The formation of complex nouns occurs by combining into one semantic whole several (usually two) independent parts. Their role can be played by various parts of speech, both independent and official. Their display on the letter has its own characteristics. We will talk about how to write such words today.
First, let's talk about what options exist. A complex noun in Russian can be written either with a hyphen, or together, or separately. The principle that lies in the distinction between these options is the selection of words in the letter. Words are separated by spaces, and their parts are written together. However, the application of this rule has its own peculiarities. The fact is that in the language whole words and their combinations are not always clearly contrasted. Therefore, in addition to separate and continuous spelling, there is a semi-continuous, or hyphenated. The hyphen serves to separate words into parts (for example, the firebird), or combines parts of the phrase into one whole (fantastic writer). After reading this article, you will learn how to write a particular compound noun correctly.
Consolidated spelling
Words that are formed using connecting consonants are written together. This includes all education auto-, aero-, air-, cinema-, moto-, photo-, auto-, electro-, meteo-, stereo-, agro-, hydro, micro-, bio-, zoo-, neo-, macro. There are many examples, here are just a few: flax harvesting, farmer, plumbing, airport, motorcycle race, car race, photo essay, electric motor, bike racing, macrocosm.
Compound nouns are written together if they are inflected and their first verbal part ends in -i. Examples: derzhiderevo, adonis, turnip, dzhimorda, hoarder, flirtatious, daredevil.
Hyphen
A complex noun should be written through a hyphen if it has the meaning of one word and it consists of 2 nouns used independently, connected by vowels e or o. Examples: boy-woman, firebird, cafe-restaurant, diesel engine, major general, prime minister, Buryat-Mongolia. Note that in this case, when the word is declensed, only the second noun changes.
The following examples apply to this rule: purchase and sale, reading room, saw-fish, good boy, Moscow River. However, in these cases, both nouns change in declension.
In addition, the names of political directions and parties that are constituents, as well as their supporters, should be written through a hyphen. Examples are as follows: social democrat, social democracy,
Complex units of measure
Hyphen spelling is correct if we are dealing with complex units of measurement. It does not matter whether this compound noun is formed with a connecting vowel or not. Examples: kilowatt-hour, ton-kilometer, man-day. However, there is an exception to this rule - this is the word workday, which should be written together.
Other cases of hyphenation
Let's continue to consider the spelling of compound nouns. A hyphen should be put in the case of the names of foreign and Russian intermediate cardinal points. Examples: northeast, northeast etc.
Through a hyphen, combinations of words are written that have the meaning of nouns if these combinations include:
a) verb used in personal form (flower love-not-love, plant Dont touch me);
b) union (plant Ivan da Marya);
c) preposition ( Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Rostov-on-Don, Frankfurt am Main).
Foreign language elements often have their own characteristics. Their use in various rules is often negotiated separately. In our case, the hyphenated spelling of complex nouns is correct if their first component is foreign language elements non-commissioned, chief, vice, headquarters, ex-. Examples include the following: life medic, ex-champion, vice president, headquarters.
Spelling of compound nouns, the first part of which is half-
If the first part of a compound word is floor-(meaning "half"), followed by a noun in R. p., which begins with the consonant " l" or with a vowel, then the hyphen spelling is correct. Examples: half an apple, half a turn, half a lemon. In other cases, compound nouns are written together. Examples: half an hour, half a meter, half a room. However, if after floor- it will be appropriate to use a hyphen if you have complex nouns in front of you. Examples: half of Europe, half of Moscow. Words that begin with semi-. Examples: semicircle, half-station, half a verst from the city.
Application Highlight Features
If the word being defined is immediately followed by a single-word application, a hyphen should be placed between them. Examples: Anika is a warrior, Masha is a quickie, an old mother.
If a one-word application, which can be equated in meaning with an adjective, follows the word being defined, the hyphen is not put. Example: handsome son.
If the application or the word being defined is itself written with a hyphen, it is not placed between them. Example: Social Democrat Mensheviks.
Russian compound surnames
Compound surnames should be written through a hyphen, which were formed by adding two personal names, that is, when complex nouns are formed when they are combined. Examples: Skvortsov-Stepanov, Rimsky-Korsakov, Andersen-Nexe, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy and others.
Personal surnames and given names combined with nicknames are written separately with them. Examples: Ants Hanger, Vanka Kain, Ilya Muromets.
Foreign compound surnames
It is necessary to put a dash between the parts of the word if we are dealing with foreign compound surnames, in which the first part St. or Saint-. Examples: Saint-Saens, Saint-Just, Saint-Simon etc. Oriental personal names (Arabic, Turkic, etc.) should also be written with a final or initial component indicating social status, family relations, etc. Examples: Osman Pasha, Izbail Bey, Tursunzade, Ibn Fadlan and etc.
