return to the library a reader, first of all, a young one. An event in 2007 was the creation of an information and presentation Center for the southeast of the Moscow region in the Ramenskoye Museum of History and Local Lore, funded by a grant from the Governor in the amount of 900 thousand rubles. This is the first Center of its kind in the Moscow region. The task of the employees of the district's cultural institutions is to enthrall the people of Ramen with various forms of work in all areas of cultural life: in music, dance, theatrical art, and literary activity. Arouse interest in national and world culture. Since from January 1, 2005, the powers of the executive authorities of the municipal and regional levels were divided, the Social Protection Bodies of the Moscow Region were transferred to the direct subordination of the Committee for Social Protection of the Population of the Ramensky District, which became a territorial structural subdivision, together with it powers in the development of social measures were transferred. policies and their financing. The development of social policy program measures was entrusted to the Main Operational and Analytical Directorate of the Moscow Region. Accordingly, now it develops promising programs of socio-economic development (Appendix 9) and directs them for implementation to the municipal level of executive power, in this case - to the Administration of the Ramensky municipal district. Naturally, most of the funding for such programs comes from the regional budget, and the Ramenskiy district, in turn, covers the necessary expenses for the maintenance of the budgetary sphere and municipal property at the expense of its own budget revenues. Conclusion The social sphere of the Ramensky district is represented by the existing system of health care, education, culture, sports, social security and employment of the population. To characterize the system for the implementation of social policy on the territory of the Ramensky district, an assessment of its effectiveness is essential. Evaluation of the activities of social services is carried out by local government bodies mainly in quantitative indicators (the number of citizens who received one or another social assistance, an increase in the number of social institutions, etc.), and not in terms of the impact on improving the situation of the family, through changes occurring in life of people after receiving social assistance. For indicators of the effectiveness of social policy, one can take, firstly, social stability in the region, and secondly, the stability of the system for the implementation of social policy, its ability to respond to changes in the social health of the population, political regime, socio-economic transformations in society. The infrastructure of social services created in the Ramensky district in general fulfills the tasks of providing the elderly, disabled people, families and children, and other categories of citizens with a wide range of social services. The material and technical base of institutions is being strengthened, major repairs are being carried out. All social institutions are being equipped with new equipment and furniture, which makes it possible to significantly improve the conditions for living and finding the served citizens, and to improve the quality of services provided. Further optimization of the network of institutions is an important area of increasing the efficiency of social services. This activity is carried out in the current year, the process of clarifying the functions of institutions is under way, individual institutions are being merged, some are being re-profiled, new ones are opening. The Government of the Moscow Region is developing program activities in the social sphere for the future. Accordingly, it develops programs of socio-economic development (Appendix 9) and sends them for review and subsequent implementation at the municipal level of executive power, in this case - to the Administration of the Ramensky municipal district. Naturally, most of the funding for such programs comes from the regional budget, and the Ramenskiy district, in turn, covers the necessary expenses for the maintenance of the budgetary sphere and municipal property at the expense of its own budget revenues. The main task of local self-government bodies is to create conditions for ensuring the vital interests of the population and carrying out social policy measures, ensuring fair assistance (according to the principle “the state should help only those who really need it”), as well as creating centers for social and informational support of the population with so that information on all types of social support and the cost of benefits provided becomes more accessible and visual for residents. The main goal of the activities of self-government bodies is to improve the quality of life of community members, their social health. The policy of ensuring a decent life is based on the dialectical unity of two social principles: creating conditions for normal work for the overwhelming majority of members of local communities; direct social support of those people who, for one reason or another beyond their personal control, are not able to participate in productive labor. The main task of social policy today is to harmonize public relations, ensure political and social stability in society. This is achieved by maintaining a balance between the population's monetary income and commodity resources, creating conditions for solving the housing problem, meeting the population's demand for the quantity and quality of goods and services, creating a basis for strengthening the health of the population, increasing its spirituality, education, and culture. Often, the main problems of the social sphere are associated with the imperfection of the regulatory and legal framework, its lag behind modern economic conditions. High level losses in the social sphere is the result of a significant decrease in the efficiency of the system of social services and social assistance. Thus, the results of the analysis in the Ramensky district showed that there is a steady increase in the number of citizens of the older generation, and