However, it should be clarified that hyphenated compound names, the first part of which is Don-, are written only in cases where the main part of the name is not used separately in Russian. Examples: Don Quixote, Don Juan. However, if the word "don" means "master", it should be written separately. Examples: Don Basilio, Don Pedro.
It should also be taken into account that particles and articles, which are parts of foreign-language surnames, are written without a hyphen, that is, separately. Examples: le Chapelier, von Bismarck, de Valera, de Coster, Lope de Vega, Leonardo da Vinci, von der Goltz, Baudouin de Courtenay. Particles and articles, without which surnames of this type are not used, must be written with a hyphen. Example: Van Dyck.
It should be said that some other foreign-language surnames have their own characteristics in the Russian transmission. Particles and articles in them are written together, so that their spelling can be separate in the respective languages. Examples: Delisle, Decandole, Laharpe, La Fontaine. The spelling of compound nouns, which are proper names of foreign origin, as you can see, has many nuances. We have considered the main ones, it remains to tell only about the last.
It must be taken into account that the names of different categories are not connected by hyphens to each other, like the Russian surname, name and patronymic. Example: Gaius Julius Caesar.
We now turn to the features of displaying geographical names in writing.
Geographical names consisting of two nouns
They are written with a hyphen if they consist of two nouns. Examples: Kamenetz-Podolsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Heart-Stone. The same applies to words consisting of a noun followed by an adjective. Examples: Goose-Crystal,
Other cases of hyphenated place names
Through a hyphen, you should also write combinations consisting of a particle or an article with a significant part of speech. The following examples can be given: Bay of De Castries, City of La Carolina, City of Le Creusot.
Names are written with a hyphen settlements if they include as the first part: top-, salt-, mouth- etc. The same applies to some titles with the first part lower-, upper-, old-, new- etc., except for those cases when a continuous spelling has been fixed on geographical maps or in reference publications. Examples: Verkh-Irmen, Sol-Iletsk, Ust-Abakan, Novo-Vyazniki, but: Maloarkhangelsk, Novosibirsk, Novoalekseevka, Starobelsk.
If geographical names, which are composite, are formed from the names of parts of a particular geographical object with or without a connecting vowel, in which case a dash is also put. Examples: Alsace-Lorraine, Austria-Hungary. An exception - Czechoslovakia.
Separate spelling of geographical names
However, geographical names in some cases should be written separately. This applies primarily to words consisting of an adjective followed by a noun; or if the noun follows the numeral. Examples: Nizhny Tagil, Belaya Tserkov, Seven Brothers, Yasnaya Polyana.
You also need to write separately nouns if they are surnames. Examples: Erofey Pavlovich station, Lev Tolstoy settlement.
Names of cities with the second part - city or - city
The names of cities are written together if they are the second component -town or -grad. Examples: Ivangorod, Uzhgorod, Belgorod, Kaliningrad, Leningrad.
Variants of spelling
It should be noted that there are fluctuations in the spelling of some compound words that have appeared in the language recently. Examples: parking place and parking place, ton-kilometer and ton-kilometer, tonnage-day and tonnage-day. These orthographic variants are explained by the presence of connecting vowels in them ( tons-about-mileage, cars-about-place). Thus, they are affected by general spelling rules. It is preferable to write them together.
So, we have considered the continuous and hyphenated spelling of compound nouns. Of course, we have analyzed only the main cases. There are many nuances in this topic, so you can improve in it for a long time. However, we have presented the basic information, and in most cases it is quite enough to write correctly complex nouns.
The Russian language is great and rich, it has great potential for changing various word forms and forming new parts of speech. Perhaps no other language contains such an extensive vocabulary taking into account the different shades of meaning of each word. One of the ways of word formation is the combination of two or more stems into one combined word, which can be both an adjective and a noun.
Definition
The basics of continuous writing
When using elements of electro-, cinema-, micro-, photo-, neo-, zoo-, hydro-, etc. compound nouns can only be written together. | Hitchhiking, aerial photography, biocycle, solar technology, hydromass, zoo farm, movie hero, microsensor, unicycle, neorealism, radio bearing, TV broadcasting, electric drill, video clip, photo studio. |
Words of foreign origin are written together if, when translated into Russian, the constituent parts with their characteristic meanings are not separated. | Blitzkrieg, gum arabic, crepe de chine, fildepers, maître d', price list. For comparison: crepe chiffon, second-hand, creme brulee, crepe georgette. |
It is necessary to write the words together with the verb in the first part, which has the ending -i. | Redstart, hoarding, holding a tree. BUT: rolling stone. |
When using abbreviated stems, the resulting word is never written separately. | City committee, trade union committee, Central Bank, head teacher. |
Also, compound nouns are written together in the following cases: if the first link in the word board-; if the final link in the word is a meter. | Logbook, flight radio operator. Tonometer, pentameter. |
Writing through a dash
Consider first the basics of hyphen writing, and then we will study the rest of the nuances.
When forming a compound noun, created without the use of connecting letters, and using it as the name of a mechanism or a political or scientific term, the rules establish the hyphenated spelling of this word. Also, compound nouns are written with a hyphen when using the press and block components. | Vacuum setting, diesel hammer, submachine gun, dress suit, swordfish, prime major, lord mayor. Press release, block point, block diagram, press center. Exceptions: blockhouse, notepad. |
When writing a two-part unit of measure, do not forget about the use of a dash. | Bed man. Exceptions: work hours, workdays. |
The names of supporters of various parties and the currents themselves in politics are written with a hyphen. | Radical revolutionism, national socialist. |
When indicating the cardinal points, hyphens are used. | Northeast, northwest. |
The presence in the word of foreign components, such as vice-, label-, headquarters, turns into the fact that this complex noun is written with a hyphen. | Life hussar, headquarters captain, ex-vice mayor, chief burgomaster. |
Plant names that include a union are written with a hyphen. | Coltsfoot. |
If one element included in a compound word expresses an assessment of another, in this case a hyphen is put. | Fighting girl, miracle stove, unfortunate fisherman, jingoistic patriot. |
If the word includes letters of a foreign alphabet and it is a scientific and technical term, then a hyphen is used when writing it. | Alpha decay, x-unit, gamma globulin. |
In sentences, sometimes there is an enumeration of compound words with an identical second part. In order not to write it every time, you can leave this part only in the final word, and use a hanging hyphen for previous words. | Electricity and energy consumption, television and radio broadcasting, motorcycle and bicycle trips. |
Proper spelling of multi-part proper names
Let's figure out how to write compound nouns correctly, which are proper names.
Double surnames
Complex surnames from a number of components are written through a dash, and each part must be capitalized.
Examples: Petrov-Sidorov, Andersen-Nexe.
foreign names
There are rules for multi-part non-Russian names.
- If in a double or triple name the first word does not change during declension, then its parts are connected by a hyphen. Examples: Jean-Paul Belmondo.
- Combined names and surnames are distinguished by separate spelling, including Latin names, which are complex nouns. Examples: Arthur Conan Doyle .
- If parts of a given name without a surname serve as a means of naming, then they use a dash when writing. Examples: Maria Theresa .
Service parts of speech in foreign names
The spelling of service words in foreign names is also carried out according to certain rules.
- Service words in a non-Russian name are written separately with a small letter. Examples: von der Stolz, le Chapelier.
- In Eastern languages, the component of the name, which carries a certain semantic load, is written with a small letter and is attached through a dash to the next part of the word or, in its absence, to the previous one. Examples: Alif ed-Din, Imran el-Kuni.
- Sometimes, if a function word is capitalized in the parent language, it retains its spelling in Russian version. Examples: François De Morel, Andrea De Fournier.
- The links of the names O ", Mac-, Saint-, San-, Saint- are written in front of the surname with a capital letter. The letter O- is detached with an apostrophe, the rest of the elements with a hyphen. Examples: O" Neill, McClain, Saint-Vincent, Saint- Laurent.
- The word "don", if "master" is meant, is written separately with a small letter. Examples: Don José, Don Nicholas. (When using this word as an element of a proper name, it is written with a capital letter and uses a dash in its outline. Examples: Don Quixote, Don Juan).
The use of the above words in a common sense determines their continuous spelling with a small letter. Examples: Don Juan, Don Quixote.
Asian names and surnames
In Asian proper names of such countries as Korea, Japan, China and others, all components are capitalized and separated. The element -san, used as an address in Japanese names, is written with a small letter separated by a dash. Examples: Ban Ki-moon, Otoyama-san, Wu Tan.
Rules for writing geographical names
The constituent parts of toponyms are written with a capital letter and connected with a dash in the following cases:
- If two nouns are combined that have the meaning of the whole object or its parts. Examples: Ulan-Ude, Spas-Demensk.
- If the city name consists of a noun at the beginning and an adjective at the end. Examples: Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Gus-Khrustalny.
- When combining the component salt-, ust-, top- with the name of a geographical point. Examples: Verkh-Narym, Ust-Ilimsk . Exception: Solvychegodsk .
- When combining foreign language components. Examples: Sierra Leone, Monte Carlo.