the number of the able-bodied population is decreasing. The number of disabled people exceeds the number of children. Low birth rates and high early mortality rates accelerate the process of demographic aging of the population of the Ramensky District. A constant decline in living standards, a difficult economic situation, and an increase in social tension lead to an increase in the number of citizens in need of social assistance. In order to optimize social policy in the Ramensky district, it is necessary to implement the following measures: First, it is necessary to take measures to expand and increase the volume of production on the territory of the district and to attract foreign investment in the economy of the district in order to increase jobs and increase the wages of residents, which, accordingly, will lead to an increase in the material well-being of residents. Secondly, it is necessary to develop a network of mortgage lending for young families, equalize lending rates for banks operating in the district and strive to minimize the value of interest rates. The adoption of the regional program "Affordable Housing for Young" should play a significant role in the implementation of housing policy. Thirdly, to ensure the improvement of the health care system in relation to pregnant and lactating women, young children. Streamline the issuing system baby food children under 3 years of age. Fourth, it is necessary to ensure the development of specialized education in rural schools, including in a network form (creation of resource centers) and using distance learning technology; carry out the development of various forms of preschool education in order to increase the coverage of the child population of preschool age. Fifthly, to develop a network of social district service and social patronage in the district in order to better reach children from disadvantaged families in the district. To improve the work of the social rehabilitation center "Rodnik" for the prevention of neglect and delinquency of minors. Sixth, to accelerate the opening of the center for social rehabilitation of the family "Seven + I" in the region, which is scheduled for the end of 2008. Seventh, to pursue a policy of developing forms of employment of the population on the basis of organizing temporary and public works, promoting self-employment and entrepreneurial initiative of citizens. Influence the situation on the labor market by changing the structure of the labor force in accordance with modern requirements through vocational training, retraining, and vocational guidance. And, finally, the problems of the elderly population both in Russia in general and in the Ramensky district in particular, remain complex. The situation of the elderly has a shocking emotional and psychological impact on every person. In addition, pensioners are the most actively voting demographic cohort; measures to improve their lives can have a favorable effect on the electoral prospects of a particular politician or a particular organization. In order to improve the living conditions of pensioners, it is necessary to open a day hospital for elderly low-income citizens on the basis of the "Ramensky House of Veterans" with the expansion of the scope of social services: a social canteen, a social hairdresser's, a social laundry. It would also be worthwhile to develop a network of hobby clubs for lonely elderly citizens in rural areas in order to familiarize this category of the population with cultural, educational and entertainment activities in order to bring a share of interest in their not diverse leisure. In the sphere of “preferential” regulation, it is advisable to periodically conduct legal monitoring, nationwide discussion of the problem of the effectiveness of the implementation of “preferential” laws, and study foreign experience. At present, in the Ramensky district, much attention is paid to solving problems in the field of social protection of the population. The proposed steps are very specific. And Russia has colossal opportunities for development, there is a huge potential that must be effectively used to improve people's lives. List of sources and literature used 1. Law of the Moscow Region dated 30.12.2004 No. 213/2004-OZ "On the standard of the normative area of residential premises for the provision of compensations (subsidies) and the provision of measures of social support to citizens to pay for housing and utilities in the territory of the Moscow region" (as amended by 15.12.2005) // Bulletin of the Moscow Regional Duma, 2005.11 February. # 2. - 150 p. 2. The law of the Moscow region of 12.01.2006, No. 1/2006-OZ "On measures of social support for families and children in the Moscow region" // Daily News. Moscow region, 2006.18 January. No. 7. 3. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. M .: OOO "AST Publishing House", 1999. - 64 p. 4. By common forces - to the rise of Russia (On the situation in the country and the main directions of the policy of the Russian Federation): Message of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly. - Russian newspaper 1998.11 December. No. 54. 5. Message of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation // Ross. gas. 2007.11 May. No. 24. 6. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 12/14/2005, No. 761 "On the provision of subsidies for the payment of housing and utilities" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2005. No. 51. - 300 p. 7. Decree of the Government of the Moscow Region dated 07.10.2004 No. 608/39 "On the Committee for Social Protection of the Population of the Moscow Region" // Information Bulletin of the Government of the Moscow Region, 2004. November. No. 11. - 120 p. 8. Decree of the Government of the Moscow Region dated 16.03.2005 No. 170/11 "On the formation of the Ministry of Social Protection of the Moscow Region Population" // Daily News. Moscow region, 2005.18 March. No. 48. 9. Federal Law of 17.07.1999 No. 178-FZ "On State Social Assistance" (as amended on 22.08.2004) // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 1999. No. 29. Art. 3699 .; 2004. No. 35. Article 3607. 