Please note: despite the fact that toponyms are written with a hyphen, the name of the inhabitants living in this settlement is written together. As an example, consider a sentence with two compound nouns: "Ulaanbaatar residents live in the city of Ulaanbaatar."
Additionally
Usually homogeneous members of a sentence are separated from each other by a comma. However, there are exceptions to this rule as well. The following pair combinations are written through a dash, eventually becoming part of a sentence with complex nouns:
- Pair combinations are synonyms. Examples: the end is not visible, learn about life, determine the benefit-benefit .
- Antonyms that form complex nouns. Examples: a contract of sale, acceptance and issuance of money, collect questions and answers.
- Combinations with associative links. Examples: there are all sorts of birds, fish, go to the forest for mushrooms, berries, treat with bread and salt.
Summarizing
Of course, it is impossible to cover all the variety of compound words and the rules for their spelling in one article, but the main provisions have been considered here. Compound nouns can differ in the way they are formed, gender, spelling, meaning, etc.
The formation of compound words by adding them together is one of the rather interesting functions of the Russian language, which helps to increase its vocabulary, and is also used to more accurately display certain meanings of certain objects.
Has its own rules.
What are compound words?
Such words are formed in two ways - improper and own. The spelling of complex words here depends on many factors. Proper addition - when parts are connected by vowels "e" or "o", vowels "i" or "a" do not occur, for example: earthquake, waterfall, chant, songwriting.
Improper addition does without connecting vowels. For instance: crazy,(and the letter "a" is not connecting here!) selfishness, Tsargrad. Also, words have an improper way of adding, where one part is not-, neither-, most-. For instance: never, once, failure, best.
Spelling of fused and compound compound words
It is customary for philologists to divide compound words into several types, where the principle of separation is the way they are written: fused words and compound words. Of course, merged ones are written together, and compound ones are hyphenated. For instance: sofa bed and natural history.
The general rules for spelling compound words also provide for the following.
In compound words, both parts of the composition are usually declined, but here not without exceptions: with house-museum, for example, nothing bad happens from declination, but major general offended if he is declined in all parts, and it is impossible to hear that he was, for example, in raincoat-tent, here the declension of the first part of the compound word is clearly superfluous: in raincoat tent he was. The spelling rules for compound words are exactly this: there are always a sufficient number of exceptions.
Complex and complex abbreviations
If the stem of the first part of the word ends in a hard consonant, then the letter "o" is used for the link, but if the ending is soft, hissing or "c", then the connecting vowel is "e". For instance: breakwater, amphibians, locomotive and birder, vegetable store, travel. There are times when this rule is violated: Dalnerechensk - an exception, Gornozavodsk - rule.
The spelling of complex and compound words is not limited to this. Words in which there is no connecting vowel are also written together, this can be observed in a word with the original first part: pastime, cotyledons. Words - former phrases that have formed into one word, are also written together: feeble-minded, insane, complexly abbreviated, gold-bearing.
Numerals
The spelling of compound words requires a separate rule about numerals and the genitive case. If they form the first part of a compound word, then they are certainly written together. Examples: five-star, six-winged. Here, some numbers will be exceptions. - more precisely, derivatives of "thousand", "hundred", "ninety", "one". For instance: homogeneous, thousandfold, costly, ninety-year-old.
The numerals that make up the compound word ("two" and "three") have different forms of use. For example, from the numeral "two" is formed and two-, and two-, and from the numeral "three" - three-, three- and tre-, For example: two-phase, three-kilometer, two-legged, trident, distant. The numeral "one and a half" has the form one and a half-, For example: one and a half kilogram. The nominative case is characteristic of the numeral "quarter" - quarterfinal.
Photo, film, radio, stereo and more
It is always necessary to write compound nouns together, where the part is one of the following elements: agro-, auto-, aero-, bicycle-, bio-, helio-, hydro-, geo-, zoo-, cinema-, iso-, weather, macro, micro, mono, moto, paleo, neo, stereo, radio, photo, television, electro and many others. Examples: TV program, microbiology, macro photography. The air element retains the ending: air mail, air service.
Compound abbreviation and verb stem
If you always follow the basic rule that dictates the assignment of compound words (connecting vowels "o" and "e"), then some words could be an exception, but there are too many of them. Therefore, the rule is separate. If a compound noun has the first part of a verb ending in a vowel, then the letter "and" is not a connective, it is part of this verb. For instance: redstart, dzhimorda, daredevil. And there are not without exceptions. Tumbleweed written with a hyphen. A lot of rules have to be memorized, for example, by a foreigner. This, among other things, is rich in the Russian language. The spelling of complex words demonstrates this quite clearly.