10. Federal Law No. 44-FZ of 05.04.2003 "On the Procedure for Recording the Income and Expenditures of the Average Per Capita Family Income and the Income of a Single Citizen for Recognizing them as Poor and Providing State Social Assistance to them" // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2003.09 April. No. 67. 11.Federal Law No. 131-FZ of 06.10.2003 "On General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" (as of November 8, 2007; including amendments, entered into force on January 1, 2008) - Novosibirsk : Sib. univ. publishing house, 2007 .-- 94 p. 12.Federal Law No. 122-FZ of August 22, 2004 "On Amendments to Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation and the Recognition of Invalidation of Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with the Adoption of the Federal Law" On Amendments and Additions to the Federal Law "On General Principles of Organization of Legislative ( representative) and executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation "and" On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation ". // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2004. No. 35. - 350 p. 13. 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One of the main tasks of local self-government bodies is the formation and implementation of municipal social policy.
Municipal social policy is a system of goals, objectives and mechanisms for their implementation, aimed at providing the population with social services, at the maintenance and development of the social sphere of the municipality.
Municipal social policy is built in line with the social policy of the state and in cooperation with state authorities, primarily with the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Through the municipal social policy, both the local authorities' own powers and the state powers transferred to the municipal level in the social sphere are implemented. A. V. Pikulkin Public administration system. Textbook for universities. M .: UNITA-DANA, 2008.S. 94.
The social sphere and social policy can be considered in a broader and narrower sense of the word. In a broad sense, the social sphere includes everything that ensures the life of a person. In this understanding, all municipal policy is social. In a narrower sense, the social sphere of a municipality, as it was said, is understood as the sphere of reproduction of the person himself, his physical and spiritual parameters, while the reproduction of the material and material environment of a person belongs to the urban service sphere.
The social policy of the state is a system of principles, goals, objectives and means that ensure such a socially acceptable and permissible material, political, cultural position of social groups and strata of the population, in which they can realize their personal interests and contribute to their own development and development of society in various types of activities. the whole.
Social policy is carried out through the interests of people and acts as a management of interests. It is designed to eliminate the contradiction between the diverging interests of various subjects, between the current and future interests of society.
The state of the social sphere in this sense serves as an integral indicator of the effectiveness of the country's economy, the humanity of jurisprudence and the political structure of society, its spirituality. The most important tasks of state social policy are to ensure the integrity of the community, its stability, the possibility of dynamic development, and the prevention of social conflicts. Management of the social sphere is carried out at all levels of public authority: federal, regional and municipal. The functions of each level are determined in accordance with legally delimited powers. A. V. Pikulkin Public administration system. Textbook for universities. M .: UNITA-DANA, 2008.S. 99.
Thus, the municipal social policy is aimed at providing the population with social services, at the maintenance and development of the social sphere of the municipality. Municipal social policy is built in line with the social policy of the state and in cooperation with public authorities. Social policy is carried out through the interests of people and acts as a management of interests.
Along with solving problems related to supporting the poor, mitigating possible negative consequences of reforms, improving the demographic situation, social policy should ensure the formation of factors influencing economic growth. This task is realized through the fullest involvement of the labor, intellectual and creative potential of its citizens in the economy. Special attention will be paid to: development and rational use of the labor potential of society; equalizing economic opportunities and enhancing social mobility through accessibility modern education; support of socially vulnerable groups of the population, improvement of pension provision, further improvement of targeted social assistance, streamlining of the system of social benefits and benefits, organization of recreation and health improvement for children; ensuring the growth of monetary incomes of the population and reducing their differentiation on the basis of an increase in wages, accompanied by an increase in labor productivity, an increase in wages in the public sector; creating conditions for effective employment of the population, ensuring a balance of supply and demand in labor markets, including through improving the quality, competitiveness and mobility of the labor force; reducing the scale of poverty on the basis of ensuring effective employment of the population, increasing the financial stability of the pension system, personifying social assistance; the formation of a system of additional non-state social insurance as a factor of social stability; introduction of new methods of financing budgetary institutions, expanding their economic independence and creating conditions for improving the quality and variety of social services provided to citizens; interaction with civil society structures in financing and providing social services, monitoring their quality, providing targeted support to socially vulnerable citizens; stimulating socially responsible behavior of representatives of Russian business.