Compound abbreviated words are always written together, except for the cases, which are discussed below. The bulk of complex words are written like this: fizkultprivet, district executive committee, social security, trade union committee, deputy dean, mostostroy etc. But the hyphen is used by complex nouns in which there is no connecting vowel, denoting political, technical, scientific terms. Diesel power plant, major general, sofa bed, emergency brake other. However, if the first part is board- or the last graph-, then the unambiguously continuous spelling: flight engineer, topographer.
Hyphen
With the help of a hyphen, you need to write complex nouns in which there is no connecting vowel and which have block-, press- in the first part, for example: press conference, block mechanism. If the constituent parts denote the names of supporters political parties:national democrat, radical liberalism. If compound nouns denote cardinal points: southwest, northeast.
But foreign words It is recommended to check in dictionaries, because: yacht Club, but yachtsman. P pas de quatre, for example, it can be padekatrom, even dictionaries get confused in the readings. In such cases, the rules for spelling compound words rely on the taste of the user. Hyphens are used when precise measurements are needed: ton-kilometer, man-day(exceptions workday, workday).
More hyphen references
Complex nouns also use a hyphen if the first part of them is vice-, ober-, life-, staff-, unter-, ex-, for example: ex-president, lieutenant. Compound names containing a conjunction or a verb are also written with a hyphen: coltsfoot, tumbleweed. Synonyms or antonyms used for the emotional coloring of speech or containing an assessment of the phenomenon also resort to the help of a hyphen: buy-sell, sadness-longing, miracle squirrel, house-dump, unfortunate mechanic.
Also, words that are repeated to enhance the emotional load are written with a hyphen: strongly, strongly, barely, just about, they go, they go, ah-ah, well-well. The same applies to phrases. zero zero, as well as purely pronominal words, again increasing the emotional load: someone who, but not you; where, where, but in this country it is always warm. Of an expressive nature, there are also such repetitions written with a hyphen: terem-teremok, day-to-day, darkness-darkness, one-alone, clever-reason, torment-martyr, willy-nilly, hocus-pocus, things-dryuchki.
Pair constructions
If the first part of a compound word is a fragment of a semi-, the word is written together, but if a paired construction is composed, a hyphen is required: half-Russian-half-German, half-dream-half-awake, half-city-half-village, half-jokingly-half-seriously, half-military-half-civilian, half-lying-half-sitting. However, a comma is also possible between fragments of these constructions: half smile, half cry.
Correlative combinations or words close in meaning are also written through a hyphen: bread and salt, cat and mouse, path-road, one and only, alive and well. And if you need to specify the amount or time, a hyphen is also put: a week or two, two or three times, in March-April, five or six days, eighteen to twenty people.
A hyphen is needed if a letter is used in the first part of a compound noun, for example, Greek: gamma rays, alpha male. You can use several parts of the first fragment to one part of the last in compound words: photo and film documents; bicycle, motorcycle and car racing. In these cases, a trailing hyphen is used.
Here are the basic rules that the spelling of compound words uses. The table above sorts them.
The Russian language uses many complex nouns, the spelling of which can be questionable. The rules governing the spelling of this part of speech together or with a hyphen are as follows:
The following groups of nouns are written through a hyphen:
1. Formed from two independent nouns, denoting one concept and not connected with the help of vowels “o” or “e”, for example:
- firebird, miracle stove, cafe-restaurant, diesel engine, etc. (with declension, only the second word changes);
- hut-reading room, purchase and sale, fish-saw, Moscow-river (when declining, both words change);
2. Denoting the name of political parties and consisting of two names, for example, and also naming adherents of these parties:
- social democracy, radical revolutionary, etc.
3. Naming complex units of measurement, and such nouns are written with a hyphen, even if there are connecting vowels “o” or “e” in the composition, for example:
- child-day, man-hours, ton-kilometer, BUT: workday
4. Calling the intermediate cardinal directions. This rule applies to both Russian-language names and foreign ones, for example:
- Northeast, northeast;
5. Formed from phrases that name an object in real life(i.e., those phrases that have become stable and have received the status of a noun). This group includes the following:
- Having in their composition the personal form of the verb: do not touch me (flower);
- Incorporating the union: Ivan da Marya (flower)
- Incorporating a pretext: Rostov-on-Don, Stone-on-Obi;
6. Being essentially compound surnames formed from two others, For example:
- Rimsky-Korsakov, Mamin-Sibiryak;
7. Being foreign-language surnames with the first part "Sen-", "Sent-". For instance:
- Saint-Exupery, Saint-Just.
Oriental surnames reflecting family relationships are also written in the same way. For instance:
- Ibn-Khottab (son of Khottab), Kyor-ogly (daughter of Kyor), etc.