The solution to these problems can be ensured under the condition of a radical increase in the efficiency of the social sector and optimization of the use of state resources in the interests of citizens - consumers of social services. In particular, it is necessary to expand the use of financing methods based on the principle of "money follows the consumer" (per capita financing, insurance mechanisms, state social order). Simultaneously with a change in the system of financing social institutions, it is necessary to expand their economic independence, increase responsibility to the consumer for the services provided, and make a transition to payment upon the provision of specific social services by them. In the medium term, it is necessary to legislatively formalize new organizational forms of social organizations within the state and municipal sectors of the economy, which will improve the quality of social services provided to the population, increase the efficiency and transparency of the use of budget funds. The current unfavorable demographic situation also requires the adoption of measures aimed at implementing the concept of demographic development for the period up to 2015, based on the following principles: stabilizing the birth rate and strengthening the family; improving the health of the population, increasing life expectancy, reducing preventable, especially premature, mortality.
One of the main tasks of local self-government bodies is the formation and implementation of municipal social policy.
Municipal social policy is a system of goals, objectives and mechanisms for their implementation, aimed at providing the population with social services, at the maintenance and development of the social sphere of the municipality.
Municipal social policy is built in line with the social policy of the state and in cooperation with state authorities, primarily with the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Through the municipal social policy, both the local authorities' own powers and the state powers transferred to the municipal level in the social sphere are implemented.
The social sphere and social policy (state and municipal) can be considered in a broader and narrower sense of the word. In a broad sense, the social sphere includes everything that ensures the life of a person. In this understanding, all municipal policy is social. In a narrower sense, the social sphere of a municipality, as it was said, is understood as the sphere of reproduction of the person himself, his physical and spiritual parameters, while the reproduction of the material and material environment of a person belongs to the urban service sphere.
The social policy of the state is a system of principles, goals, objectives and means that ensure such a socially acceptable and permissible material, political, cultural position of social groups and strata of the population, in which they can realize their personal interests and contribute to their own development and development of society in various types of activities. the whole.
Municipal social policy is aimed at providing the population with social services, at the maintenance and development of the social sphere of the municipality. Municipal social policy is built in line with the social policy of the state and in cooperation with public authorities.
Mechanisms for the implementation of social policy.
When developing a social policy, priorities should be determined that at a given moment are the most urgent and urgent for society, requiring a first-priority decision. State and municipal social policy is implemented through social planning and management through a system of social events and programs carried out by federal, regional and local authorities.
The most important mechanism for the implementation of the state's social policy is the system of state minimum social standards. The social standard is the minimum required level of satisfaction of the social needs of the population. Some examples of minimum social standards:
The minimum wage;
- the minimum level of social pensions and other social benefits;
- compulsory standards and programs within which education is free;
- a list of treatment and prophylactic services provided at the expense of budgetary funds.
Social standards are expressed through social norms. Social norms are uniform or group measures of social needs for homogeneous territories.
Examples of social norms:
- the rate of provision of the population with institutions of the social and cultural sphere;
- the norms of the occupancy of school classes and groups in preschool institutions;
- norms for providing the population with individual social services;
- norms of personnel and material support in the provision of social services.
Compliance with minimum social standards and norms requires large budgetary expenditures. In this regard, the task of reasonably limiting the total number of social benefits and differentiating social standards into federal, regional and municipal is urgent. At the same time, the most important minimum social standards should remain at the federal level.
The municipal level is intended to concretize the methods, methods and mechanisms for achieving the goals defined in the framework of federal and regional social policy, in relation to the characteristics of specific territories. The task of local self-government bodies, as those closest to the population, is the direct provision of a complex of social services that ensure the conditions of human life and its reproduction.
On the basis of regional norms and standards, local self-government bodies can develop local social norms and norms that take into account the specifics of a particular municipality.
The actual volume of social services provided to the population by local governments is as follows:
- comprehensive centers of social services for veterans and other social groups;
- social rehabilitation centers and social shelters for minors;
- homes for the disabled and the elderly;
- orphanages;
centers of psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population, etc.
Foreign experience in the formation and implementation of municipal social policy. The fundamental norms and values of a particular society have a huge impact on the system of social policy. Social policy is, as it were, a mirror reflecting the deeply rooted social expectations of the population, which are formed outside the structure of social policy.
A key indicator of the normative values of a society is the nature of social policy. In some countries, the social services provided under this system are viewed primarily as a public good, from which all citizens benefit. Another value of a similar nature is the principle of solidarity, according to which the main burden of covering the cost of social services is deliberately shifted from the elderly, the poor and the sick to the young, rich and healthy in order to ensure that the necessary social assistance is provided to all members of society.
Social policy in the countries of the European Union is implemented in three areas:
1. Social democratic model. Directions and ways of implementing social policy within the framework of this model are determined by the political union of left-wing workers' parties and parties representing the interests of small farmers, and aims to provide the state with a wide range of social services for the entire population at full employment. V. Hanesh * defines this model as Scandinavian (Denmark, Sweden, Finland): social services are considered as civil rights, all citizens have the right to equal, tax-financed social security. The working population receives additional social benefits. Only unemployment insurance is separated from the state social security system, it is based on the principle of voluntariness. In general, the level of social security is quite high; it is financed mainly by taxes.
2. Corporate model (Germany, Austria, France and Benelux countries). It assumes the development of a system of social insurance benefits, differentiated by type of labor activity, and, accordingly, the integration of the trade union movement with the state. V. Khanesh calls this model continental. It is based on social insurance, that is, social security directly or indirectly (for family members) extends to the working population. Social insurance services, funded primarily by contributions, vary according to occupational group membership.
3. Liberal model. This model assumes the minimum necessary state support for the social lower classes; it has found application in the Anglo-Saxon countries (Great Britain, Ireland). V. Hanesh calls this model Anglo-Saxon. It includes social insurance, which is at a rather low level, and social assistance, which plays a decisive role for it. There are some differences within the Anglo-Saxon model. While in the UK the public health system provides free health care to all citizens, in Ireland public health care can only be used by the low-paid. The model in question, in one form or another, has found distribution outside the European continent - in the USA, Australia and New Zealand.
In addition, V. Khanesh singles out another model of social policy - a rudimentary one, presented in the countries of Southern Europe. In these countries, it is only in recent decades that social and economic structural changes have created or improved general social security systems. Typically, these include work and social insurance; in general, the level of social security in these countries is quite low. It is still assumed here that social protection of citizens is largely carried out through the family and private charity. This model is interpreted as developing, or transitional.
Any model of social policy will not be effective without financial support. Financing of social programs, of the entire social policy is in direct proportion to the share of spending in the gross domestic product (GDP).
To finance the social policy system in all EU member states, contributions are attracted by both employers and employees themselves, as well as tax funds. In some countries (Belgium, France, Luxembourg), the so-called social taxes are additionally levied, the amount of which is still insignificant. In principle, this structure of financing the social sphere is typical for all EU member states, although each of them has its own specific features. Thus, in countries implementing the continental model, the social sphere in 1995 was financed by two-thirds or more (up to 71.5% in France) from contributions from employers and workers. In general, since 1998 there has been a gradual restructuring of the types of financing of social services. In all EU member states, the share of social insurance contributions paid by employers has been declining; to finance the social sphere, contributions from workers, as well as tax revenues, began to be attracted to a greater extent.
It is common for all EU member states that both the state and enterprises and private organizations participate in the financing of social security (social policy). Almost everywhere, primarily the state (government and local authorities) finances social programs; the sources of funding are tax revenues and contributions. The share of the state is highest in the countries representing the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian models (in Denmark - 74.2%). The share of the state in countries with a continental (corporate) model is relatively low (in the Netherlands - 27.5%, in Germany - 37%), but the share of private organizations in these countries is significant (Holland - 46.9%, Belgium - 35.2% , Germany-29, 3%).