Note 1. Proper names that include “don-” are written with a hyphen only if their second component is not used independently in Russian (Don Juan, Don Quixote), then the word “don” is capitalized . However, if this word is used in the sense of "master", and the next after it can be used independently, then the hyphen is not put and "don" is written with a small letter (don Pedro, don Gustavo), etc.
Note 2. All articles and particles characteristic of foreign names and surnames are written separately, with a small letter and without a hyphen:
- von Bismarck, le Chapelier, de Coster, etc., BUT: Van Dyck (written with a hyphen, since a surname of this type is not used without an article).
It happens that it is in Russian that the surname and articles are written together, although in the corresponding foreign language version the spelling will be separate: Fonvizin, La Fontaine.
Note 3. If names of different categories are used in the full name of a person, then no signs are placed between them, and they are all capitalized:
- Erich Maria Remarque, Gaius Julius Caesar, Gabriel Garcia Marquez (this corresponds to the Russian version of the name, patronymic and surname).
Note 4. Personal names and surnames, next to which nicknames are used, are written separately with nicknames:
- Ilya Muromets, Vladimir the Red Sun, Yaroslav the Wise, Ants the Hanger (in this case, both personal names and nicknames are capitalized;
8. Naming geographical objects. This includes the following subgroups:
- Consisting of two nouns: Orekhovo-Zuevo, Heart-Stone;
- Consisting of a noun and an adjective: Gus-Khrustalny;
- Representing a combination of an article or particle with a significant part of speech: Le Creusot (city), De-Kastri (bay).
Note. The following subgroups of geographical names are written separately:
- Consisting of an adjective and a noun in a position after the adjective (or of a numeral and a noun in a position after the numeral): Belaya Tserkov, Nizhny Tagil, Velikiye Luki, Seven Brothers, etc.
- Consisting of a personal name and patronymic or first and last name: Erofey Pavlovich, the village of Lev Tolstoy, etc.
9. Denoting the names of settlements with the first part "ust-", "top-", "sol-", etc., as well as "old-", "new-", "upper-", "lower-", but they are not always written with a hyphen. For instance:
- Ust-Abakan, Sol-Iletsk, Verkh-Irmen, Novo-Vyazniki, NO: Novosibirsk, Novorossiysk, Maloarkhangelsk, etc.
10. Denoting compound geographical names. Moreover, they can be written with a hyphen, regardless of whether there are connecting main "o" or "e" or not:
- Austria-Hungary, BUT: Czechoslovakia.
11. Namers foreign names own or inanimate objects:
- Amu Darya, Alma-Ata, Grand Hotel, etc.
12. Having in their composition the word “floor” (= “half”) and a noun in the genitive case, if it begins with an uppercase letter, vowel or “l”, for example:
- Half of Moscow, half a lemon, half an orange, BUT: half a cheesecake, half a penny, half a river.
Nouns that begin with "semi" are always written together: half-station.
13. Denoting ranks, the first part of which includes foreign prefixes "unter-", "ober-", "headquarters-", "vice-", "life-", "ex-":
- vice-chancellor, staff captain, non-commissioned officer, ex-champion, etc.
14. Representing a defined word with the application following it:
- old mother, Anika the warrior, etc.
Note 1. If the application can be replaced by an agreed definition, then the hyphen is not put: handsome son (handsome son).
Note 2. If the word being defined is itself spelled with a hyphen, then there is no hyphen between it and the appendix either: the Social Democrats are Mensheviks.
Note 3. The hyphen is not put if there are combinations:
- common noun + proper: the city of Novosibirsk, the Ob River;
- generic concept + specific concept: hummingbird bird, beetle insect, birch tree;
- the word "citizen", "master", "comrade", etc. + noun: citizen chief, mister policeman, etc.
15. Graphic abbreviations of nouns:
- island (island), state (state), number (number), etc.
16. if two (or more) compound nouns are used in the text, the second part of which is the same, and the first nouns are deliberately omitted:
- auto and motorcycle equipment; steam, electric and diesel locomotives.
Written together:
1. Nouns formed with the connecting vowels "o" or "e", as well as all nouns, the first parts of which are: aero-, air-, auto-, motorcycle-, bicycle-, cinema-, photo-, stereo-, meteo-, electro-, hydro-, agro-, zoo-, bio-, micro-, macro-, neo-, for example:
- photo studio, macrocosm, weather station, shrew, plumbing, reinforced concrete, etc.
2. Names of cities with the second part "city" ("city"):
- Leningrad, Novgorod, Kaliningrad, etc.
3. Declinable compound nouns with the first part formed from the verb:
- daredevil, adonis, wryneck, etc.
Open Lesson Plan
1. Full name teacher: Faizova Lyuziya Ramazanovna 2. Group: № 7 3. Item: Russian language4. Theme of the lesson 31-32: “ Spelling of compound nouns. Spelling of noun suffixes. Adjective." (Section 6. Morphology and spelling)
5. Type of lesson: iterative-generalizing 6. Goals:Summarize theoretical information and consolidate practical skills on the topic, achieve conscious spelling of words with these spellings, consolidate the skills of analytical work with the word;
2. Develop memory, speech, logical thinking, self-control skills.
3. To cultivate a careful attitude to the word, cognitive activity, the ability to argue your answer, to increase the level of speech culture, spelling and punctuation literacy.
Equipment : 1) tests, 2) multimedia installation, projector. 3) textbook "Russian language", Grekov V.F., Kryuchkov S.E., Cheshko L.A.The Russian language is stubborn: without a permanent
labor not to overdo it ...
you have to write every day
that is, work on the language.
Language is a tool; almost more difficult
he is the violin itself.
P. Vyazemsky
During the classes
Organizing time.
Mood students to work, creating an atmosphere of comfort. Checking student attendance.
Message about the topic and purpose of the lesson. Checking homework.
Knowledge update.
Grammar "five minutes". (Presentation 1)
Orthoepical work.
Exercise: put stress on words, name nouns.
Pamper, dispensary, enviably, call, whooping cough, more beautiful, flint, intention, provision, alleviate, reward, carpenter, solicit, scoop, sorrel.
Grammar work(front poll)
Exercise: correct errors in the formation of word forms.
With four hundred rubles, more needed, three friends, lie down on the floor, the most beautiful landscape, freeze with delight.
Work on the topic of the lesson.
Teacher's word.
Presentation 2: "Spelling of compound nouns."
Continuous spelling of complex nouns:
Compound nouns with connecting vowels o-e (O- after hard consonants; e- after soft consonants):
Earthquake, haymaking, plane
In words: agrandculture, gasandfiction, classandfiction, centerandfugue, electricandfiction a letter is written and.
Words with the first part in i.p.
Solstice, pastime
With the first part - the name numeral in r.p.
Shestidnevka, heptahedron
With the first part - verb ending in and.
Daredevil, flirtatious
An exception: Tumbleweed
Words with a second part hail, city, abad, akan.
Volgograd, Abakan, Jalilabad
Compound words and abbreviations: deputy minister, head of the department, pomrezh, head teacher, supply manager, Moscow State University.
Auto - car service
Aero - flying club
Agro - agricultural technology
Air - air ticket;
Bio - biofield;
Hydro - hydromassage;
Meteo - weather center;
Radio - radio performance;
Tele - TV show;
Zoo - zoo;
Cinema - cinema;
Moto - motorsport;
Stereo - stereo system;
Photo - photography
Electric - electric kettle
Writing compound nouns with a hyphen
Compound nouns that are scientific, technical, socio-political, economic terms.
Gamma rays, vacuum pump.
Compound nouns denoting the name specialties, positions, titles.
Corresponding member, civil engineer, social democrat
Compound nouns denoting geographical names, consisting of two nouns or a noun with an appendix:
Orekhovo-Borisovo, Gus-Khrustalny.
But: Yasnaya Polyana, Nizhny Novgorod(adjective before noun).
Compound nouns formed from two independent words: ice cream parlor, house-museum.
Compound nouns denoting intermediate parts of the world:
Southeast, northwest
Compound nouns with foreign elements:
Vice Vice President;
Leib - life doctor;
Ober - chief officer;
Stats - Secretary of State
Non-commissioned, headquarters, headquarters, ex-, press, etc.
Compound nouns, which include particles, conjunctions, prepositions:
Rostov-on-Don, Ivan da Marya (flower)
Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
Composite Russian and foreign-language surnames:
Saltykov-Shchedrin, Joliot-Curie; Mamin-Siberian.
Compound nouns, the first part of which is an evaluative word:
unfortunate helper; miracle mushroom, boy-woman ...
Foreign proper names formed with the help of elements:
LE, -LA, -LOS, - SAN, - SENT, -bey, pasha ...:
Los Angeles, Osman Pasha.
If the second part of the word is missing:
Film, television and photo cameras were directed at him.
Spelling of nouns with FLOOR-
Through a hyphenConsolidation, performing exercise No. 225 orally.
Performance test task, examination.
2. Determine the option in which the compound noun is written with a hyphen. A) (Hydro)aircraft B) (Kilogram) second C) (Cinema) theater D) (Zoo) park E) (Agro) firm
3. Determine the variant in which the noun with the root floor is written with a hyphen. A) (half) a tangerine B) (half) the world C) (half) a flatbread D) (half) an apartment E) (half) a city
4. Determine the variant with the continuous spelling of complex nouns A) (North)west B) (Electro) samovar C) (Vice) champion D) (Kilowatt) hour E) (Ex) minister
5. Determine the option with the continuous spelling of the noun A) (Radio) TV studio
B) (South)east C) (Ex)champion D) (Headquarters) E) (Gram)molecule
6. Define a noun that is spelled with a hyphen
A) (Photo) element B) (Air) engine C) (Ex) president D) (Tele) film E) (Counter)attack
7. Identify a noun that is spelled with a hyphen
A) (Zoo)park B) (Air)drome C) (Tele)screen D) (Former)champion E) (Space)communication
8. Identify a noun that is spelled with a hyphen
A) (Air)port B) (Zoo)park C) (Film)actor D) (TV)film E) (Vice)champion
9. Identify a noun that is spelled with a hyphen
A) (Kilowatt)hour B) (Zoo)park C) (Cinema)film D) (Air)factory E) (Electrical) appliance
Answers : 1 - A, 2 - B, 3 - C, 4 - B, 5 - A, 6 - C, 7 - D, 8 - E, 9 - A
Criteria for evaluation: "0-1 error" - score 5 "2-3 mistakes" - score 4 "4 mistakes" - score 3
Presentation 3: "Spelling of noun suffixes".
Consolidation, performance of the task from the presentation.
-EK- or -IR-?
Machine ... to
Brick ... to
Leaf ... to
Key...to
Human...to
Denech ... to
Yashchich ... to
Crown ... to
Nail...to
Osl ... to
Gingerbread...to
Stanochek
brick
leaflet
key
little man
Denechek
Box
wreath
Carnation
Donkey
Gingerbread
-EC- or -IC-?
Wanderer ... tsa
namesake ... tsa
Spear ... tso
Armchair…
Happy ... tsa
Ambitious ... c
Letter...tso
Jam ... tse
Oil…ce
Name ... tse
Suffered ... c
Suffered ... ca
scytal and ca
namesake and ca
mine e tso
Armchair and tse
Happy and ca
ambitious e c
letter e tso
jam and tse
oil and tse
Name and tse
Suffered e c
Suffered and ca
Presentation 4: "Adjective as a part of speech."
1. General value
2. Morphological features:
constant: discharge
inconstant: gender, number, case
Syntactic role
Completion of the task: Compare the texts. What is the difference?
Everywhere white snow. Furnaces were heated in the villages, and the smoke did not dissolve in the air, but lived, as it were, separately from it, then disappearing without a trace. The forests could be seen clearly and close, there was silence everywhere.
Difference quality and relative adjectives
quality
Degrees of comparison
Comparative
Spelling - H- - -HH- in adjective suffixes
-N-
Spelling NOT with adjectives
Slitno
Notebook entry.
Morphological analysis of the adjective
Part of speech
Initial form (im. p., singular, m.r.)
Permanent signs:
a) category by value (qualitative, relative, possessive);
b) for qualitative adjectives: comparative or superlative comparisons; full or short form
Irregular symptoms:
A) gender (singular);
B) number
B) case
5. Syntactic role in the sentence.
Knowledge check.
Oral assignment. Determine the category of adjectives
Stone house, yesterday's newspaper, magnificent day, mother's lace, sad look, fox tail, quiet rustle, pomegranate bracelet, nightingale song, blue sky, city bus, talented person, peacetime, wolf look, wolf howl, hare trail, sour berry , silver ring, desk, January holidays, amber glitter.
Selective dictation (1v.- write out words with one letter H; 2v.- with two letters H.)
Roosters..th, art..th, sandy..th, price..th, aviation..th, weight..th, earth..oh, state..th, wind..oh, glass..th, leather..th, wind..th, core..oh, craft..th, owl..th, rust..oh, season..th, pension..th, ice..oh, mosquitoes..th, sw..oh, young..th, paying..oh, tree..th, silver...th, windless..th, old..th, pigeons..th.
Right answers:
1c. cock, sand, earth, wind, leather, wind, owl, rye, ice, mosquito, pig, young, clothes, silver, pigeon.
2c. Artificial, Valuable, Aviation, Spring, State, Glass, Indigenous, Craft, Seasonal, Retirement, Wooden, Windless, Vintage..
Criteria for evaluation:
0-1 error - score "5";
2-3 errors - score "4";
4-5 mistakes - score "3".
Answer analysis. Grading.
Summing up the work.
Reflection.
Homework.
1. Repeat paragraphs 40-42, learn spelling.
2.Produce morphological analysis words: copyist, lamplighter, impeccable, ambiguous, adamant.